Earticle

A bacterium strain (K-173-10) which was isolated from waste soil of Korea brewing factory, could be grown on acetate as the sole carbon source and accumulated a considerable amount of L-glutamic acid in the medium. This strain was identified as the new species Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. This study was concerned not only with the culture condition for the production of L-glutamic acid and the cell growth, but also with the effects on concentration of various kind of organic substances, growth factors and penicillin. The results obtained were summarized as follow; 1. It was found that the concentrations of acetate and ammonium ions affected the growth of the bacterium as well as its L-glutamate accumulation. The optimum conditions of the composition of grown media for the growth of the bacterium and its glutamic acid production was found to be 40 g/l of total acetate, 100㎍/ℓ thiamine, 0.5㎍/ℓ biotin and 1~2g/l corn steep liquor as the growth factors. 2. Organic acid such as succinic acid, malic acid and a-ketoglutaric acid inhibited the cell growth as well as its L-glutamic acid production. 3. The penicillin (20 units/ml) stimulated the production of glutamic acid at appropriate incubation period. 4. It was found that this strain could grow in the presence of urea and ammonium acetate but not in other nitrogen sources.

제차(製茶)의 품질에 관계되는 차엽(茶葉)의 화학 성분을 보성 및 광주지방의 차수(茶樹)에서 5월, 7월 및 8월에 각각 채취하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 총질소 및 ascorbic acid는 두지방 시료 모두 일번차(一番茶), 이번차(二番茶) 및 삼번차(三番茶) 순으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 조섬유 및 tannin은 반대로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 환원당, caffeine 및 회분의 함량은 차엽(茶葉)의 채취 시기에 따라 별다른 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 가용성 회분의 alkalinity는 증가한 반면에 불용성 회분의 alkalinity는 감소의 경향을 보였다. 차엽(茶葉)중의 아미노산 조성은 glutamic acid를 비롯하여 16종이 함유되어 있는바 이들은 채취 시기가 늦을 수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

Chemical constituents and amino acid contents of tea leaves which were harvested three times (May, July and August) from the tree at two different locations were studied. The contents of total nitrogen, ascorbic acid and amino acid decreased, while those of fiber and tannin increased in the order of May, July and August crops. No differences were observed in the contents of reducing sugar, caffeine and ash among tea leaves harvested at different times. There were no effects of locations on the contents of chemical constituents of tea leaves.

Spur Red Delicious의 저장성(貯藏性)을 높이기 위하여 재배(栽培) 관리기간(管理其間)중 calcium물질(物質)을 시용(施用)하고 수확후 그 저장성(貯藏性)을 조사(調査)하였던 바 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 사과의 저장성(貯藏性)은 calcium을 시용(施用)하지 않은 표준구(標準區)와 질소다비구(窒素多肥區)는 저장말기(貯藏末期)에 68%정도의 건전과율(健全果率)을 보였으나 calcium처리구(處理區)는 73~78%의 건전과율(健全果率)을 나타냈다. 2. 질소다비구(窒素多肥區)는 표준구(標準區)에 비하여 호흡(呼吸)이 증가되었으나 calcium처리구(處理區)는 저장중 계속 호흡억제효과(呼吸抑制?果)를 나타내었다. 3. 수확후 사과를 calcium용액(溶液)에 침지(浸漬)한 것보다 직접 과실(果實)에 엽면살포(葉面撒布)한 것이 더 좋은 결과(結果)를 보였다. 4. calcium처리구(處理區)는 무처리구(無處理區)보다 경도(硬度)가 높아 연화현상(軟化現象)이 적었다.

In order to improve the storage ability of Spur Red Delicious apple, calcium ingredients were applied to the apple tree during the growing period, and then the effects of calcium on appearances and respiratory activity of harvest apples were investigated during the storage period. The results of this work were summarized as follows: 1. The freshness of apples treated by calcium compounds reached 73~78%, but that of control group was 68% by March of next year. 2. The respiratory rate of the apples that had been applied the high concentration of ammonium sulfate in field during the growing period, was accelerated rather than control group, and that of calcium treatment groups was continuously inhibited during the storage period. 3. The direct foliar application of calcium compounds in the field was more effective than dipping apples in calcium chloride solution for better quality and improving storage ability after harvest. 4. The freshness and hardness relatively not much decreased in calcium treatment groups even after 5 month storage.

The variation of the amount of starch, size and shape of the starch granules, amylose content, and blue value of the starch in the Korean ginseng roots from one year old to five year old cultivated at Kumsan was studied. The results obtained were as follows; 1) The starch content of the ginseng root(dried) was increased with the age of the root; that is, 9.62% for one-year-old roots, 10.35% for two-year-old root, 15.50% for three-year-old root, 17.05% for four-year-old root, and 18.32% for five-year-old root. 2) The shape of the ginseng starch granules was round or short oval, and in the latter case the ratio of minor axis to major axis was 1 to 1.1. Diameter of the starch granules was in the range of 1.48u to 8.14u and the most frequent granule size was 3u (32.1~35.7%). The number of big size starch granules was increased during the five years of growing, while, the number of small size granules was decreased. 3) The amylose content in the ginseng starch was varied with the age of the root, in the range of 53.6~70.5%. 4. The blue value of the ginseng starch was in the range of 0.60 to 0.71.

인삼의 부위별(部位別) saponin조성(組成)에 대하여 검토하였으며 아울러 시판인삼차(市販人蔘茶)을 분석하여 saponin의 함량(含量) 및 분포형태를 검토하므로써 이들 제품의 품질을 추정하고자 하였다. (1) 백삼에는 타부위(他部位)보다 2.6~6.6배의 Ra(O)를 함유하였다. (2) 미삼(尾蔘), 피삼, 뇌두에는 Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc가 많았고 total saponin의 약 50%에 달하였다. (3) Rbc와 Rg(f)의 비(比)는 인삼잎이 0.64 : 1, 백삼이 2 : 1, 뇌두가 3 : 1, 인삼꽃이 3.2 : 1, 피삼이 5.8 : 1, 미삼이 7 : 1 정도였고 백삼은 미삼에 비하여 Rg(f)의 상대함량(相對含量)이 약 3배정도 많았다. (4) 13종(種)의 시판(市販)인삼차를 분석한 결과 panaxadiol계(系) saponin과 panaxatriol계(系) saponin의 비(比)는 0.8~8:1로 많은 차이가 있었다.

The patterns of ginseng saponins in the commercial ginseng tea samples and each parts of ginseng plant were investigated by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The quality of those sample teas were also evaluated. (1) White ginseng contained about 2.6~6.6times of Ra(o) than did other parts of ginseng. (2) Lateral roots, peelings and buds of ginseng were rich in , Rb₁, b₂, c, which constituted about 50% of total saponin. (3) The ratio of Rb.c to Rg(f) in the leaves and stems of ginseng plant was 0.64 : 1. (White ginseng, 2 : 1 ; buds, 3 : 1 ; flower, 3.2 : 1 ; peelings, 5.8 : 1 ; lateral ginseng, 7 : 1) The relative content of Rg(f) in the white ginseng was about 3 times as much as the lateral ginseng. (4) The ratios of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in 13 kinds of commercial ginseng teas were in the range of 0.8~8:1.

Rhizopus japonicus S-62가 생산(生産)하는 acid protease에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)로서, 효소(酵素)의 생산조건(生産條件) 및 조효소(粗酵素)의 특성(特性)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 밀기울에 배양(培養)하는 경우 최적배양(最適培養) 시간(時間)은 48시간(時間) 첨수량(添水量)은 100~120%이었다. 2. 각종(各種) 배지중(培地中) 밀기울 배지(培地)가 가장 우수(優秀)하였다. 3. 밀기울에 sucrose, fructose, NH₄CL, NaH₂PO₄의 첨가(添加)는 protease생산(生産)을 크게 증가(增加)시켰다. 4.본효소(本酵素)의 작용최적(作用最適)pH는 2.4~2.6, Opt. temp.는 약(約) 40℃, 안정(安定) pH 범위(範圍)는 이고, 40℃이하(以下)에서는 안정(安定)하나 그 이상(以上)의 온도(溫度)에서는 급격(急激)하게 불활성화(不活性化)되었다.

As a study on the acid protease production by Rhizopus japonicus S-62, the culture conditions for the enzyme production and characteristics of the crude enzyme were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid culture on wheat bran were 48 hrs of culture period and 100~120% addition of tap water. 2. Of the several media, wheat bran medium was the most excellent in the enzyme production. 3. The addition of sucrose, NH₄CL fructose and NaH₂PO₄on wheat bran, respectively, increased largely the enzyme production. 4. The optimum pH for the enzyme action was pH 2.4~2.6, the optimum temperature was about 40℃, and the stable pH range was 2.5~5.0, the enzyme was stable below 40℃ and was inactivated abruptly above 40℃.

밤 품종(品種)에 따른 적정선량(適正線量)을 구하고 조사(照射)밤의 저장말기(貯藏末期)에 발생(發生)하는 과육흑반점(果肉黑斑點) 억제(抑制)에 대한 실험(實驗)을 하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 대기하(大氣下)에서 방사선(放射線)을 조사(照射)할 경우 밤의 발근(發根), 발아율(發芽率), 부패율(腐敗率) 및 과육흑반점(果肉黑斑點) 발생율(發生率)을 고려(考慮)할 때, 품종(品種)에 따라 약간의 차이는 있으나 적정선량(適正線量)은 25~35Krad였다. 2. 저산소상태(低酸素狀態)에서의 방사선조사(放射線照射)는 부패(腐敗), 과육흑반점(果肉黑斑點) 발생을 현저하게 억제(抑制)할 뿐 아니라 15Krad로서도 발아억제효과(發芽抑制效果)가 현저하였다. 3. 저장중(貯藏中)인 밤의 품종(品種)별 화학성분(化學成分)의 큰 변화는 없고 저장기간(貯藏期間)에 따라 감소하는 경향이었으며, 방사선조사(放射線照射)로 인한 영양소(營養素)의 변화가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 4. 호흡(呼吸)은 방사선조사(放射線照射) 직후(直後)에 급격(急激)히 상승(上昇)하였으나 시일이 경과함에 따라 점차 정상화(政常化)되었다.

Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum dose for the preservability of each Korean chestnut varieties by means of gamma-radiation. They were associated with control of spots in the edible portion of chestnut due to irradiation at the final stage of storage. With this result the following summary can be made. 1. In consideration of those factors such as rooting, sprouting, rotting and undesirable spots on the flesh, it was shown that the optimum radiation dose was checked to be 25-35 Krad though there are some difference among the varieties of chestnut. 2. Rotting and the spots on the flesh of chestnut were remarkably inhibited by low oxygen atmosphere during irradiation. This condition greatly contributed to inhibit sprouting with the low radiation dose(15 Krad). 3. The nuts irradiated had a marked increase in carbon dioxide evolution immediately after the irradiation. However on the day succeding the treatment, these increased curves gradually normalized as same as that of untreated.

1. 무환자(無患子)나무종자중(種字中)의 유지함량(油脂含量)은 45.7%로서 콩, 참깨, 땅콩에 비해서 많은 편에 속한다. 2. 지방산(脂肪酸)은 Oleic acid(61.6%)와 Gadoleic acid(20.4%)로서 주요성분(主要成分)을 이루고 있고 monoene산(酸)이 전체지방산(全體脂肪酸)의 82%를 차지하고 있는것이 특징적(特徵的)이다. 3. Amino산조성(酸組成)은 Glutamic acid의 함량(含量)이 6.673%로서 가장높고 대체적으로 필수(必須) amino산(酸)인 Isoleucine(1.255%), Leucine(2.145%), Lysine(2.191%), Phenylalanine(1.536%), Threonine(1.171%), Valine(1.772%)등이 함량(含量)이 높았다. 4. Sterol조성(組成)은 4-desmethyl sterol, 4-monomethyl sterol fraction에서 다 같이 일반고등식물중(一般高等植物中) 성분(成分)과 대차(大差)가 없었으며 단지 4-monomethyl sterol fraction에 있는 RRT 1.27(31.5%)의 미동정물질(未同定物質)이 있다는 것이 특이(特異)하였다.

The composition of fatty acids and sterols from Sapindus Mukurossi oil were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and amino acids from Sapindus Mukurossi seed oil cake were determined by amino acid autoanalyzer. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Oil content (45.7%) was higher in Sapindus Mukurossi seed than in other plant seeds such as soybean, sesame and peanut. 2. From the analysis of fatty acids, it was found that oleic acid(61.6%) and gadoleic acid(20.4%) were major fatty acid and that high monoenoic acid content(82%) could be a characteristic of sample seed oil. 3. Glutamic acid contained the most amounts among all amino acids determined, and isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine were relative high amounts compared with content of other amino acids. 4. The sterol compositions of 4-desmethyl sterol, 4-monomethyl sterol and 4,4-dimethyl sterol fraction were found to be similar to those of higher plant oil, but 4-monomethyl sterol fraction was characterized by containing the unknown sterol (31.5%) with RRT 1.27.

85% 나트륨 tripolyphosphate와 15% 나트륨 hexametaphosphate로 조성된 7~10% 인산수용액을 미리 조리하기 전에 어체의 무게가 약 4~10% 증가될 때까지 다량어육질에 주입하였다. 이실험은 45~68㎏과 7.3~0.5㎏크기의 황다랭이(Thunnus albacares)와 4.5~5.0㎏크기의 가다랭이(Euthynnus pelamis)를 이용하여 산업규모의 다랑어 가공공장에서 처리하였는데 이 실험(實驗)에서 나타나는 인산염처리(燐酸鹽處理) 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 큰 황다랭이는 수율이 약 5~8%증가하였고 다소 수분함량이 높았다. 2. 조그만 황다랭이는 수율이 약 3~8%증가하였다. 3. 가다랭이는 수율이 1~4%증가하였다. 4. 생산품의 색과 맛은 극히 조금 좋아졌다.

A 7~10% aqueous phosphate solution comprised of 85% sodium tripolyphosphate and 15% sodium hexametaphosphate was injected into tuna flesh prior to precook until the fish weight increased approximately 4~10%. The experiments were conducted at a commercial tuna processing plant using Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) of 45~68㎏ and 7.3~10.5㎏ sizes, and Skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) of 4.5~5.0㎏ size. The experimental results showed that the phosphate treatment resulted in: 1. Approximately 5~8% increase in yield and somewhat more moist meat with the large Yellowfin. 2. Approximately 3~8% increase in yield with the smaller Yellowfin. 3. Approximately1~4% increase in yield with the Skipjack. 4. Minimal improvement in color and flavor.

고추씨를 분리(分離)하는 방법(方法)으로 자유낙하(自由落下), 상하진탕, 회전사(回轉篩)를 이용(利用)하는 방법(方法)과 그 기구(機構)에 관(關)하여 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果) 씨의 분리(分離)는 고추에 가(加)해 주는 충격량(衝擊量)으로 설명(說明)할 수있었으며, 이를 운동량(運動量)의 크기로 분석(分析)하였다. 씨의 분리(分離)에 기여(寄與)하는 운동량(運動量)의 영향은 속도(速度)를 얻은 방법(方法)에 따라 상이(相異)하였다. 한편 동일속도하(同一速度下)에서 운동량(運動量)의 씨분리효과(分離？果)를 산출(算出)하였으며, 자유낙하(自由落下), 상하진탕 및 회전사방법(回轉篩方法)에서 각각(各各) 2.50×10-6, 2.09×10-6과 3.94×10-8의 값을 보였다. 고추씨의 분리속도(分離速度)의 변화율(變化率)은 고추의 건조속도(乾燥速度)의 변화율(變化率)과 유사한 경시적(經時的) 변화양상(變化樣相)을 갖고 있었다.

Seed separation from half-cut red pepper were investigated with free falling, up-and-down shaking and rotating collision methods. The separation rates were related with impact appiied and the rotating case was distinguished from the other two methods. Beside the impact effect, velocity of the pod and tumbling factors were involved. Momentum effectiveness of seed separation were calculated as 2.50×10,-6 2.09×10-6, and 3.94×10-8 for free falling, shaking and rotating method on the same velocity basis, respectively. The tendency of separation rate was similar to that of red pepper drying rate against time.

충격방법(衝擊方法)에 의(依)하여 고추씨를 분리(分離)할 수 있으나 그 수율(收率)을 45%이상(以上) 올릴 수는 없었다. 따라서 보다 높은 씨분리수율(分離收率)을 이룩하기 위하여 고추 조직(組織)에 대(對)한 가열효과(加熱效果)를 시도(試圖)한 결과(結果) 씨의 분리(分離)가 용이(容易)하게 이룩될 수 있는 고추 내(內)의 공격(空隔)이 증가(增加)되었다. 이와같은 가열효과(加熱效果)를 씨의 분리(分離)에 이용(利用)키 위하여 회전사식원통형(回轉篩式圓筒型) 씨분리기(機)에 65℃, 0.61m/sec의 열풍(熱風)을 송입(送入)하면서 씨를 분리(分離)할 경우 93%까지 분리수율(分離收率)을 높일수 있었다. 열풍하(熱風下)에서의 씨의 분리(分離)는 고추의 절단부위(切斷部位)에 따라 차이(差異)는 있었으나 고추 건조(乾燥)가 완료(完了)되기 이전(以前)에 씨의 분리(分離)를 완료(完了)할 수 있었으므로, 동시탈종(同時脫種) 건조방법(乾燥方法)이라는 새로운 고추의 가공방법(加功方法)을 개발(開發)하게 되었다.

Seed separation out of fresh red pepper by impact methods was effective but impossible to separate over 45% of seed. For the increase of seed separation, dehydration effect was studied with the slices of pepper. Heat deformation during the course of drying at hot air of 0. 61m/sec velocity at temperature of 65℃, increased the separation up to 93% with a halfcut pepper. Seed separation was remarkably different upon the location of cut, but it was completed prio tothe completion of drying in every cutting orientations. From these results a simultaneous seed separation and drying operation techniques is successfully developed.

전국 주요도시의 가정에서 메주 54점과 재래식 된장 125점, 시장에서 땅콩 31점을 수집하고 AOAC공정법(公定法)에 의하여 aflatoxin을 검색한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Aflatoxin의 출현빈도는 메주 7.4%(4/54), 된장 8.8%(11/125), 땅콩 불검출(0/31)로서 특히 대구, 부산지역의 메주와 된장에서 높은 빈도로 검출되었다. 2) Aflatoxin이 가장 많이 검출된 것은 부산에서의 된장시료로서 B₁66ppb, B₂13 ppb, G₁불검출, G₂5 ppb이었으며 기타 시료에서는 G₂만이 검출되었다. 3) 된장 시료에서 검출된 aflatorin G₁은 정제후 네가지 용매계에 의한 TLC에서 Rf값, 유도체(acetate 및 water adducts)의 Rf값 및 2차에 걸친 chicken embryo bioassay에 의하여 표준물질과 동일한 동시에 화학적정량치(定量値)가 타당함을 확인하였다.

In order to detect the occurrence of aflatoxins in some suspecious Korean foodstuffs, 54 samples of Meju (a naturally inoculated soybean substrate for soy sauce and paste fermentation), 125 samples of Doenjang (a Korean-style fermented soybean paste), both produced at household level, and 31 samples of peanut were collected from 8 major cities of South Korea and subjected to assay by the official method of AOAC. The results were as follows: 1) Frequencies for the occurrence of aflatoxins in Meju, Doenjang and peanut were 7.4%(4/54), 8.8%(11/125) and none (0/31), respectively, in which Meju and Doenjang samples from Daegu and Busan showed the high ratio of the presence. 2) A Doenjang sample from Busan was found to contain the highest content of aflatoxins, of which B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ were 66 ppb, 13 ppb, non-detectable and 5 ppb, respectively, while other samples detected were for G₂only. 3) The identity of aflatoxin B₁isolated from the Doenjang sample from Busan was confirmed by thin-layer chromatographic behavior, derivative formation and chicken embryo bioassay.

초 록 A study was conducted on the preparation of Ramyon using composite flours of raked barley (20 or 30%)-wheat(80 or 70%) in commercial plant scale and on the quality evaluation of Ramyon made from those flours. The naked barley(20%)-wheat(80%) flour gave acceptable Ramyon-making characteristics during the continuous Ramyon manufacturing process. The composite flours had a higher water absorption rate in kneading process and oil absorption value of the Ramyon product than those of wheat flour alone. Even though the Ramyon of composite flours showed a little inferior value compared with wheat flour alone in the cooking and texture characteristics, sensory panel scores of Ramyon indicated that the naked barley (20%)-wheat(80%) flour was acceptable in Ramyon.

Cereal production and utilization in Australia are described briefly. Emphasis is on wheat which is the principal cereal crop for both 'home' use and for export. Some of the main fields of research on wheat quality and process technology are outlined. Reference is made to basic scientific studies in plant physiology, biochemistry and dough rheology, and a more detailed account is given of work at the Bread Research Institute on milling and baking technology.