Earticle

The measurement of corporation`s effective tax rates(ETR) using financial statement is important for tax policy makers and accounting researchers. Tax policy makers use ETR when assessing the impact of tax laws. Accounting researchers investigating a number of topics have relied on ETR calculated from financial statement information. ETRs have been used in tax policy research to evaluate the equity and/or efficiency of the corporate income tax system. Equity of the tax system is often measured by comparing relative tax burdens using the average effective tax rate, generally defined as the ratio of taxes paid to income. ETR is generally computed on an annual basis using taxes and income derived from financial statement data. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the accounting literature involving corporate ETRs. The finding of this analysis is that there are many research opportunities in the examination of equity issues using ETRs. Research results exhibit a high degree of of sensitivity to the many different definitions of ETR as well as to differences across studies in the use of data sources, time periods, and sample specifications.

In 1960s and 1970s, consumers and society mainly were interested in quality and cost of corporate`s products. In 1980s, particularly, 1990s, they became more concerned about environmental issues. The environmental policies and regulations of government against industries were at the beginning perceived as resource inefficiency, cost escalation and disadvantages in productivity and competition of corporates. Recently, however, the outcome of those policies and regulations such as environmentally-conscious manufacturing and environmental operations management not only are responding to the expectations of consumers and society but become the source of corporate`s competitive advantages. Corporates have to produce environmentally conscious "green" goods. Product management of comrporates have to observe pollution regulation and it further needs to prevent pollution in advance. Further, environmental operations management can be the most effective when it becomes lifecycle oriented(responsible from cradle to grave) or when it evaluates product life cycle.

Korean enterprisers have gone through the increase of physical-distrivution cost, which amounts to 15.M percent of gross domestic product and ￦48,000billions. Experts believe that substantial savings can be effected in the physical-distribution area, which has been described as "the economy`s dark contient" and "the last frontier for cost economies." Physical distrivution is not only a cost, it is a potential tool in demand creation. Unfortunately, Physical distribution is only a cost in Korea enterprisers. Physical-distribution cost of Korean enterprisers is caused by scarce social-overhead capital. Thus, a company cannot achive Physical-distribution efficiency without the expansion of social-overhead capital. Because the expansion of social-overhead capital requires a great deal of cost, it is difficult to improve the efficiency of Physical distribution by expanding social-overhead capital. This paper suggests establishing social-logistics information network(SLIN) as a alternative for expansion of social-overhead capital. SLIN includes not only commodity supply chain but also social-overhead capital. SLIN consists of Social Overhead Capital-Geographic Information System, Social Overhead Capital-Capacity Information System, Meteorology Information System and Physical Distribution-Value Added Network. This propose to establish the enterprise resourcing planning system, strategic supply chain and social overhead capital-information infrastructure ahead of the establishment SLIN.

Retailing is one the most dynamic and challenging areas of the economy. Today`s retailer, looking ahead to tomorrow, has to take into account the following major trends: the slowdown in population and economic growth; the increasing cost of capital, labor, and energy; the changing consumer lifestyles, shopping patterns, and attitudes toward shopping; the emergence of new technologies such as computerized checkout, electronic shopping, and more advanced automatic vending; the growing strength of major retailers; and rise of consumerism and environmentalism and the increase in government regulations affecting retailing. Clearly thes trends call for more professional management in retailing that goes beyond good merchandising skills. Top management will have to be skilled in designing and implementings profit performance systems. The key need will be find ways to increase retail productivity. The search for more productivity in the 1980s will favor the development of retailing forms that keep costs down. Many retailing innovations have come about as solutions to high-cost, high-price retailing, They are partially explained by the wheel of retailing hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, many new types of retailing institutions begin as low-margin, low-price, low-status operations. they become effective competitors of more conventional outlet, which have grown "fat" over the years. Retail life cycle, the wheel of retailing, the retail accordian and dialectic theory has considerable utility for explaning the process of retail revolution, though it still needs to expand the concept fundermentally and comprehensively. This study attempts to apply organization theory to retail organization and to gauge the applicability by the review of organization life cycle concept and the relationships between organization size, structure and effectiveness. It also investigates some problems associated with the application of the theory to retail organization. It suggestes that the organization theory offers theoretical foundation to explain the retail evolutionary process.

The purpose of this study tried 1) to build a systematic model by studying th literature and analysing the cullent situation and Charcteristics of korean firm`s M&A and the preceding Study of international M&A, 2) to explain th selecting factors affecting international M&A by analysing Koeran firms experienced foreign advance, 3) examine the fact that exists the difference of behavior between Korean firms M&A activities and developed countries firm`s M&A activities the empirical research consist of statistical analysis by a guestionaried investingation. The results of empirical analysis are follows; First, Firm-specific monopolistic advantage have nothing to relation with the selection of international M&A, but have colsely relation to new establishment. Second, the degree of international business experience and internationalization by stage` have closely relation selection of international M&A. Third, R&D research intensity, product diversification, competitive power, and so on, have significant relation the selection of international M&A.

The purpose of this study is to find such determinants as economic factors and management`s motivation which affect on the choice of accounting methods. Depereciation and inventory valuation methods are selected. The constant percentage of declining-balance and straight-line method are considered as income decreasing and income increasing depreciation method, respectivly. The average and first-in first-out inventory valuation methods are cinsidered to be the same as in the case of depreciation. Firm size, tax rate, and debt ratio are selected explanatory variables for accounting methods choice. After logit analysis is conducted to test research model, regression analysis is also conducted additionally. Test results show that all the hypotheses are rejected at the 10% level except the firm size when 2 strategy is dependent variable. The results are different from those of previous research. Therefore, this leads to conclustion that the economic consequence theory can not be applied to the Korean unlisted firms. This result may be due to the fact that the political costs of Korean unlisted firms is related to firms` site itself rather than reported income numbers, and firms tend to follow the tax rules to avoid the difficulties of tax adjustment. The other reason may be that the priority of choice among the depreciation and inventory valuation methods varies with firm because each firm posesses different level of tangible fixed assets and inventories. Thus, this provides basis for gneral belief that unlisted firms tend to choose accounting method conventionally rather than intentionally.

This paper made an empirical analysis to examine the Main Bank`s role whether they share banker`s credit to enterprises as a business correspondent or not. And also, this paper is to examine the capital-cost-reduction effect of Maim Bank by analyzing the debt-cost-reduction effect and the internal-fund constraint relief effect. As a result of this analysis, I found out the following conclusion such as: Firstly, Main Bank reduce debt cost, but when it is dealing with a company which has financial problem, debt-cost-reduction effect is negative. Secondly, after examining not only Main Bank itself but also the size of company which control the internal fund-constraint-relief factor and the information-relief factor, I could meet with the following result that Main Bank will relieve the constraint internal-fund. The reasons for this result can be traced as follows: (1) excessive demand of finance, (2) sample selecting problem confining target of analysis to be listed enterprise, (3) non-autonomous relationship between bank and company, and (4) underdevelopment of capital market.

Consumer want to buy products which they want to buy under certain informations about the products, because, in many cases of buying products under uncertain informations, they feel postpurchase dissonance and/or dissatisfaction. so consumers search internal and/or external information. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between patterns of involvement and consumer information processing under situations with considerating several moderators. Patterns of involvement in this study mean enduring involvement and situational involvement, and patterns of consumer information processing mean choice by processing brand(CPB), choice by processing attribute(CPA). Several moderators which was used in this study are consumer knowledge such as familiarity and subjective expertise, and variety-seeking behavior. Findings of this study are as follows ; The strongest involvement set with processing by brand is the set of situational low involvement(mean=4.88), and the next is the set of enduring low involvement(mean=4.42), and the third is the set of situational high involvement(mean=4.12). The weakest involvement set with processing by brand is the set of enduring high involvement.