Earticle

본 연구는 구성원의 지식통합능력과 혁신행동 간의 관계에서 학습목표지향, IT자원 활용, 변화몰입, 폐기학습 등이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 연구모형의 다양한 관계들은 SPSS 22.0과 smartPLS 2.0을 사용하여 검증되었다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 지식통합능력은 혁신행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 구성원의 지식통합능력이 혁신행동을 이끄는 원동력임을 나타낸다. 둘째, 학습목표지향은 지식통합능력에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 구성원의 학습목표지향이 높을수록 지식통합능력이 향상되는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, IT자원의 활용은 지식통합능력에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 IT자원의 활용은 구성원의 지식통합 활동에 여전히 중요한 역할을 한다. 넷째, 변화몰입은 지식통합능력과 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 구성원이 조직변화에 호의적인 태도를 보일수록 업무와 관련된 새로운 지식을 탐색하고 활용하는 활동이 증대됨을 나타낸다. 다섯째, 폐기학습은 지식통합능력과 혁신행동 간의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 폐기학습이 높은 구성원일수록 지식통합능력에 따른 혁신행동이 더 강화되는 것을 의미한다.

An innovation-based economy, as we have today in the consistently changing customer needs and hyper-competitive environmental change, requires the innovation of employees’ behaviors as well as organizational behaviors. Through employees’ involving innovative behaviors and exercising their abilities organizations are able to be aware of and agilely respond to the new customer needs and environmental change, enhance work performance, and maintain a competitive advantage. And organizations trying to strengthen their competitiveness and consistently perform better work performance strive to change employees’ behaviors through organizational change management. However, employees’ behavioral change and innovative behaviors require to explore new knowledge and exploit knowledge consistently. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of learning goal orientation, IT resource use, commitment to change, and unlearning on the relationship between knowledge integration capabilities(knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation) and innovative behaviors of employees in organizations. The research collects data from a sample of 293 employees from 32 companies and analyzes the collected data using SPSS 22.0 and smartPLS 2.0 to test hypotheses of the research. Major findings are as follows. First, the impact of knowledge integration capabilities on innovative behavior is positively significant(β=.572, t=11.157, p<.000). The result indicates that knowledge integration capabilities are a driving force leading to innovative behavior. Second, the influence of learning goal orientation on innovative behavior is also positively significant(β=.366, t=6.684, p<.000). The result implies that the higher learning goal orientation employees have, the better they explore new knowledge and exploit knowledge consistently. Third, the impact of IT resource use on knowledge integration capabilities is also positively significant(β=.382, t=7.209, p<.000). The result indicates that IT resource use of employees plays an important role to integrate their knowledge. Forth, the influence of commitment to change on knowledge integration capabilities is also significant(β=.102, t=2.172, p<.03). The result implies that when employees have positive attitudes on organizational change, they perform knowledge activities to explore and exploit job-related new knowledge. Finally, the relationship between knowledge integration capabilities and innovative behavior turns out to be moderated by unlearning. The comparison of the slope(β=.88, t=10.235, p<.000) of a regression coefficient in case of higher unlearning of employees(+1 SD) with the slope(β=.60, t=8.097, p<.000) of a regression coefficient in case of lower unlearning of employees(-1 SD) is found to be statistically significant. The results indicates that employees with higher unlearning rather than lower unlearning reinforce the relationship between knowledge integration capabilities and innovative behavior. Thus, the study provides researchers and practitioners with a matter of primary interest in unlearning as a driving force leading to the strong relationship between knowledge integration capabilities and innovative behaviors of employees. By finding out antecedent factors affecting knowledge integration capabilities, the research provides organizations trying to make innovations through organizational change management with practical implications. Limitations arisen in the course of the research and suggestions for future research directions are also discussed.

본 연구는 고령화 사회에서 고령자 고용 안정이 사회･경제시스템의 안정적 유지에 중요한 요인이라는 인식하에 노동조합의 활성화 정도와 노사협력이 고령자고용률에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 향후 고령화 사회에서 고령자들의 고용유지를 위한 노동조합의 역할에 대한 시사점을 찾아보고자 하였다. 노동조합의 활성화 정도는 노동조합 가입률, 노조설립 경과연수, 노동조합의 조직형태, 노동조합에 대한 상급단체들의 영향력, 지역 내 노동조합 지원 단체들의 영향력, 최근 위원장 선거시 조합원들의 투표율로 구성하였다. 노사협력은 노사가 상호협력 정도로 보았다. 본 연구에서 사용된 자료는 한국노동연구원이 2009년도에 실시한 ‘사업체 패널조사’ 자료를 활용하였으며 유노조 기업 650개를 분석대상으로 하였다. 실증분석 결과 노동조합의 활성화 변수들 중 위원장 선거 투표율을 제외한 노동조합 가입률, 노조설립 경과연수, 상급단체 및 지역노조 지원 단체의 영향력, 노조형태 변수는 고령자고용률에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 노사협력은 고령자고용률에 미치는 영향력이 나타나지 않고 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 노동조합이 고령자고용에 있어서 의미있는 역할을 수행할 수 있다는 시사점을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship among activeness of labor union, union-management cooperation and older worker’s employment rate. Activeness of labor union consists of union membership rate, union form, union history, influence of umbrella union, influence of regional labor support and ratio of participating in the union chairman election. We hypothesize the followings: Hypothesis 1: Activeness of labor union will increase older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 1-1: Union membership rate will increase older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 1-2: Union history will increase older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 1-3: Union form will have effect on older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 1-4: Influence of umbrella union will increase older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 1-5: Influence of regional labor support will increase older workers’ employment rate.; 1-6: Ratio of participating in the union chairman election will increase older workers’ employment rate.; Hypothesis 2: Union-management cooperation will increase older workers’ employment rate. Using KLI(Korea Labor Institute)’s work place panel survey of 2009. In the basic statistics, manufacturing industry’s the highest rate is 37.1%, transportation industry’s rate is 19.4%, educational service industry’s rate is 6.9% and the average number of employees is approximately 657 employees. According to the result of factor analysis, the factors are divided into union-management cooperation, influence of umbrella union, influence of regional labor support. The measurement result of reliability in Cronbach’s alpha value shows that union-management cooperation is .889, influence of umbrella union is .894, influence of regional labor support is .916. In the correlation analysis, union membership rate, union history, influence of umbrella union, influence of regional labor support and ratio of participating in the union chairman election have a positive correlation on older worker’s employment rate. The results of regression analysis shows that in model 1, the effect of non-manufacturing industries is greater than manufacturing industries on older workers employment rate. The explanatory capability of model 2, incorporating the effect of labor union activeness was greater than model 1 with only control variables. This research supports hypothesis from 1-1 to 1-5 and does’t support hypothesis 1-6. In model 3, the effect of labor-management cooperation on older workers employment rate is not significant (beta=.06, n.s). Also the incremental explanation provided by model 3 over model 2 is not significant (incremental R2=.003, n.s.). This study empirically examines effects of activeness of labor union and union-management cooperation on older worker’s employment rate. This research comes to the conclusions to as follows: First, union membership rate, union form, union history, influence of umbrella union and influence of regional labor support have positive significant impact on older worker’s employment rate. Second, union-management cooperation has no significant impact on older worker’s employment rate. The finding suggests that this study confirms union’s voice mechanism about the older worker’s employment.

본 연구는 ISO/TS 16949 품질 경영 시스템의 요구 사항 및 조직 구성원에 대한 적절한 지원을 통한 프로세스 개선, 그리고 프로세스 개선에 따른 고객 만족 및 조직 성과간의 인과 관계를 분석하여 문제점을 도출하고 연구 결과를 토대로 자동차 완제품 및 부품 제조 조직들이 자동차 품질 경영 시스템을 구축하거나 운영하기 위한 효과적인 방안을 제시하였다. 연구 모형을 검증하기 위하여 설문 조사를 통해 실증 분석하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, ISO/TS 16949 품질 경영 시스템 요구 사항은 프로세스 개선에 긍정적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 지각된 조직 지원은 ISO/TS 16949 요구 사항과 프로세스 개선 간의 사이에서 유의한 조절 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 프로세스 개선은 고객 만족 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 프로세스 개선은 조직 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 자동차 생산 및 관련된 서비스 및 부품 생산 조직이 자사의 성과를 강화하기 위하여 ISO/TS 16949 인증을 준비할 경우 본 연구 결과를 고려하여 전략적으로 대처해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

As a specific requirement for organizations that produce automobiles and parts and provide related services, ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System has innovatively helped establish the foothold for the automobile industry of our country and settle down automobile quality management systems. In the late 2014, there were 4728 organizations having ISO/TS 16949 certification, and our country was in 2nd place, following China, in terms of certification records. Based on ISO/TS 16949 certification, many certified companies are making positive results in delivering products to foreign and domestic complete automobile enterprises as well as enhancing development by internalizing specialized automobile quality management systems. On the contrary, some ISO/TS 16949-certified companies are still acquiring the certification simply to respond to customers’ requests, not to seek constant improvement, and are not being able to continuously maintain or improve the system. The purpose of this study is to analyze process improvement through appropriate support for requirements of ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System and organizational members, and the causal relationship between customer satisfaction and organizational performance according to the process improvement, derive related problems, and based on the study results, suggest effective measures for automobile suppliers to establish or execute quality management systems. To this end, literature research and an empirical analysis were conducted. For literature research, foreign and domestic academic journals, dissertations, research literatures, publications, and statistical data related to requirements of ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System were collected and used as research data, and to verify the study model, an empirical analysis was conducted through a survey. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 18, SPSS Macro, and LISREL 8.72, and research hypotheses were verified based on a mediated moderation model analysis. The study results are as follows. First, it turned out that requirements of ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System positively influence process improvement. Second, it turned out that perceived organizational support has a significant mediating effect between requirements of ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System and process improvement. Third, it turned out that process improvement positively influences customer satisfaction. Finally, it turned out that process improvement positively influences organizational performance. The study results indicate that the process can be improved through requirements of ISO/TS 16949 Quality Management System and proper support for organizational members. With this process improvement, customer satisfaction and internal organizational performance can be enhanced. Thus, when organizations producing automobiles, parts, or providing related services prepare for ISO/TS 16949 certification to enhance their performance, they need to be strategically prepared considering the results of this study.

본 연구는 카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자긍심, 부하의 자발적 수용에 미치는 영향과 함께 카리스마적 리더십과 부하의 자발적 수용 간의 관계에서 자긍심의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구 모형 및 가설 검증을 위해 본 연구는 광주･전남 지역의 16개 조직, 480명의 종업원을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하였으며 수집된 설문서 411부가 가설검증에 사용되었다. 실증분석 결과 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자긍심에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자발적 수용에도 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부하의 자긍심은 카리스마적 리더십과 부하의 자발적 수용 간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해, 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자발적 수용에 직접적으로, 그리고 부하의 자긍심을 통해 간접적으로도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 부하 자긍심의 매개효과를 검증함으로써 카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자발적 수용을 이끄는 메커니즘을 실증하였다는 점에서 이론적, 실무적 의미를 지니고 있다. 연구결과를 토대로 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다

This study empirically investigates the effects of charismatic leadership on followers’ self-esteem and followers’ voluntary acceptance and the mediating effect of followers’ ‘self-esteem on the relationship between charismatic leadership and follower’s voluntary acceptance. To test these relationships, we collected data via a survey of data 480 employees in 16 organizations, and after excluding unanswered items questionnaires, data from a total of 411 employees were used for analysis. Charismatic leadership was measured by the 18-item scale developed by Kim et al.(2014). To measure self-esteem, we adopted the 7-items used by Crandal(1973) and Rosenberg(1965). Voluntary acceptance was measured by the 6-item scale used by Bond and Bruce(2002) and O’Reilly and Chatman(1986).The items were measured on a 5-point scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree). Based on prior literature, three hypotheses were derived: H1: Charismatic leadership will be positively related to followers’ self-esteem. H2: Charismatic leadership will be positively related to followers’ voluntary acceptance. H3: Followers’ self-esteem will mediate the relationship between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Multiple hierachical regressions are used to test the proposed hypotheses. Sobel test is used to test the significance of the mediating effect of followers’ self-esteem. The results show that charismatic leadership is positively associated with followers’ self-esteem and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Followers’ self-esteem has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. This result means that charismatic leadership has both direct and indirect effects on followers’ voluntary acceptance. Leaders in organizations should show charismatic leadership to increase subordinates’ self-esteem and voluntary acceptance. Also, organizations should carry out various programs to increase leader’s charismatic leadership. Given the small number of samples, this study constitutes an exploratory attempt in nature. Caution must be exercised in attempting to interpret findings and to generalize the recommendations. The results proposed in this study must be validated by further research in diverse research settings. The results of this study are also limited by its cross-sectional design and by the use of a single method of data collection. Longitudinal and experimental designs are needed to uncover the dynamic relationships between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Additionally, for a comprehensive model of this research, future research must consider other variables that might reflect a more complex process than is depicted in our model.

기업윤리는 1960년대에 이르러서야 학술적으로 연구되기 시작 하였고, 최근 기업윤리의 개념을 정립하기 위한 노력과 함께 실증적으로 이를 기업의 재무적 성과 및 가치에 긍정적 영향을 주고 있음을 확인하고자 하는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 하지만 아직 대부분의 연구는 이론적･당위론적 연구에 머무르고 있고, 실증 연구의 대다수도 단순 상관관계 확인에 그치고 있는 실정이다. 아직 대부분의 관련 연구들이 실증분석을 설계함에 있어 명확한 이론적 근거가 미약하거나 변수간의 인과관계에 대한 설명이 부족한 실정으로 아직까지 기업윤리와 기업의 성과에 대한 장기적 관계를 살펴볼 실증분석의 방법론이 신뢰성과 타당성을 확보하지 못하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 연구의 낮은 이론적 토대를 극복하고, 기업윤리의 성과에 대한 실증분석의 방법론 개발을 위하여 기존의 상관분석 및 회귀분석이 아닌 재무적 연구방법을 이에 적용하여 분석을 진행하고자 사건연구(event study)로 연구를 진행한다. 본 연구는 기업의 비윤리적 행위가 기업 주가에 영향을 미치는 정도와 그것이 한국과 미국기업에 따라 차이가 있는지를 살펴보기 위하여 한국과 미국 100대기업의 16년간(1997∼2013년) 언론매체를 통하여 보도된 비윤리적 행위관련 뉴스(한국 311건, 미국 343건)를 수집하여 분석에 사용하였다. 비윤리적 행위를 7개의 유형 즉, 뇌물, 비리, 배임, 불법 등(이하 불법행위), 환경 파괴･오염 등(이하 환경오염), 내부자거래, 고용차별, 분식회계, 탈세, 기타 비윤리적행위 등으로 구분하고, 사건일(0) 기준 비사건기간 -300∼-150으로, 사건기간을 -10∼+15일로 설정하여 사건연구(event study) 진행하였고, 사건연구의 초과수익률을 이용하여 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 불법행위의 경우 사건기간 한국과 미국이 각각 약 1.6%, 약 0.3%의 하락을 나타내어서 양국에 큰 차이가 없었지만, 분식회계의 경우 한국이 약 7.8%의 하락을 나타낸 반면 미국은 약 15.8%의 하락함을 나타내 주가변화에 차이가 있고 이러한 차이가 통계적으로 유의성이 있음을 t-test를 통하여 확인하였다. 그리고 사건기간 발생한 누적초과수익률의 기간에 따라 영향을 주는 요인이 한국과 미국에 차이는 있지만 경기방어주인지 여부, 금융업인지 여부, 사건이 분식회계인지 여부 등이 효과를 주는 것으로 나타났다. 기업의 기업윤리에 위반된 행위는 매우 다양하다 하지만 분식회계의 경우 매우 심각하게 기업에 관련된 투자자 및 기타 이해관계자에게 부정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 살펴본바 한국의 경우 기업이 분식회계를 하였을 경우 기업가치가 약 -7.8%, 미국의 경우 약 -15.8%의 하락을 나타냈다. 이는 한국과 미국 모두 분식회계로 인한 단기간의 기업가치의 하락폭이 10-20% 내외로 매우 커 기업의 유동성 문제를 넘어 기업의 생존에도 커더란 문제를 야기한다는 것을 시사한다. 따라서 다시 한 번 기업에게 있어 정직한 재무상태의 보고 및 공표는 매우 중요한 기업윤리의 기본임을 인식해야 할 것이다. 기업윤리에 대한 인식과 실천은 타율적인 것보다 자발적인 실천을 필요로 한다는 것이 본 연구를 통해 확인되었다. 기업윤리는 비단 장기간의 기업성과에 긍정적 영향을 준다는 가정을 믿고 실천할 필요가 있다는 것을 넘어서 기업윤리를 준수하지 않을 경우 단기간 기업가치에 커다란 부정적 영향을 준다는 것을 인식해야 할 것이다. 이는 기업에게 있어 기업윤리의 실천은 기업가치를 보존하고 극대화 하는 방법으로 사용될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 향후 기업들이 기업윤리를 실천하는 것이 기업의 가치보존을 위한 전략적 방법이며, 자율적 의사결정을 통해 나아가야 할 방향임을 인식하길 바란다.

As to academic approach to business ethics, full-scale study started in 1960’s with recent studies being attempted to establish a clear concept of business ethics and to examine the relation between ethical management and financial performance. The main object of positive studies on ethical management is to clarify the relation of ethical management with business performance, social performance and with value of the enterprise. Many studies related to ethical management assert that ethical management has a positive (+) relation with business performance and social performance. It is also said that ethical management influences the value of an enterprise from the positive (+) side and that ethical management is not one-sidedly influencing business value but that it has a mutually positive influence. But, in most of the methods of positive study, a clear theoretical ground as to how ethical management and business value are connected is not presented and simple interrelation is identified without explaining casualties of measurement variables. The development of social performance data, variables and measurement methods are still insufficient and studies related to those are unsatisfactory. Thus, it is possible to say that the theoretical ground is still somewhat insufficient. Reflecting this problem of basic studies, this study intends to verify the relation between ethical management and the value of a business, albeit not directly but rather indirectly through event study. The purpose of this empirical study is to analyze the changes of stock prices between American and Korean firms under the condition that the firms’ unethical behaviors have been reported by mass media, and to analyze whether those change significantly differ or not. The data employed were the unethical behaviors reports of major 100 firms in each country during 1. 1. 1998 and 31. 12. 2013 both in daily newspapers and on televisions networks. and three hundred sixty six vents( Korea; 311, USA; 343) were selected. This study uses event study, independent t-tests and cross sectional multiple regression analysis From the result, we can induce that the reports negatively affect stock price performance both in Korea and the USA. Further, the negative effects of unethical behavior on the firm value differ by country, types of business, event, and the date of occurrence of event. In conclusion, firms’ unethical behaviors influence their values. Unethical conduct by a firm has impact on its shareholders by lowering its value for an appreciable period of time. The results of this study show meaningful difference between Korea and the USA. This finding may indicate that Korean industry has to develop its own specific ethical system and practice plan.

본 연구에서는 미래 경제상황에 대한 소비자의 태도와 예상을 측정하는 소비자 심리지수와 기업의 재고자산 수준간의 관계에 대하여 분석하였다. 구체적으로 소비자들의 금융상황과 가계소득의 변화에 대해 예측하는 소비자 심리지수 변화와 기업의 재고자산 변화율과의 관계를 점검하고, 이러한 상관관계가 산업별, 그리고 소비자들의 소득계층별로 차이가 있는지를 심층 분석하였다. 1980년부터 2012년까지의 미국 소비자 심리지수와 14,030개 미국 기업의 재고자산 변화율을 분석한 결과, 소비자 심리지수 변화는 기업의 재고자산 변화율과는 양(+)의 상관관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 산업별 분석에서는 비내구재, 내구재, 제조, 소매, 장비 산업 부분에서 소비자 심리지수 변화율과 재고자산 변화율이 통계적으로 유의한 양(+)의 관계를 보였으나, 화학, 의료 산업 부분에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그리고 소비자의 소득계층별로 분석한 결과, 소득수준이 낮은 그룹에서는 소득수준이 높은 그룹과 비교하여 소비자 심리지수 변화율과 재고자산 변화율의 양(+)의 관계가 더 크게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 소비자 심리지수가 기업의 재고자산 관리에 중요한 결정 요인이 될 수 있음을 실증분석을 통해 밝혀냈다는 데에 의의가 있다. 기업의 의사결정자들은 급변하는 시장 상황에서 효율적인 재고 관리 전략을 수립하는데 있어서 소비자 심리지수를 거시경제의 지표로서 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이를 산업별로, 소비자 소득 수준별로 차이가 있음을 보임으로서 각 기업별로 목표 고객층에 적합한 재고자산 관리 전략을 수립하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

This paper investigates the relationship between the consumer sentiment index which represents consumer attitudes and expectations toward their current and future financial status and economic conditions and a firm’s inventory level. Consumer sentiment is commonly used as a leading economic indicator to describe the consumer’s evaluation and expectation on current and future economy. One of the best-known and widely used consumer sentiment measurement is the University of Michigan’s Index of Consumer Sentiment(ICS). University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center conducts monthly surveys to measure consumer’s opinions about their own and the national economy’t recent, current, and expected economic and financial status. ICS contains information about potential changes in consumer spending and thus, changes in ICS are an important signal which reflects management’s decision making when planning marketing strategy, production and inventory management. While major researches in the classical inventory management have been developed at the single-item level in the perspective of microeconomics, we have an interest in aggregate inventories at a firm level. We empirically examine the relationship between the consumer sentiment index and a firm’s inventory level using the sample of 122,584 firm-years for 14,030 unique firms in the U.S. over the period of 1980–2012. We obtained our samples from public U.S. listed companies from the Standard & Poor’s Compustat database. Using OLS regression analysis, we find that the change of consumer sentiment positively relates to the change of firm’s inventory level. In addition to the pooled analysis, we test our hypothesis across eight industries. We classify our sample into eight industries according to the Standard Industry Classification(SIC) code and examine whether the relation between the change of the consumer sentiment index and the change of the inventory level differs by industry. Additionally, we conduct an analysis using consumers’ demographic information such as gender, age, and income groups and investigate whether the change of the consumer’s sentiment index affects the change in the level of inventory differently across demographic groups. We find that the change of the consumer sentiment index is positively related to the change of the inventory level for firms in nondurable, durable, manufacturing, equipment, retail industries but fail to find any statistically significant results for firms in chemical and healthcare industries. We further find that the positive relationship between the change of the consumer sentiment index and the change of the inventory level is stronger in a low income consumer group than it is in a high income consumer group. By exploring the link between macroeconomic indicator and aggregated inventory data, we empirically demonstrate that the index of consumer sentiment can provide useful information in a firm’s inventory management strategy at the aggregate firm-level. An understanding on how consumer sentiment behaves across industries and demographic groups may help managers maintain an appropriate inventory level leading to improved operating efficiency and increased sales and profits. Our study has several potential limitations. Other explanatory variable (such as production and sales) are not included in our models. We use aggregate Compustat financial data of U.S. public companies operating in 1980-2012. Our results represents only U.S. consumers and firms. If better data included Korean consumers and firms become available, it might be interesting to reevaluate our findings.

프랜차이즈 산업은 경제성장, 고용창출, 유통산업 선진화 등 국가경제에 대한 기여도가 높은 산업으로 지난 수십 년 간 외형적인 측면에서 괄목한 만한 성장을 이루었다. 본 연구는 프랜차이즈 가맹본부의 다양한 의사결정 영역 중에서 가장 중요하면서 이슈가 되고 있는 가맹점 계약기간, 배타적 영업지역 설정, 로열티, 가맹점 사업자 부담금, 가맹본부의 인적자원, 직영점, 수준평가제도 활용 등의 측면에서 공정거래위원회 정보공개서에 기재된 자료를 토대로 분석하고 전략적 시사점을 논하였다. 분석결과, 가맹점 계약기간은 가맹본부 매출, 가맹점 매출, 가맹점 증가율에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 영업지역을 보호하지 않는 경우가 보호하는 경우에 비해 가맹본부의 매출액이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 로열티 방식(정액제, 정률제, 로열티 없음)에 따라 가맹점 매출액과 가맹점 증가율이 다르게 나타났다. 또한, 가맹본부의 임직원 수가 증가할수록 가맹본부 매출액이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 직영점 비율이 높을수록 가맹본부 매출액과 가맹점 증가율에는 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 가맹점 평균 매출액에는 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 수준평가에서 Ⅰ등급을 획득한 업체들의 외형과 수익성 등 경영성과가 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 향후 가맹본부의 전략적 측면에서 중요한 시사점을 제공한다.

The franchise industry has a great contribution to nation’s economy, such as economic growth, creating employment and advancing distribution sectors. The franchise industry in Korea has significantly grown in terms of its quantity for decades. In this study, the most prominent domains of decision making for franchisers, including contract period, exclusive business boundary, royalty, franchisee charge, head office’s human resources, directly own and managing units, utilizing franchise quality evaluation system, are analysed and discussed. The data used for analysis are base on the Franchise Disclosure Document of Fair Trade Commission, and the analysis results are discussed in respect of franchiser’s business strategies. The analysis result shows that the contract period does not affect the sales of both franchiser and franchisee and outlet increase. According to this result, it is rather important for franchiser to decide the contract period based on avoiding franchisee’s free-riding and the level of restraint. Recently the exclusive business boundary for franchisee’s outlet has become major issue in franchise industry. Theoretically, franchiser needs to open new units to gain its competitiveness and growth rate, however franchisees want their business areas to be protected by defining boundaries. Both parties radically confront with their own benefits. Relevant data from the 2012 Franchise Disclosure Document showed that 35.1% of franchising brands protecting business boundaries whereas 64.9% are not protecting. The analysis results showed that the sales of franchiser protecting business boundaries are statistically higher than the sales of not protecting. Protecting business boundary is definitely upon franchiser’s decision making. However, franchiser must consider fair and mutual benefits to both himself and franchisee over making decision. The franchising system is the typical format of sharing risk and benefit between franchiser and franchisee. The royalty became an important motivation to both franchiser and franchisee in doing their best. The royalty has a number of different forms such as a flat sum system, a fixed rate system, and so forth. According to the 2102 data of Franchise Disclosure Document, 49.4% of franchising brands are not receiving royalties whereas 35.6% applied a flat sum system and 15.0% of a fixed rate system. The analysis results showed that the average sales of franchisee under flat sum system are higher than that of others, whereas the outlet increase under fixed rate system is higher than that of others. From these results, it became clear that more franchisers need to consider receiving royalties. Receiving royalties may also send positive signal to franchisees of taking care of and being responsible to their business. The franchisee charge including franchising fee regarded controlling method for franchisers. However, franchisee charge may have an adverse effects when collecting franchisees, it is even worse when franchiser has a weak brand power. According to 2012 data on Franchise Disclosure Document, the average franchisee charge was 11.05million won. The analysis result showed that the franchisee charge does not affect the outlet increase. Recently, human resources in franchising industry often suffer from low salaries, heavy load, frequent role shifts and staff turnover. In especial, human service is most important matter in franchise industry then it is critical to recruit and retain the best people at franchise head office. Analysis result showed that bigger the number of staff bigger the sales of franchiser. Plural governance system in franchising industry is now prevailed where franchisers own and operate units while licensing unit operation to franchisees. Plural governance system has definite advantages, such as directly managing units are easily operated in marketing strategies whereas franchisee units have quality market information and knowledge, then these could be converged to produce better performance. This study analysed the effects of the rate of franchiser units on franchiser sales, franchisee sales and unit increase. The results showed that the franchiser unit rate positively affects the franchiser sales and unit increase whereas it negatively affects the franchisee sales. Franchisers need to consider the best rate of directly own and operating units. Since 2010 the franchise quality evaluation system has been executed to provide future franchisees clear and useful information of franchisers. According to the analysis results of 2012 evaluation system, classⅠ brands are mostly enhanced their business performance since they participated the evaluation system. To enhance and evaluate their quality of franchising system, franchisers must consider participating the quality evaluation system.

글로벌 경제 환경에서 기업의 프로젝트 수행능력은 기업의 발전뿐만 아니라 생존을 위한 필수 조건이 되고 있으나, 대다수의 ICT 프로젝트에서는 투입된 예산과 인력에 비해 성과를 거두지 못하고 있는 실정으로 최근 ICT 프로젝트의 성과를 높이기 위한 프로젝트 참여 구성원의 개인 직무역량 강화와 역할갈등 해소가 중요한 요소로 부각되면서 이에 대한 연구의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이에, 본 논문은 ICT 프로젝트에 참여하는 구성원의 개인 직무역량과 프로젝트 팀 내의 역할갈등 간의 관계, 개인 직무역량 및 역할갈등과 프로젝트 성과 간의 인과적 관계, 이러한 인과적 관계에서 프로젝트 관리자 역량의 조절 효과를 실증분석을 통하여 검증하였다. 연구결과 프로젝트 구성원의 개인 직무역량은 역할갈등과 프로젝트 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 역할갈등 또한 프로젝트 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 개인 직무역량과 프로젝트 성과 간의 관계에서 관리자의 역할이 조절적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 ICT 프로젝트 성공의 영향요인과 인과적 관계를 규명함으로써 기업의 경쟁력을 제고할 수 있는 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

In the global business atmosphere, companies are delivering various projects and successful completion had become as necessary condition. However, compared to the committed budgets and human resources, results of those projects could not satisfy the requirements enough. In order to enhance the result of the project, particularly the result of ICT project, needs of comprehensive and synthetic response and relevant research are increasing. In the era of unlimited business competition, in order to create new types of product and service, take competition advantage and satisfy the customer’s requirement, companies are actively promoting ICT projects. In such a situation, to prevent project member’s job turnover due to mental agitation, needs of comprehensive and synthetic response and relevant research are increasing. In existing project related researches went through, as tool of delivering knowledge and techniques, study of project manager’s competency and personal working competency effect on the project result and under the of complex working atmosphere, research of sharing knowledge with personal competency. Due to above mentioned issues, this paper researched the importance of competent managers and members and relationship among individual members, personnel job competency and role conflict. In addition, we also researched impacts of competency of manager as regulation effect on project result. In order to analyze the impact of factors on successful ICT project completion, we carried out survey targeting project-experienced employees and analyzed by statistical method. Relation between ICT project member’s personal competency and role conflict of project team members, cause and effect relation among personal work competency, role conflict and project result. In addition, under the cause and effect relation, reliability of project manager competency’s regulation effect with confirmatory factor analysis and also analyzed by structural equation model. According to the analysis result, fist, project member’s personnel job competency partially has significant effects on role conflict and project’s personnel job competency gave appreciable effects on the result. The role conflict shows significant result in project result. In addition, in the perspective of project member’s personnel competent and result, project manager’s competency impacts as significant regulation effects but it does not gie noticeable effect to the role conflict. While the model study of the impact of regulation effect on Project member’s personnel job competency and role conflicts were not commenced enough, this research may provide new opportunity of enhancing company’s competency with comprehensive and synthetic response. In conclusion, we found that member’s with high work competency could achieve project result under the project manager’s trust and support in ICT project. With project manager’s effective competency he/she may improve working knowledge and facilitate communication and accordingly, project members could relieve the role conflict and give positive result to the project. In addition, while the model study of the impact of regulation effect on Project member’s personnel job competency and role conflicts were not commenced enough, we could found academic meaning that this research had early trial.

현대 기업에 있어서 기후변화는 더 이상 피할 수 없는 경영환경의 변화로 지속가능한 성장을 위해서는 반드시 극복하고 적응해야 할 과제이다. 본 연구는 기후변동성지수를 개발하여 산업에 적용하기 위한 것으로 STARDEX가 제시한 극한기후 중 데이터가 부족한 cold-night을 제외한 9개의 기후요인에 대해 스케일 재조정법을 통해 표준화한 후 패널 GLS 분석을 실시하여 개별 산업의 총생산에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 지수를 추정하였다. 복합지수로의 개발을 위해 90% 수준에서 유의미한 지수의 회귀계수를 이용하여 전체 가중치의 합이 1이 되도록 재계산하여 가중치를 부여하였다. 대상은 농･임･어업, 건설업, 수송업으로 하였으며 1992년부터 2012년까지의 기상청 데이터를 활용하였다. 분석결과 농･임･어업의 기후변동성지수는 습윤일의 강우강도, 최대건조 지속기간, Hot-Day 한계점의 3개의 극한기후가 산입되었으며 수송업의 기후변동성지수에는 Hot-Day 한계점과 동결일수의 2개의 극한기후가 산입되었다. 그러나 건설업의 경우에는 기후변동성지수를 구성할 수 없었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 기후변동성지수는 기업이나 산업이 대응해야할 기후변화의 영향정도를 이해하기 쉽게 보여줄 뿐 아니라 미래를 예측하는데 있어서도 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 또한 기후변동성지수를 구성하고 있는 개별 지표와 해당 지표의 가중치는 기업이나 산업이 전략적으로 기후변화에 대응하도록 가이드라인을 제시해줄 것이다. 따라서 기후변동성지수의 적극적인 활용은 산업과 기업의 적절한 기후변화 대응전략 수립과 이에 대한 정부의 정책개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Climate change in the modern enterprise cannot be avoided. For sustainable growth, it is the challenge should be overcome and be adapted. However, the level of corporate awareness and response to climate change is a very low. It is caused that researches on climate change have been mainly discussed about global warming and its cause, carbon dioxide, and empirical analysis of industry level about the impact of climate change is lack. In addition, it is extremely difficult to recognize a slight degree of change in average climate event such as the average temperature and rainfall. The purpose of this research is to develop Climate Volatility Indices using the climate extremes for industrial application. Among STARDEX presented by EU, the nine climate extremes are tested by panel GLS to identify their negative relationships with industrial performance. Before testing, the 9 extremes variables have been re-scaled by the dimension index method for standardization. For composite index, weights were given based on the proportion of each coefficient to sum of negatively significant coefficients among the nine climate extremes. Analyses targets are agriculture･forestry･fishery industry, construction industry, and transportation industry, with the period from 1992 to 2012. The source of data is Korea Meteorological Administration. Analysis results are as follows: The climate volatility index of agriculture･forestry･fishery industry consists of averaged wet-season rainfall, longest heat wave, and dry-season threshold. As for transportation industry, dry-season threshold and frost days are included. However, for construction industry no index couldn’t be figured out. The implications of this research are these. Firstly, climate volatility indices are presented for industrial application. These indices can help companies and industries to measure and understand the impact of climate change as a business environmental shift more easily. It can be used to improve the capability of industries to response to climate change and to develop the policy by the government. Secondly, climate factors affecting each industry are different. Agriculture･forestry･fishery industry were influenced significantly by two temperature-related indices and a rainfall-related index. On the other hand, transportation industry was influenced significantly by one temperature-related index. But construction industry has not shown significantly with extreme indices not all. These results are due to the difference in each industry production system and in the sensitivity of the resources used for business. This means that the relationship between climate change and the industry should be approached as a separate sector. Finally, the power of each climate factor appeared differently. This implies the need to respond to climate change strategically. According to the result, it is important for Agriculture･forestry･fishery industry to deal with the concentration of rainfall rather than a drought. Because the weight value of averaged wet-season rainfall is more influential than dry-season threshold’s value. As for transportation industry, the response to the heat than the cold. This strategic response contribute to the enforcement of competitiveness of firms and industry through using the budget efficiently.