Earticle

본 연구는 중소기업의 기술혁신에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 체계적으로 규명하고 이들 요인들이 어떤 효과를 가지는지를 실증적으로 밝히려는 목적을 가지고 있다. 기존연구들을 바탕으로 기술혁신 영향요인을 내부요인(규모, 혁신능력, 최고경영자의 특성, 전략, 조직구조, 문화)과 외부요인(기술적 기회, 외부네트워크 및 정부정책지원)으로 구분하여 실증분석을 시도하고 있다. 대구지역 150개 제조 중소기업으로부터 자료를 수집하여 분석한 결과 중소기업의 규모, 혁신역량, 최고경영자의 혁신수용성, 분권화, 기술적 기회 등이 기술혁신에 긍정적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 중소기업의 전략, 문화, 네트워크 및 정부정책지원 등은 유의한 효과를 가지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문에서는 실증분석 결과가 가지는 이론적 및 실무적 시사점, 한계점 및 향후 연구방향 등도 함께 논의하고 있다.

Many researchers have recognized that technological innovation of small and medium-sized firms is related positively with financial performance, competitive advantage, and sustainable growth. Consequently, most of small and medium-sized firms were focused on the technological innovation activities. And many academic persons have strived to find out success factors of technological innovation empirically. For example, Souitaris(2001) empirically discovered strategic factors that are influence on technological innovation in Greece manufacturing small and medium-sized firms. Research results showed that innovation rate of small and medium-sized firms related with new technology plan, CEO’s risk taking intention, future-oriented customer relation management, high competitive business environment. But definition of corporate strategy, communication of corporate strategy, time scope of corporate strategy, formalized decision making, the number of decision makers, CEO’s locus of control, recovery period of technology investment capital, CEO’s age were not significantly related with innovation rate of small and medium-sized firms. Keizer et al. (2002) also empirically analysed determinants of technological innovation. Consequently, they revealed that supporting fund for innovation, collaboration with knowledge center, R&D investment were positively and significantly related with technology innovation efforts. Futhermore, cooperation with other companies, manager’s education level, and recovery period of technology investment capital also influenced on technology innovation efforts of small and medium-sized firms. Becheikh et al.(2006) have reviewed systematically 108 research papers on the technology innovation. Resultantly, they detected that internal factors such as firm characteristics, global strategy, organizational structure, control activities, corporate culture, CEO, and asset and strategy of functional divisions, and contextual factors such as industry, location, network, knowledge and technology acquisition, government and public policy, and regional industry culture were positively and significantly related with technology innovation. But past studies have following limitations. First, most of studies dealt with large companies rather than small and medium-sized firms. Second, previous studies did not show the consistent research results in validating success factors of technological innovation in small and medium-sized firms. Third, previous empirical studies did not interest in comprehensive analysis of determinants of technological innovation. This study concluded internal and external determinants of technology innovation of SMEs based on the studies of Souitaris(2001), Keizer et al.(2002), Becheikh et al.(2006), Thamhain(2003), Panne et al.(2003), and Adams et al.(2006). Internal factors include size, innovation capability, CEO’s characteristics, strategy, organizational structure, and organizational culture. External factors include technological opportunities, external network, government’s policy support. Therefore this study aims at investigating the determinants of technological innovation empirically in Korean small and medium-sized firms. A questionnaire was developed to measure the above variables. Size was measured by the number of total employee. Innovation capability was measured by the ratio of R&D personnel compare with total employee in recent 3 years. CEO’s characteristics reflect the Duncan(1972)’s innovation acceptance(5 point scale). Strategy was measured by Miller(1988)’s innovation differentiation using 6 questionnaires(5 point scale). Organization structure was Govindarajan(1988)’ 6 questionnaires(5 point scale), and organizational culture was Brown, Davidsson and Wiklund (2001)’s 3 questionnaires(5 point scale). Technological opportunities were measured by innovation related opportunities existed in industry recent 3 years(5 point scale). External network was cooperation level with external organizations(5 point scale) and government’s policy support was Li and Atuahene-Gima(2002)’s 5 questionnaires(5 point scale). To test the hypotheses, data were collected from the small and medium-sized firms located in Daegu region. In order to increase the response rate, follow-up letters, emails and phone calls were used. A total 619 questionnaires were mailed. The survey data of 150 firms were integrated as the empirical base for testing the hypotheses. Most respondents were from the managers. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine the hypotheses. Major results are as follows: Firstly, firm size, innovation capability, CEO’s innovation acceptance, decentralization were positively and significantly influenced on the both product and process innovation. Secondly, innovation differentiation strategy and entrepreneurial culture were positively and significantly affected on the both product and process innovation. Thirdly, only technological opportunities positively and significantly have influence on the both product and process innovation. Fourthly, external network and government’s policy support did not have significant impact on the product and process innovation. These results suggest the following implications. First, internal factors were more important than external factors in small and medium-sized firm’s technology innovation. Secondly, Economy of scale(Schumpeter, 1942) was appeared in technology innovation. Thirdly, small and medium-sized firm needs to collect professional employee for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Fourthly, CEO’s challenge, positive mind for market, risk taking were very important in technology innovation. Fifthly, decentralization was more important in innovative firms than noninnovative firms(Anderson and West, 1998; Hurley and Hult, 1998). Finally, technological opportunities were determinant of the speed of technology commercialization(Schoomhoven et al., 1990). Several future researches need to overcome the limitations of this research. First, this study’ s sample was based on the small and medium-sized firms just located in Daegu region. This limitation may imply that empirical results can not represent overall small and medium-sized firm’s situations. Therefore, future research needs to include different samples. Secondly, this study did not consider the interaction of internal and external factors. Researchers need to test moderating or mediating effects of these factors. Finally, this study depend on the latitudinal study.

본 연구의 목적은 기업의 사회적 책임이 구성원의 조직신뢰 및 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 특히, 본 연구는 기업의 사회적 책임 가운데 문화예술 활동에 국한하여 연구를 진행하였으며, 이 과정에서 구성원들이 가지는 냉소주의 성향의 상호작용효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화예술 활동을 중심으로 한 기업의 사회적 책임 활동의 세 가지 동기 중에서 가치지향 동기만 조직신뢰에 유의미한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 구성원의 냉소주의 성향은 구성원의 조직 신뢰 및 조직시민행동을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 냉소주의 성향이 강할수록 가치지향 동기가 조직신뢰에 미치는 영향은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 가치지향 동기 및 이해관계자지향 동기는 구성원의 이타주의 성향에 그리고 가치지향 동기는 성실행동에 각각 유의미한 정의 영향력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 조직신뢰는 구성원의 이타주의 및 성실행동에 모두 유의미한 정의 영향력을 보이고 있다. 또한, 매개회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 가치지향 동기와 이타주의 및 성실행동의 관계에서 조직신뢰는 완전매개역할을 하고 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this research investigates the relationship among corporate social responsibility (CSR), organizational trust, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with moderating effect of cynicism. In this research, 318 salesmen in the insurance industry completed the questionnaires and SPSS and Amos were employed. This research proposed the following hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: Corporate social responsibility will be positively related to organizational trust. Hypothesis 2: Corporate social responsibility will be positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Hypothesis 3-1: Organizational trust will be positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Hypothesis 3-2: Organizational trust will mediate the relationship between corporate social responsibility and organizational citizenship behavior. Hypothesis 4: Cynicism will be negatively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Hypothesis 5: Cynicism will moderate the relationship between corporate social responsibility and organizational trust. That is, this relationship will be stronger when cynicism is weak that when it is strong. The findings are: Firstly, it is found that there are positive relations among three factors of CSR motivation. Value oriented motivation and stakeholder oriented motivation increase employee's perception of organizational trust. Secondly, cynicism decreases organizational trust and plays a moderating role between value oriented motivation and organizational trust. Thirdly, value oriented motivation and stakeholder oriented motivation increase individual's altruistic behavior and conscientious behavior. Organizational trust plays a complete mediating role between value oriented motivation and individual altruistic behavior and between value oriented motivation and conscientious behavior. Finally, cynicism was negatively related to the altruism dimension of OCB. The following are the theoretical and practical implications of this research. First, the significance of the research is found in that it proposes the complex relationship among the corporate social responsibility, organizational trust, cynicism, and organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, this research examines the effects of corporate social responsibility and organizational trust on the organizational citizenship behavior as antecedent, which have not been covered in the preceding research. Also, it analyses the controlling effects of cynicism on the relationship between social responsibility and organizational trust. Second, this research proposes that the executives should have both value oriented motivation as well as the stakeholder oriented motivation, when trying to carry out the corporate social responsibility. It suggests that the executives should sublate the egoistic motivation, such as tax exemption, and take in value oriented motivation, which contributes to the ethics of society and also attain stakeholder oriented motivation, forthe necessities of the public. Third, this research presents the importance of decreasing the cynicism of the employees. It proposes that cynicism causes the employees to have negative attitude towards achieving the goals of the organization as well as their work. It also presents how cynicism causes organizational distrust and decreases the employees’ immersion in the organization and how it lowers their satisfaction of duty. Accordingly, it proposes that cynicism lessens the organizational citizenship behavior, such as voluntary altruism. Consequently, it suggests that cynicism can become the negative factor, lowering the corporate performance. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.

본 연구는 중국, 일본, 러시아 및 한국의 물류에 중요한 역할을 할 유라시아철도 구축을 위한 물류전략을 제시하고 있다. 현재 유럽과 아시아 사이의 물류는 항공운송이 보편적 수단으로 이용되고 있으나 최근 새로운 의미의 실크로드 구축이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 그동안 러시아의 TSR은 대부분 북유럽 지역의 물류에 한정되어 있었고, 1992년 설치된 TCR 역시 국제물류네트워크로서 성공적이지 못하였다. 그러나 2001년 설립된 SCO(상하이 협력 기구)는 특별히 중국, 러시아, 카작스탄 등 6개국의 물류 활성화에 기여할 것으로 기대되며, 최근 러시아는 TSR을 국가적 사업으로 적극 추진하고 있어, 이를 TKR(한반도종단 철도)와 제휴하는 방안을 적극 검토해야 할 시기로 판단된다. 이러한 기본구상이 성공하기 위해서는 북한의 비핵화와 함께 TSR, TCR, 그리고 TKR의 연결에 미국과 유엔의 개입이 필요할 것이다

This study presents logistics strategy to establish routes for the Eurasian railway which will stimulate the cooperation and competition in the international logistics market among the northeast Asian countries. These countries, which include China, Japan, Russia and Korea, are paying higher costs for transportation and communication due to repeated political conflict and confrontation. They currently use surface logistics system to transport nearly all goods between Europe and Asia, with the exception of certain merchandise that requires air transport. Because of this, the ancient Silk Road remains a mere vestige of its past. So far, the Trans Siberian Railway (TSR) is used by Russia mostly for northern Eurasian transport due to difficulties of service. The Trans China Railway (TCR), built in 1992, was not successful in establishing an international logistic passage. In countries such as Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Azerbaijan, that are not adjacent to the sea, the establishment of good transportation system is anticipated to take a long time because of the characteristic of resource development and poor logistical infrastructures, even though they have great economic upheaval plans with the development of their own resources. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a transportation organization that officially began operations in 2001, is composed of six regular member countries (China, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) and five observer countries (Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran). SCO was initially established as a military alliance among these countries to protect themselves from terrorist activities and has since been expanded to include the sharing of cooperative transportation and trade resources. Russia exerts her best effort to activate TSR as a government project for the balanced development of the northern area and the economic development of far‐east Siberia. It has provisionally agreed to improve and repair the railroad between Nahjin and Hassan, with an intent to connect TSR and TKR (Trans Korea Railway; by Russia, North Korea and South Korea). The development plan of this area overlaps with Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) which was promoted by UNDP. GTI is a cooperative project among five countries of South Korea, Mongolia, China, Russia and North Korea, and is subject to review on the appropriation of energy, tour, environments and railroad connection between Mongolia and China as well as a ferry route to north‐east Asia. Japan has been supplying large scale infrastructures in the Mongolian area without any charges and, thus, needs to pay attention to Russia and China, for their target to get East Asia main railroad to connect to Mongolia and Zalubino, Russia. The denuclearization program of North Korea needs to be successful. In case it does not progress, the connecting plans for TKR and TSR, and that for TKR and TCR may be facilitated by the involvement of the United States, as well as by the development of a program promoted by UN ESCAP

본 연구는 기업의 보유 부동산이 기업 가치에 미치는 영향을 소유 부동산과 투자 부동산으로 구분하여 실증분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위한 가설 검정모형은 배당할인모형에서 도출된 잔여이익모형에 정보변수에 대한 시계열 가정을 추가한 Ohlson(1995)의 초과이익모형을 기준으로 하였다. 가설 검정모형에서 사용한 독립변수는 추정된 주당 순자산 장부가치, 주당 소유부동산, 주당 투자부동산, 미래 초과이익의 현재가치이며, 기업 가치의 대용변수는 주가이다. 실증분석 결과 첫째, 기업의 소유 부동산 보유는 기업의 가치에 1%의 유의수준에서 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기업의 투자 부동산 중 기타투자부동산이 기업의 가치에 유의한 음의 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 본 연구는 거래소에 상장된 제조기업을 대상으로 실증분석을 하였기 때문에 본 연구의 결과를 모든 기업에 일률적으로 제공하기는 어려우며, 본 연구의 실증분석 모형을 설정하는데 있어 누락변수의 편의가 존재 할 가능성이 있다. 그리고 구축물 및 건설 중인 자산을 변수화 시키지 못하여 이 변수들이 기업의 가치에 미치는 영향을 분석하지 못하고 있다.

The company wants to maximize the value of firm through investment spending when they have a opportunity to grow the business. In the process of investment spending, estate acquisition is proceeded, or accompanied necessarily. Estate as basis asset of manufacturing business is a significant asset to form basis of business activities. In other words, estate acquisition such as land and building is the most basic investment for company's productions and sales activities; therefore, the demand for estate is occurred in process of company's investment plan. Moreover, as pointed out by leading research result, companies buy estate for sale and then they take profits in the process of demand to have speculative demand. Estate acquisition and disposition of these business decision in the corporate management has been recognized important decision. These terms, estate of company directly or indirectly infer that it affects the value of the firm. With respect to the value of companies have a lot of research has demonstrated; however, it is slight that companies have research about estate. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze how possession estate of a company influences on the value of firm. The maintenance estate of a company consist of possession estate and investment estate. Thus, this research will analyzes the influence of the maintenance estate of a company on the value of company with two sides: possession estate and investment estate. In Korea, the value of estate has generally upward tendency. In this tendency, it is meaningful research to analyze relationship between possession of company and investment estate. The purposes of this paper are to build a theoretical and empirical model to test the influence of the possession estates and the investment estates on the value of firm, and to analyze, with time series data, how the factors affect on the value of firm. Ohlson(1995)'s Abnormal Earnings Model, which is characterized by time-series presumption about information variables added to Residual Income Model deduced from Dividend Discount Model, was used as a standard to achieve the goal of this study. The independent variables used in this paper are Book Value of Net Assets Per Share, Possession Estate Per Share, Investment Estate Per Share, and Present Value of Future Abnormal Earning, and the dependent variable is the Stock Price. Through the empirical analysis, the results attained are as follows; First, the empirical panel estimation test reveals that the possession estates of land and building influence a positive effect on company's value with 1% level statistically. Second, the investment estates influence a negative effect on the value of firm according to statistics. Despite of its contribution to analyzing how the possession estates and investment of estates affect on the value of firm, this empirical analysis includes some critical points; First, the result of this analysis may not be applied to all corporations uniformly as it was based on only manufacturing corporations listed on Stock Exchange. Second, there is a possibility of variances omission in building theoretical and empirical model. Third, this paper could not analyze how structures and construction in progress have an effect on the value of firm because of failure in conversion to variances. Accordingly, a concrete research method should be followed to remove these missing variables for the convenience in the future research, and more samples should be extended to generate result of research. The limitations of this study leaves to the next research project.

본 연구는 Super DEA기법에 의하여 2008년도 우리나라 식, 음료관련 기업의 광고 효율성을 측정하였다. 투입요소로는 TV광고비, 라디오광고비, 신문광고비, 잡지광고비로 하고 산출물은 매출로 하였다. 여기에서는 비효율적 DMU의 벤치마킹 대상 DMU와 과다 투입된 투입요소의 크기, 규모의 경제분석 결과 및 효율적 DMU들 간에 순위비교가 가능하도록 정보를 제공하였다. 본 연구에서는 비효율적 DMU가 효율적이 되기 위해서는 광고비를 축소해야 한다는 것을 보여주었지만, 동시에 비효율적인 DMU들은 상당수가 IRS에 있음을 확인하였다. 비효율적인 광고주가 광고비를 축소하여 효율적이 될 수도 있지만 상당수의 DMU들이 규모수익 증가에 있기 때문에 광고비를 축소하기 보다는 광고비를 증가시키거나 기존의 광고비 비율을 유지하면서 광고효율성을 제고할 수 있음을 발견하였다.

Parametric approach or non-parametric approach is used to measure the efficiency of decision making units. The two approaches have advantages and disadvantages. One disadvantage of parametric approach is to measure the efficiency by comparing a decision making unit to an average rather than comparing to best decision making units. Moreover, the parametric model has to assume about the production function, and requires the price information about inputs and outputs. Data envelopment analysis does not require the assumption about the production function and the price information. Data envelopment analysis is to measure the efficiency by comparing a decision making unit to best decision making units similar to it. Therefore, data envelopment analysis provides inefficient decision making units with benchmarking decision making units. Another advantage of data envelopment analysis is to handle for multiple outputs as well as zero output. But the data envelopment analysis model is extremely sensitive to the outliers. Data Envelopment Analysis which is non-parametric approach is a useful tool to analyze the relative efficiency of decision making units characterized by multiple inputs and multiple outputs. From the DEA results, it is impossible to differentiate their performance among the efficient decision making units. Super data envelopment analysis can provide super efficiency scores for all efficient decision making units. Therefore, we can rank the efficient decision making units. The super efficiency of decision making unit under consideration is estimated by excluding the constraints from traditional DEA model. Data envelopment analysis has been popularly used as an analytical tool in order to evaluate relative performance of decision making units. The results of Data envelopment analysis model provide decision makers with a single efficiency score, efficient frontier, return to scale, benchmarking decision making units for inefficient decision making units, etc. The purpose of this paper is to estimate advertising efficiency for the food and beverage companies in 2008 by super data envelopment analysis. Four items such as TV advertising expenditures, radio advertising expenditures, newspaper advertising expenditures, and magazine advertising expenditures are selected as inputs, and sales are treated as outputs for data envelopment analysis model. Super DEA model based on the input-output shows that 4 decision making units(DMU 2, DMU 5, DMU 6, DMU 10) are efficient out of 10 companies. The super DEA scores for DMU 2, DMU 5, and DMU 10 are 1.7073, 5.0898, 2.5814 and 1.4232 respectively. The results indicate that DMU 5(5.0898) is the most efficient. The score of 5.0898 means that DMU 5 can maintain 100% efficient even if DMU 5 increase inputs about 400%(5.0898-1). Furthermore, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are estimated for all DMUs. Constant return to DEA model shows that all inefficient decision making units should decrease their advertising expenditures in order to be efficient. In addition, we calculate the economies of scale such as increasing return to scale, decreasing return to scale, and constant return to scale for all decision making units from CRS DEA model. Based on the analysis of the economies of scale, this study recommends that decision making units with increasing return to scale can increase outputs by increasing advertising expenditures because decrease in advertising expenditures may not be possible due to various reasons in the real situation. Our analysis shows that 4 DMUs are under constant return to scale, 5 DMUs under increasing return to scale, and 1 DMU under decreasing return to scale, Decision making units under constant return to scale is now efficient by increasing output since the output will increase equally with the increase in advertising expenditures. 5 decision making units under increasing return to scale indicate that its efficiency can be improved by increasing advertising expenditures since sales will increase more proportionally with the increase in advertising expenditures. Decision making unit under decreasing return to scale should reduce advertising expenditures if possible since sales increase less proportionally with the increase in advertising expenditures.

본 연구는 조직 내 갈등의 유형인 과업갈등과 관계갈등이 조직 유효성에 어떠한 영향을 주고 있는가를 확인하고, 한국 국제기업의 국내 본사와 해외 현지법인의 집단으로 구분하여 과업갈등과 관계갈등, 과업 상호의존성, 협력, 조직 유효성 등의 변수 등에 대하여 집단 간의 비교를 하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 과업 상호의존성이 조직 내 갈등유형인 과업갈등과 관계갈등에 어떠한 영향을 주는가에 대해서 알아보고자 하며, 또한 과업 상호의존성이 협력과 조직 유효성에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 조직 내 갈등의 유형을 과업갈등과 관계갈등으로 보고, 이들 갈등유형이 조직 유효성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보았으며, 아울러 협력이 조직 유효성에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 경로분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 첫째, 과업 상호의존성이 과업갈등과 관계갈등에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 결과가 도출되었다. 둘째, 과업 상호의존성은 협력과 조직 유효성에 정(+)의 영향을 가진다는 가설에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 도출하였다. 셋째, 과업갈등은 관계갈등에 정(+)의 영향을 갖는다는 것을 통계적으로 도출하였다. 넷째, 과업갈등과 관계갈등은 조직 유효성에는 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 도출하지 못하였다.

The main purpose of this study is to classify the task conflict and relationship conflict for the type of Organizational conflicts. So, We could understand the effect of these conflicts on Organizational Effectiveness. Also, We could know correlations between task conflict and relationship conflict. and we could analyze task interdependency and collaboration on Organizational Effectiveness. So, We analyze task interdependency which has an influence on task conflict and relationship conflict, collaboration by using path analysis. In addition, By using these methods this study compare groups between the headquarters and overseas subsidiary companies of International Corporations. In this study, We analyze a 130 data's, and the data collection methods using e-mail survey and telephone survey. This study was verified by hypothesis of correlation analysis and covariance structural equation model analysis by using SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 in Statistics program. The questions are consisted of five big part. First part is the task conflict which is consisted of four variables by using measurement items of Jehn(1995). The second part is relationship conflict which is consisted of five variables by using measurement items of Jehn(1995) and Pelled(1996). The third part is task interdependency which is consisted of five variables by using measurement items of Campion et al.(1993). The fourth part is collaborations which is consisted of five variables like business collaboration, joint effort, idea adjustment, idea respect and collaboration level. The fifth part is organizational effectiveness which is consisted of six variables by using measurement items of Ancona and Caldwell(1992). The Results of this study are following. First, According to the results, Task interdependency is not significant task conflict and relationship conflict. Second, The task interdependency has a positive influence on collaboration and organizational effectiveness. Third, Between task conflict and relationship conflict have a positive correlation. Fourth, The types of conflicts are not significant organizational effectiveness. Fifth, The collaboration is a positive significance to organizational effectiveness. In conclusion, The types of conflicts are not significant organizational effectiveness. Yet, Task interdependency and collaboration have a positive influence on organizational effectiveness.

기존 브랜드 확장 연구는 모 브랜드와 확장 제품간 유사성(적합성)이 높은 경우 확장 브랜드에 대한 평가가 호의적이라는 연구에 국한될 뿐 모 브랜드와 확장 제품간 유사성을 높일 수 있는 방법에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 한편 유인효과는 기존 선택 집합(경쟁브랜드와 자사브랜드)에 자사브랜드에는 절대적으로 열등하거나 상대적으로 열등하지만 경쟁브랜드에 대해서는 열등하지 않은 비대칭적으로 열등한 새로운 브랜드가 선택 집합에 추가되었을 때 이와 비슷한 자사 브랜드의 선택확률이 증가되는 현상으로 수많은 연구에서 검증되었다. 이에 본 연구는 유인효과가 브랜드 확장 평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 유사성 평가와 구매의도 측면에서 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 유사, 비유사 확장 상황에서 확장 제품만 제시한 경우(단독 평가조건)와 유인효과가 나타날 수 있도록 경쟁 제품과 함께 제시한 경우(유인효과조건)로 나누어 실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 유사성 평가에 있어 유사 확장의 경우에는 제시방법에 따라 차이가 없지만, 비유사 확장의 경우에는 단독평가 조건보다 유인효과 조건에서 모브랜드와 확장 제품을 더 유사하게 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 구매의도에 있어서는 유사, 비유사 확장 모두 단독평가 조건보다 유인효과 조건에서 더 호의적인 것으로 나타나 유인효과가 유사성평가와 관계없이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 기업이 브랜드 확장 제품 광고를 할 경우 확장제품만 보여주는 것보다는 유인효과를 이용한 비교 광고를 하는 것이 확장 제품의 성공 확률을 높이고, 마케팅 비용을 절감하는 효과적인 광고 전략이라는 시사점을 주고 있다.

A brand extension is very important and effective marketing strategy to apply consumer’s knowledge with existing brand to new product. Similarity is key element in brand extension. There are feature similarity, image similarity, usage similarity, and goal similarity. Though research on brand extension suggested several moderating factors, little research considered evaluation mode as a moderator. The present research is to examine the effect of attraction effect on similarity judgment in the evaluation of brand extension. Attraction effects is a kind of phenomenon in which choice probability of existing alternative increases when asymmetrically dominated alternative such as absolutely inferior alternative (referred to as AIA) or relatively inferior alternative (referred to as RIA) is added to the existing alternative group. That is. attraction effect increases the share of a target brand, relative to a competitor, when a third alternative is added to the choice set. Asymmetrically dominated alternative is an alternative that the target dominates the third alternative completely but the competitor does not. Advertising with attraction effect is a kind of comparative advertising Advertising with attraction has the attribute of two-sided message comparative advertising because it shows the facts that it is faster but more expensive, compared to competing alternative, and has the attribute of one-sided message comparative advertising at the same time which shows absolute dominance over decoy alternative. The present research looked into whether attraction effect influenced similarity evaluation and purchase intention of extended brand. For this purpose, experiment was conducted with two conditions. One condition was the separate evaluation mode that showed only extended brand advertising in similar extension and dissimilar extension situation. The other condition was the attraction effect mode that showed both extended brand and competitive brands in similar extension and dissimilar extension. The present research found that when parent brand(Google) extended a product in similar category(Google electronic dictionary), The judgment of similarity between the parent brand and extended product is same in the separate evaluation mode versus in the attraction effect mode. However, when parent brand extended a product in dissimilar category(Google ink-jet printer), The judgment of similarity between the parent brand and extended brand are different in the separate evaluation mode versus in the attraction effect mode. That is, participants evaluated the extended product more similarly and favorably in the attraction effect mode than in the separate evaluation mode. Therefore, attraction effect should be considered to be a successful extension. According to the results, the comparative advertising with attraction increases the success probability and decreases marketing cost of extended brand in dissimilar extension. That is, company can makes new products focusing on features that shows attraction effect and new compromising products in dissimilar brand extension. But, in dissimilar brand extension, company have to communicate new product in not separate evaluation mode but attraction effect mode. However, the present research has several limitations. first, the results is hard to generalize because the experiment was conducted with small sample size. Second, Google electronic dictionary and ink-jet printer had a little difference in similarity evaluation. So. Further study is needed to replicate in more dissimilar product category. Third, purchase intension in dissimilar extension was evaluated more positively than purchase intension in similar extension. This result showed because participants’ interest and purchase intention was different according to product category. Further study is needed to conduct with product category that participants’ interest and purchase intention is not different. Finally, purchase intention in attraction effect mode was higher than purchase intention in separate evaluation mode. But, the result did not show that the result was occurred by either only attraction effect or the combination effect of attraction effect and similarity effect. Further study is needed.

본 연구는 한국종합주가지수와 환율간의 동조화와 역동조화의 관계를 알아내고자 하는 연구목적으로 한국종합주가지수와 환율간의 관계를 분석한 실증적 연구이다. 한국종합주가지수와 환율간의 관계를 분석하기 위해서 자본시장이 완전 개방되기 전후인 1995년 1월 3일부터 2007년 7월 13일까지 3,274개의 환율과 종합주가지수자료를 이용하여 실증분석을 하였다. 분석결과들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 한국종합주가지수와 환율 자료의 원시계열자료에 대한 안정성검정 결과 모두 불안정적인 것으로 나타났고, 종합주가지수와 환율 자료의 1차 차분시계열자료에 안정성검정 결과는 모두 안정적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 종합주가지수와 환율 간에는 공적분관계가 존재하고, 1995년 1월 3일 이후 1998년 5월 25일까지 일부 종합주가지수와 환율 간에는 동조화뿐만이 아니라 역동조화 현상이 나타났다. 종합주가지수와 환율 간 상호영향력에 있어서는 종합주가지수의 변화는 종합주가지수자체의 내재적 변화가 거의 대부분을 설명하고 있으나 환율의 경우는 종합주가지수의 영향이 확대되고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 종합주가지수와 환율 간 상호Granger인과관계가 존재한다. 이상의 종합주가지수와 환율 간의 동조화와 역동조화에 관한 실증분석 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 과거의 종합주가지수와 환율 간의 정(+)의 관계뿐만 아니라 음(-)의 관계도 있어 동조화뿐만 아니라 역동조화도 같이 있음을 알 수 있다.

Korea Composite Stock Price Index return has the comovement of U.S. dollar exchange rate index return. But Korea Composite Stock Price Index return has the reverse movement of U.S. dollar exchange rate index return recently. So this paper investigates Korea Composite Stock Price Index return has the reverse movement of U.S. dollar exchange rate index return. We examine the comovement and reverse movement of Korea Composite Stock Price Index and U.S. dollar exchange rate index return and the interdependence of Korea Composite Stock Price Index and U.S. dollar exchange rate index return for 3,274 trading days from May 3, 1995 to July 13, 2007. The analysis employs Unit Root tests, cointegration test, the vector-autoregression, impulse response function, Granger causality test and variance decomposition using daily returns on Korea Composite Stock Price Index and U.S. dollar exchange rate index. The implications of unit roots in macroeconomic data, at least potentially, are profound. If a structural variable, such as real output, is I(1), shocks to it will have permanent effects. If confirmed, this observation would mandate some rather serious reconsideration of the analysis of macroeconomic policy by William H. Greene(1993). This research showed following main results. First, from basic statistic analysis, both Korea Composite Stock Price Index and U.S. dollar exchange rate index has unit roots. Second, there is at least one cointegration between them. In addition, we found that Korea Composite Stock Price Index return has the reverse movement of U.S. dollar exchange rate index return.

본 연구는 외환위기후 한국기업의 성과를 내외부 측면에서 검토하고 특히 성과지표의 패턴과 빠른 성과회복에 영향을 미친 중점 요인들을 식별하고자 하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 ODI는 본국내 침체된 매출을 보상하기 위해 해외시장개척의 주요수단인 것으로 나타났으나 중소기업의 역외투자는 외환위기가 촉발한 현지시장에서의 생산효율성을 획득하기 위한 동기가 주요하였던 것으로 조사되었다. 성과회복에 영향을 미친 요인으로 지목된 R&D와 마케팅 지출의 경우 주가수익률 측면에서 한정된 중장기적 효과가 관측된 경우를 제외하고, 가치와 성과의 관점에서 측정했을 때 기업의 상대적 경쟁우위에 미친 영향은 미미했던 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제시한 분석의 틀은 기업의 외부적 위기 상황을 벗어나 성과를 회복하는 과정의 유효한 변수를 식별하는 효과적 도구로서 유용할 것이다

This study examined the endogenous and exogenous dimensions of the post-crisis performance of South Korean firms and attempts to identify patterns and determinants significantly helped the rapid recovery. This study was motivated by the fact that firm level recoveries external and internal aspects were comparatively faster than other Asian countries similarly affected by the 1997~1998 economic crisis. In particular South Korean outward direct investment (ODI) remained at approximately the same level as it had been at before the crisis. In addition, overall internal performance of South Korean firms recovered sooner than expectations. This study therefore asks the research questions related to the rapid recovery and performance of South Korean firms. Firstly, questions related to exogenous aspects includes; what were the reasons behind the continued outward flows of Korean FDI after the crisis? What were the motivations of outward FDI at the period of time? Are these motivations differentiated by the size of firms? Secondly, questions related to endogenous aspects include particular issues if marketing expenditure or R&D investment changed during the crisis, and if marketing expenditure or R&D investment is responsible for the growing firm value after the crisis. Theses questions are based on the following arguments. One may suggest that a firm might be benefited by increasing financial stability as it avoids investments at the time of crisis in order to reduce further risks. Controversy, the other may claim that aggressive investment might result in differentiation when other firms or competitors hesitate the expansion of their capacity and this will create unique competitiveness. This study employs two different methodologies for the examination of both ODI strategies and firm level performance. Firstly, in order to test the hypothesis regarding differential ODI strategies by South Korean firms in the wake of the crisis, we undertook the difficult task of examining FDI flows at the firm level. UNCTAD’s data on FDI is obtained through the manipulation of IMF balance-of-payments statistics. The OECD uses data taken from national central banks. These measures, however, provide only national-level data and are difficult to use for inference about national economic sectors or specific firms. Instead of looking at export figures, we compare actual business dealings in the period before the crisis and the period following the crisis. This firm-level data provides the type of information necessary for discerning the differing reactions of various types of firms in the face of crisis. Using the SDC Platinum databases of joint ventures and mergers and acquisitions, we look at foreign investment behavior in the period 1991~1996 and in the period 1998-2003. The year 1997 is excluded, since it is the year of the outbreak of the crisis and therefore is likely to be a period of transition for South Korean firms from one ODI strategy to another. To get a sense of the differences in behavior, we compare the ODI strategies of the 5 largest chaebols; Daewoo, Hyundai, LG, Samsung and SK, with other firm behavior recorded in the database. Secondly, firm level performance is examined to assess endogenous dimension by utilizing data including KOSDAQ listed firms with 3 years time span between 1998 and 2000. At this time of the crisis, firms were unable to fully recover from the impact of the crisis. A part of variables are derived from the financial statements and samples are limited to 99 manufacturing firms listed during the period of the crisis. As the exogenous aspect of corporate performance, this article, firstly, posits a specific explanation, which is contingent on the size of the firm involved in ODI. The findings of this study implies that outward foreign direct investment was found out to be a way of opening markets to compensate for declining sales at home, whereas small and medium-sized firms used foreign investment to take advantage of production efficiencies made available by the crisis. This study, secondly, distinguishes R&D and marketing expenditures as responsible determinants that generated a comparative advantage allowing firms to accumulate potential capabilities and to improve performance during the economic crisis. Using OLS regression analysis, the results suggest neither R&D nor marketing expenditures are identified as significant determinants affecting the firms’comparative advantage measured by value and performance except for a specific period. Nevertheless, the analytical framework suggested in this study may provide effective facilities for finding potential variables explaining expedited recovery of South Korean firms from the crisis.

본 연구는 선행의 연구문헌에 근거하여 5개의 잠재변인{장소이미지, 방문 체험가치(기능적 가치, 감정적 가치), 방문만족, 재방문의도}에 대한 구성개념의 속성을 재검토하였고 연구의 논제와 관련하여 기존의 개념적, 실증적 연구에 의해 연구된 이들 구성개념 간 인과관계의 연구모델과 가설을 제시하였다. 검증결과 측정모델과 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수는 기준지수를 상회하는 것으로 나타나 전체적으로 본 연구의 연구모형은 적합한 것으로 나타났고 검증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공분산구조분석 결과 방문 체험가치는 장소이미지, 방문만족 요인과 재방문의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 장소이미지, 방문 체험가치(기능적, 감정적 체험가치), 방문만족, 재방문의도 간의 인과관계에 있어서는 기능적 체험가치와 재방문의도 간의 직접적 관계를 제외하고 모두 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장소이미지는 방문 체험가치에 영향을 주고 장소이미지는 방문 체험가치를 매개로 하여 방문만족과 재방문의도에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 방문 체험가치와 방문만족, 재방문의도에 있어서는 감정적 체험가치보다는 기능적 체험가치 요인이 방문만족에 더 많은 영향을 주고 있으며, 감정적 가치는 재방문의도에 직접적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으나 기능적 체험가치의 경우, 반드시 방문만족을 통해서 재방문의도에 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study through empirical investigation is to review the attributes of constructs of latent variables(place image, experiential value(functional, affectional experiential value), visit satisfaction, and intention to revisit) in the existing literatures. This study described the research model of the causal relationship among those constructs by previous conceptual and empirical research on this topic. A self-reported questionnaire was developed to test relationship among the three main theoretical concept: customer-based brand equity, place marketing, experiential marketing. Respondents were asked to indicate their levels of agreement with a five-point Likert-type scale, where 1=extremely disagree and 5=extremely agree. In total, 250 questionnaires were distributed to inhabitants of the capital region(Seoul, Gyeonggi Do) have a visit experience on Chuncheon, in the Kangwon, 244 valid questionnaires were uses in this study; the questions were modifications or complements of the ones in the previous studies. Reliability and validity analysis for each variables was conducted prior to the tests of hypotheses, using SPSSWIN 10.0. Both SPSSWIN 10.0 and Amos 4.0 were used to verify of hypotheses about the intermediate effects of place image(functional, affectional image), experiential value to intention to (re)visit). Statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, factor analysis and Structural Equation Modeling were used to analyze the data. The measurement model and the structural equation model had good evaluation results in over all model fit because the results of indices were beyond the recommendation level. However the chi-square value is strongly affected by a sample size, If a sample size is large, the chi-square value is often significant. Instead of chi-square value, ratio and other fit indices may be more representative. And all of 7 hypotheses of the model set in this study was supported. The results and contents of this study are summarized as follows: First, An analysis of covariance structure showed that the experiential value can importantly contribute to the relationship among place image and visit satisfaction intention to revisit. And the casual relationship among place image, experiential value, visit satisfaction, and intention to revisit) is significantly related. Second, The place image affects experiential value, and the place image is significantly related through mediate effect of experiential value. Third, In the relationship of experiential value(functional, affectional experiential value), visit satisfaction, and intention to revisit, it is showed that functional experiential value is stronger effects than affectional experiential to visit satisfaction. It is showed that Affectional experiential value directly affects visit satisfaction and intention to revisit but functional experiential value affects intention to revisit through mediate effect of visit satisfaction. In conclusion, the implications of this study showed that the possibility of creating, improving, enhancing experiential value and place image(functional, affectional image) for visit satisfaction can be positively used as a successful means of regional development. In the regard, a study connecting place marketing further discussing the relationship among experiential value, and visit satisfaction by developing a model, would be beneficial to place marketing practitioners. Afterwards, The results of this study expect to be continually applications regarding to the related fields.

최근 경기 침체기를 맞아 기업들은 원가절감을 통한 수익성제고를 우선시하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 그런데 전략적 프레임에 의해서 기업은 추구하고자 하는 경쟁우위와 여러 활동들을 결정하게 된다. 따라서 기업의 특성과 전략이 조화를 이루어야 양호한 기업 성과가 산출될 수 있다. 한편, 우리나라의 전체 기업 중 중소기업이 차지하는 비중은 2006년 말 현재 99.9%이며 지속적으로 증가하고 있는데 비해서 KOSPI 및 KOSDAQ 주식시장에의 상장률은 약 0.06%로서 대부분의 중소기업들이 비상장기업에 속하고 있다. 이러한 점을 감안할 때, 이들 비상장기업의 전략적 성향에 대한 연구는 학문적으로나 실무적인 측면에서 유용한 시사점들을 던져줄 수 있다. 특히 본 연구는 상장기업을 조사대상으로 하였던 기존연구와의 비교분석을 통하여 비상장 중소기업의 전략적 특징을 규명하고자 하였다. Porter의 본원적 전략에 기초한 군집분석 결과 비상장 중소기업도 상장기업과 유사하게 4개 유형의 전략집단(원가우위 전략집단, 차별화 전략집단, 듀얼 전략집단, 무전략집단)으로 분류되었다. 흥미로운 것은 우리나라의 비상장 중소기업들은 원가우위 전략을 가장 많이 채택하고 있지만, 목표하는 기업성과를 제대로 거두지 못하고 있다는 점이다. 반면, 차별화 전략을 채택한 비상장 중소기업들은 상대적으로 양호한 기업성과를 거두고 있었다. 이러한 조사결과는 경쟁우위 및 기업능력 측면에서 설명될 수 있다. 본 연구는 특히 비상장 중소기업의 경쟁우위의 원천을 규명함으로써, 보다 효과적인 전략수립 방향과 그에 따른 조직관리 방향을 제시하였으며 무조건적으로 상장기업을 모방하는 전략수립 행태는 지양되어야 함을 시사하고 있다.

Firms should decide the competitive advantages and behaviors depending on the strategic framework. Therefore the harmony of Firms’ characteristics with strategies can produce favorable performances. Meanwhile, The ratio of Korean SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) to total is 99.9% in 2006 and going up continuously. However, the ratio of IPO (Initial Public Offering) to KOSPI and KOSDAQ is only 0.06%, This means that most Korean SMEs are unlisted companies. Consideration of these aspects, the study on Korean unlisted companies can give lots of useful academic and managerial implications to us. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first attempt to generalize findings in the strategic tendencies of Korean unlisted companies through the comparative analysis with listed ones. Especially, this study tries to identify the strategic characteristics of Korean unlisted companies by comparative analysis to author’s prior study that investigated Korean listed companies. The results of this study revealed that the Korean unlisted companies were similar to listed ones in some aspects, but different in another aspects. First of all, the performances of unlisted companies were inferior to those of listed ones in every indices. This is due to the characteristics of SMEs mostly consisted with Korean unlisted companies. Second, the result of cluster analysis on the basis of Porter’s generic strategy showed that the Korean unlisted companies were classified into four strategic types (Cost leadership group, Differentiation group, Dual group, Stuck-in-the-middle group), similar to listed companies. However, the most unlisted companies were in Cost leadership strategic group. unlikely to listed ones. Meanwhile, the ratios of differentiation and dual strategic groups in unlisted companies were different with those in listed ones. That could be interpreted in the insufficiency of available resources, which was the characteristics of unlisted companies. The Existing studies have insisted that the strategic tendencies of firms influenced upon performances like effectiveness and adaptiveness and efficiency. And this opinion was supported in the study of Korean listed companies. However, it was not supported in Korean unlisted ones, and this is the interesting findings of this study. That is, the unlisted cost leadership strategic firms pursue to increase efficiency but they have different characteristics from listed ones in aspect of the source of competitive advantages. The result of it, they do not achieve favorable goals. On the contrary, the unlisted differentiation strategic firms achieved favorable goals very well. But the performances of them were inferior to those of listed differentiation strategic firms, though I expected better performances owing to the relative advantages. The capabilities can be taken as the alternative explanation for this result, but further researches are needed for exact analysis. This study has some fruitful implications. First of all, This study identified the relationships between firms’ performances and strategies. Especially, as identifying the sources of competitive advantages which should be important considerations for employment of strategy for unlisted companies, indicates the effective strategic direction which reflect the characteristics of unlisted companies, rather than strategic planning behavior of undifferentiated imitating listed ones. Also, this study implies the effective organization management ways to strategic planning by identifying the characteristics of unlisted companies’ performances based on Poter’s generic strategies. For examples, in the case of employment of differentiation strategy, it will be effective to manage organization focusing on market sensing. Meanwhile in the case of employment of cost leadership strategy, it will be effective to manage organization focusing on interaction within and between organizations. This study has some limitations also. First, The points of data gathering time for Korean listed companies and unlisted ones were not accorded, so the effects of extraneous variables could be involved. Second, because this study was a cross sectional research, the inference of causality relationships between variables was limited. Third, subjective judgement could be involved because data collecting was depending on single informant. Strategy can be forecasted on th basis of internal resources and capabilities of firm, so the researches on what strategy will be effective in what conditions are necessary. This is the matter of the capabilities of firm. Deep analysis on the requirements for IPO can give more effective comparative analysis frame by making the relative characteristics of Korean listed companies also. And considerations of control variables like the turbulence of environment in designing research models can increase the possibility of generalization of the researches.

방송과 통신의 융합 개념이 일반화되고 그 선두주자로 IPTV의 성장 잠재력이 높이 평가되고 있는 현 시점에서 2005년 상품 판매형 T-Commerce 사업자 10개 업체를 선정한 이 후 별다른 발전 양상을 보이지 못하고 기존의 TV홈쇼핑의 형태와 인터넷 쇼핑몰 형태를 크게 벗어나지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 신규 매체인 IPTV를 기반으로 T-Commerce 활성화를 통한 새로운 소매업태의 출현과 성장을 위한 방안을 살펴보고자 하는 측면에서 정보 제공 유형에 따른 T-Commerce의 서비스 형태인 독립형과 연동형 서비스의 시행에 대한 소비자들의 선택 요인을 알아보기 위해 문헌조사와 설문조사를 통해 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과 독립형 서비스 선택 영향 요인보다 연동형 서비스 선택 영향 요인이 더 많은 것으로 나타나 소비자들이 많은 관심을 가지고 있으며 보다 다양한 요인들을 고려하여 선택하는 것으로 나타났다.

In light of the fact that the fusion concept of broadcasting and communication has been generalized and potential growth of IPTV leading such trend has been highly evaluated, the present study was intended to evaluate the measures that will boost the new retail pattern emerging in line with activated IPTV-based T-Commerce, facing up to reality that it has yet to move away from the traditional TV home shopping or Internet shopping mall pattern, and to that end, document study and survey were conducted in this study in an attempt to identify the factors for users’ preference between the independent service and interlinking service, which are sort of T-Commerce services provided depending on type of information. There are only three years to the obligation of digital broadcasting now. DCATV was expected to be activated as media which could replace the existing one-way CATV. However, as IPTV, digital TV media of new concept which adopts the concept of communication to broadcasting, is acknowledged as broadcasting and is vigorously competing with DCATV, it is rapidly growing based on the existing strong internet infra and the numbers of users. In addition, T-Commerce industry, which planned to utilize DCATV media, is expanding its investment to IPTV and tries to prepare for proper contents and broadcasting platform. It is because the conceptual basis of DCATV is not comprehensive and has its limits to adopt and realize various functions by introducing digital broadcasting in the user environment of CATV in providing a lot of channels and contents for viewers. However, in the current situation that the T-commerce is developing to the synchronized way rather than the existing independent way and the development and distribution of digital contents are needed accordingly, it can be said that both DCATV and IPTV have no problem to accept synchronized broadcasting contents and use them. However, DCATV companies are making every possible efforts to develop competitive factors to compete with the compatibility and expandability of IPTV and to build up user environment which can accept interactive broadcasting contents and provide the ease of use for views. However, the capability of IPTV to secure potential customers and viewers through the active use of internet infra can be said to be powerful. A 2-month survey of 150 respondents for positive analysis was conducted, beginning in June through August 2009 and consequently, 120 effective samples were taken which were categorized by convenience, usefulness ad accessibility based on service selected to develop the inquiries. And after defining each factor as independent variable, while the selection level between independent service and interlinking service was defined as dependent variable, the survey was conducted to identify whether and what independent variable has effect on dependent variables, making use of multiple regression analysis . As a result, the factors of interlinking service appeared to be greater than those of independent service, indicating more interest of users, and the selection was made considering more various factors. That is, the users appeared to be more interested in sense of perception, in other word, whether the useful information on products is offered, security of payment system is granted and the convenience in using remote is secured, whereas the users were less interested in independent service because of its simple service and low accessibility. So far, the level of customers’ understanding about T-Commerce is very low in Korea. The biggest difficulty in the survey for the empirical analysis was to get people understand about T-commerce. However, our customers’ receptivity and understanding about digital culture are great and rapidly grow. Therefore, for the three years left before the obligation of digital broadcasting, social understanding about the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication should be improved, and our own broadcasting‧communication culture and the distribution culture of new media should be established by accepting and utilizing new culture without side effects. In addition, concerning recent Media Law issues, the importance and social roles of new media integrating broadcasting and communication should be discussed in our society and the positive way of development should be provided. Thus it is recommended to simulate the potential customers to increase the demand through the improvement of service in diverse aspects, so as to be able to substitute the existing CATV home shopping and the part of Internet home shopping with growing T-Commerce, thereby laying the foundation as retail distribution channel.

1990년대 중반 이후 프로그래밍전문가에 대한 수요보다는 정보기술/정보시스템 전략과 기획․분석 등 경영전반의 문제를 정보기술이나 정보시스템 등을 통해 해결할 수 있는 정보시스템전문가에 대한 수요가 급격히 증가하고 있어 정보시스템전문가는 경영지식 및 경영관리기술 등을 고루 갖추는 것이 필요하다. 또한 정보시스템에 대해 정보시스템전문가는 물론 정보시스템을 사용하고 있는 일반사용자의 인식 등이 급격히 변해 가고 있는 시점에서 학계 및 산업계에서 필요한 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술에 대해 분석해 보는 것은 대단히 중요한 의미를 가진다. 그러므로 학계와 산업계를 대상으로 하여 연구한 경영지식 및 경영관리기술을 비롯하여 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술에 대해 포괄적으로 분석해 보는 것은 매우 중요한 의미가 있다고 생각한다. 또한 본 연구의 결과는 미래의 정보시스템전문가의 학문적 준비 등과 관련이 있기 때문에 매우 중요한 시사점을 제공해 준다. 왜냐하면 정보시스템 관련 교수 또는 전문가의 프로토콜로부터 얻어진 핵심 지식 및 기술 영역에 대한 목록이 제시되기 때문이다. 정보시스템 관련 연구는 경영학, 경영정보학, 컴퓨터공학 등 학제적 성격을 띠고 있어 다양한 학문분야에서 연구된 결과에 대한 포괄적 분석이 필요하다. 또한 이제는 단순히 정보시스템의 기술 및 서비스 차원을 뛰어 넘어 기업의 경쟁우위와 연계시키는 노력이 필요한데, 이는 기술적 측면도 중요하지만 특히 국가 및 사회 시스템과 기업의 조직시스템에 대한 고려가 더욱 더 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 그러므로 본 연구의 목적은 학계와 산업계 등을 대상으로 하여 연구된 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술의 기존 분류구조에 대한 연구를 종합적으로 고찰한 후 상기의 주요 내용이 포함된 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술에 대한 신 분류구조를 대분류→중분류→소분류 항목 형태로 제시하는 것이다. 신 분류구조에 의하면 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술을 국가 및 사회시스템(환경적 차원), 조직시스템(관리적 차원), 기술시스템(기술적 차원)으로 분류하고 있는데, 이렇게 기술시스템과 비기술시스템을 구분함으로써 일반인들이나 경영관리자들, 그리고 일반 정보교육자들이 이해하기 쉬운 분류구조의 형태를 띠게 된다. 본 연구에서 제시한 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술에 대한 신 분류구조는 정보시스템 관련 지식 및 기술에 관한한 포괄적 분류구조라고 할 수 있다. 전반적으로 본 연구의 결과는 정보시스템전문가는 국가 및 사회시스템, 조직시스템, 기술시스템에 대한 지식 및 기술 등을 모두 보유하고 있어야 한다는 시사점을 제공해 준다. 그러나 신 분류구조는 기존 분류구조를 중심으로 재구성한 것이므로 한계점을 가지게 된다. 이로 인해 신 분류구조 및 관련 항목들은 신중하게 해석되고 응용되어야 한다. 또한 본 연구자는 학계 및 산업계의 공통적 관심 주제나 이슈 등을 다루기 위해 대화채널 등을 통해 상호 협력해야 한다는 점을 강조하고 싶다.

It is a point to be considered that information systems(IS) are an important strategic tool for achieving and maintaining competitive advantage for the enterprises survival in a rapidly changing environment. The large amount of knowledge/skills accumulated in IS today has created a status where the IS researchers need some sort of taxonomy to construct the IS classification schemes and link with its relational items(i.e. IS knowledge/skills). Owing to growing demand of IS specialists, not programming experts but IS experts with management skills, to resolve the general management problem(e.g. IS strategy formulating/planning/analyzing/etc.) by utilizing IS, IS specialists are necessary especially to have management knowledge and skills. To meet this demand, educational institution like universities have make a variety of curriculum designed to prepare students for careers in IS. Due to the rapidly changing environment of IS, there is much debate about schemes of curriculum in IS. Few Standards are existed to introduction and evaluation of such taxonomy in relation to the needs of IS students and specialists. When considering the changes of IS cognition of general user as well as IS specialists, it is very important to analyze IS knowledge/skills to be necessary in academia(research) and industry(practice). The key questions were what are the expected changes in IS knowledge/skills required by IS specialists and what are the implications of the expected changes on IS curriculum. It can also serve as a guide for recruiting the IS specialists and developing IS curriculum. IS specialists need a balance of both social/managerial and technological knowledge/skills to develop IS that satisfy customers’ requirement. Unfortunately, there is no complete consensus about which knowledge/skills are more important in the IS field. The paper has been an attempt to increase understanding of required IS knowledge/skills so that educators, researchers, and specialists may better prepare for the future. Therefore, it is very significant to analyze comprehensively IS knowledge/skills as well as management knowledge/skills to be focused on the demand of academia and industry. Because of having relation between the study results and academic preparation of future IS specialists, it presents very important implications. That’s why it presents a list about IS knowledge/skills categories observed in the protocols of IS educators or IS researchers or IS specialists. The paper is organized as follows: First, the previous classification schemes(foreign and domestic study) on the IS knowledge/skills is reviewed. Second, based on this review, the researcher induce the limit on the existing classification schemes and the new classification schemes based on the six prepositions are then presented. It need to analyze comprehensively the results of diverse studies area because IS study has the interdisciplinary characteristics(e.g. management, MIS, computer science, etc.). It is time to strive with competitive advantage of enterprises besides IT and service area. It means that the national․social/organizational dimensions as well as technological dimension of IS are also important. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to present the new classification schemes(i.e. large → medium → small taxonomy: symmetric 3 level hierarchical classification schemes) about IS knowledge/skills after investigating the structures of existing classification schemes of IS knowledge/skills to be focused on the demand of academia and industry. It is desirable that the researcher consider the next prepositions to present the new classification schemes with few duplication/easy understanding/multiple items improving the limit of various researchers: First, classification schemes are characterized by (symmetric 3 level) large → medium → small taxonomy not array structure/large → medium taxonomy/asymmetric structure. The new classification schemes are expressed by national․social systems(environmental dimension), organizational systems(managerial dimension), technological systems(technological dimension). Second, it is desirable that multiple items are included in new classification schemes after analysing various items of the existing classification schemes, it enables new classification schemes to have external validity(not completeness, convergence, standardization) on account of variety and generality. Third, it is desirable that duplication among technology or duplication among items could not be existed or could be existed small. Fourth, it is desirable that general knowledge/skills were excluded from new classification schemes. Fifth, it is desirable that items with meta meaning comparatively are included, items with precise meaning are excluded, and important items are expressed by large one term after tied up properly. Six, all terms are expressed by unified one style each and other. According to new classification schemes, IS knowledge/skills are classified into national․social systems, organizational systems, technological systems. It is a taxonomy to understand easily for general public, business manager, and general educator on account of separating non-technological systems from technological systems. The new classification schemes seem to be comprehensive classification schemes on account of including almost all of the items about IS knowledge/skills. Overall, the study suggests that industry will demand a IS specialists with IS knowledge/skills in relation to national․social systems/organizational systems/technological systems. The national and social systems include information-orientation, related science, and etc.. The organizational systems include organization and business management, interpersonal relationships management, technology management. The technological systems include H/W, S/W, N/W, methodology, and complex technology. But, on account of the new classification schemes were made by reconstructing the existing classification schemes, the new classification schemes would have the limit. The analysis of academic and practitioner literature is based on a study of specific journals and magazines, the new classification schemes would have the limit. Therefore, the new classification schemes and related-items would be interpreted and applied prudentially. The researcher insist that collaboration by communication channel will be necessary to address continuously common subject/issue of academia and industry. That is to say enterprises need to send continuous message to educational institution(e.g. universities) about their expectations while recognizing that the mission of educational institution business programs is career education, not job training.

내부자거래란 공개되지 않은 중대한 기업 정보를 바탕으로 증권을 거래하는 행위이다. 미국에서 기업의 내부자들의 증권거래는 1934년 제정된 증권거래법(Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) 이래로 명시적으로 규제되어 왔고, 판례로는 1968년에 처음 등장하였다. 크게 주목받지 못하던 내부자거래가 본격적으로 대중의 주목을 받게 된 것은 1980년대 활발한 인수합병 때문이었고, 이 때문에 증권감독당국인 SEC(Securities and Exchange Commission)에서는 대대적인 감시 및 감독 강화와 함께 연방법 개정을 추진하여 1984년 내부자거래 금지법(Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984)과 1988년 내부자거래와 증권사기 규제법(Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988)이 탄생하였다. 본고에서는 1980년대 미국의 내부자거래 규제 강화를 배경으로 기업내부자들의 거래 행태 변화를 추적하고 이러한 거래 행태가 인수합병과 관련하여 차이가 있었는지 및 시장의 거래에 영향이 있었는지를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 1980년대의 두 차례에 걸친 대대적인 내부자거래 규제의 강화로 인해 기업 내부자들의 거래가 위축된 것 같지 않으며, 인수․합병된 회사들의 내부자들이 그렇지 않은 회사들의 내부자들에 비해 더 활발히 주식을 거래하고 있었다고 보기도 어렵다. 오히려 총주식수에 대비했을 때 인수합병되지 않은 회사들의 내부자거래량이 더 많았다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 또한, 기업내부자의 거래에 대한 시장의 반응은 1989년이 1983년에 비해 크게 나타났고 인수합병된 회사들에 대해서는 기업내부자들의 매도 행위에 대한 시장 반응이 두드러졌던 반면, 인수합병되지 않은 회사들에 대해서는 내부자들의 매수 행위가 더 큰 반응을 일으켰던 것으로 나타났다.

Corporate insiders have long been regulated explicitly since the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 in the US. In the 1980s, insider trading received increased attention mainly because of active M&A activities, and the SEC(Securities and Exchange Commission) leveled up their interest in insider trading, which resulted in more insider trading cases and reinforced statutory sanctions, such as Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 and Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Act in 1988. While the corporate world was neither able nor inclined to defend itself against regulation supporters, insider trading has remained controversial in scholarly journals. The most common argument against insider trading is that insider trading erodes public confidence in capital markets, raises firms’ cost of capital, and makes it more difficult finance worthwhile projects. Alternative view in favor of allowing insider trading is that corporate insiders’ trading is a contractual arrangement to compensate insiders for their innovations without costly renegotiations. This paper studies corporate insiders’ trading behaviors related with mergers and acquisitions in the 1980s, when insider trading sanctions were substantially reinforced. Specifically, the followings are discussed: First, does trading by corporate insiders in merged firms reduce after sanction reinforcement? Second, do insiders in eventually merged or acquired firms buy or sell more shares than those in non-M&Aed firms before M&A announcement? Finally, does insiders’ buying or selling activity have an effect on overall trading in the market? To answer the questions, I compare the amount of insider trading of M&Aed firms and non-M&Aed firms in 1983 and 1989, between which statutory sanctions are significantly reinforced and a major insider trading scandal(Boesky scandal) occurred, and estimate the effects of insiders’ buying or selling on general trading in stock exchanges. Specifically, I obtain the coefficient estimates of insiders’ buying or selling amounts in estimation equations where ‘abnormal trading volume’-trading volume which is not explained by the ‘market model for volume’- is used as the dependent variable. The sample group of M&Aed firms consists of 114 corporations, 44 of which were acquired or agreed to be acquired in 1983 and 70 in 1989. The control group is composed of respective 91 and 86 corporations, randomly chosen from the same industries of the sample firms but note acquired by the end of 1985 and 1991. The reason for the control group in the same industries is to properly filter out the ‘news media effect’ on trading volume, that is, to control abrupt changes in trading volume caused by M&A-related new and rumors. All the sample and control firms are chosen from 9 industries, which are energy, food, metal producing, machinery, electrical and electronics, measurement equipment, business services, computer and data processing, and health services. I choose these 9 industries because M&A prevailed in those industries in 1983 and 1989, and it is also advantageous to limit the number of industries for controlling industrial heterogeneity. The daily stock trading volume of the firms are retrieved from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and trading records of the firms’ insiders are manually collected from the SEC’s ‘Official Summary.’ In spite of insider trading sanction reinforcement, corporate insiders’ trading did not curtail significantly, nor was more the M&Aed firms’ insider trading than that of non-M&Aed firms. Compared to the total shares outstanding, insider trading of non-M&Aed firms was more active than that of M&Aed firms, and insider trading for non-merged firms in 1983 was much more active than that in 1989. Another feature to note is that corporate insiders sell much more than they buy in the market, and that this is more severe for merged firms. Regarding the market’s response to corporate insider trading, two things are noticeable. First, market was more responsive to corporate insiders’ trading in 1989 than in 1983. For example, in 1983, a hundred shares bought by insiders a day caused 54 shares to be traded on the same day in the market without any particular reason, while the abnormal trading volume caused by insiders’ purchasing hundred shares rises six times to 325 shares, that is, insider’s buying a share is resonated more in the market in 1989. Second, for merged firms, insiders’ selling activity raised abnormal trading, while for non-merged firms, insiders’ purchasing evoked reactions in th market. When corporate insiders in merged firms purchase shares, abnormal trading volume of the firms did not particularly increases, whereas 100 shares purchased by corporate insiders in non-merged firms raise abnormal trading volume by 62 shares. The situation is reversed for selling activity: The market readily responded to selling out by insiders in merged firms by increasing trading volume by 71 shares corresponding to 100 sold shares, while it increased only 4 shares with respect to 100 sold shares by corporate insiders in non-merged firms, whire the figure is not even significant. From these results, I argue that speculative trading came to rely more on trading by corporate insiders in 1989, because increased insider trading sanctions reduced M&A-related information leaks, and speculative trading was sophisticated enough to distinguish M&A-based corporate insiders’ trading.

본 연구는 방송과 통신의 융합 서비스인 IPTV에 대하여 해외 통신기업들은 어떠한 사업전략으로 IPTV 서비스를 본 궤도에 올려 놓았는 지를 살펴봄으로써 국내 IPTV 사업 활성화에 대한 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 해외 통신기업으로 현재 IPTV 서비스가 가장 활성화되어 홍콩의 PCCW社와 프랑스의 FT社를 중심으로 수행하였다. 현재 국내의 경우 지상파 재전송, IPTV 망 고도화 등을 통해 실시간 IPTV가입자 100만명을 초과하였으며, 추가적인 고객기반 확대를 위해 양방향 컨텐츠 개발, 스크린 확대 및 고객니즈 충족 가격정책 등 해외 IPTV사업자의 성공전략을 보다 면밀히 검토할 필요가 있다. 끝으로 본 연구가 너무 사업자 관점에서 진행되었다는 한계와 함께 향후에는 제도, 규제 등 보다 근본적인 IPTV 활성화를 위한 다차원적 접근이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was intended to suggest an idea for activating domestic IPTV business by investigating business strategies of foreign communication companies, such as PCCW in Hong Kong and FT in France, which have successfully provided IPTV service. PCCW is a top communication company in Hong Kong and has 2.6 million, 1.2 million, and 1.3 million members in telephone, mobile and broadband service respectively. It posted total sales $2.8 billion in 2008 with 82% of the sales coming from cable or internet service and about 10% from IPTV service. Regulations and environment of competition for IPTV business in Hong Kong are friendly to communication companies. As IPTV is classified into pay broadcasting service, any company acquiring the right can provide IPTV service. PCCW started IPTV service in 2003 and its main strategies were predominant contents, two-way service, extended QPS(Quadruple Play Service), and flexible price policy. Firstly, PCCW acquired exclusive airing rights of core contents such as ESPN and EPL soccer and screened foreign programs such as Disney, HBO, and Star Movies which were not put on cable TV. Secondly, it activated two-way service with its own channels of 'Now sports' and 'Now shop' and investigated on-demand two-way advertisements as well. Thirdly, it provided seamless service with QPS by combining killer contents and additional service. Finally, it cut rates when existing internet customers joined IPTV service in early stage of business and continued to release channel-based plans or package plans. These strategies led not only growth of IPTV service but also positive effect on M/S increase in related business area such as the broadband. France Telecom(FT) is the best network provider and global communication company and it provides wireline and wireless communication, internet, IPTV, and business data service. At the end of 2007, it had 110 billion members in mobile service and 54 million members in cable and broadband. Total sales in 2008 was about 53.4 billion Euros which with 29.4 billion Euros from personal communications and 22.9 billion Euros from home communications including IPTV. It marked average annual increase of 40% of sales of IPTV service and increase of 50.2% of members between 2006 and 2007. FT launched IPTV service late in France. However, FT achieved both 66% of IPTV market penetration and increase of sales in home sector by preoccupying home network market with the strategies of premium contents, consolidation of brand (Orange) royalty, screen expansion, and development of home gateway device first in Europe. Firstly, FT tried to secure rights for sports and movie contents and, as a results, opened a sports TV station of ‘Orange Sports TV’ and launched a channel of 'Orange Cinema Series’. Secondly, it promoted differential brand and service strategy. Thus, all the brand was unified as ‘Orange.’ Thirdly, it promoted screen expansion by extending IPTV service to mobile as well as PC. It also increased new business market through the extended window such as on-line advertisements. Finally, it developed home network business using Livebox, combined terminal. Currently, real time IPTV subscribers exceeded 1 million in Korea. And it seems to be need to benchmark successful strategies of foreign IPTV companies such as two-way contents, screen expansion, and flexible price policy for expansion of customer base. Finally, this study has limitation which is business oriented and it is recommended to consider various approaches to fundamental IPTV activation such as system and regulation in the future.

우리나라의 노사관계는 1910년 한일합방 이후 일본의 영향을 받아 식민지적 관계로부터 형성되었지만 합법적 의미의 노사관계는 1953년 3월에 제정된 노동관계 4법(노동조합법 노동쟁의조정법 노동위원회법 근로기준법)과 1954년 4월 대한노총이 설립된 이후로 볼 수 있다. 역대 정부의 변화에 따라 관련법들이 점진적으로 개정되면서 합리적인 노사관계가 시작되는데 임금과 근로조건이 매우 열악했던 50년대와 60년대, 그리고 유신시대로 대변되는 70년대를 거쳐 민주화의 물결로 진정한 노동자들의 권익을 확보한 1987년 6.29선언을 계기로 현대적 의미의 노사관계가 자리매김하기 시작하였다. 그 후 1990년대 초, 중반의 경제호황과 함께 노조활동이 활성화되고 1995년 민주노총이 설립되면서 상급단체의 복수노조(한국노총, 민주노총)가 인정된다. 그 후 1997년 IMF의 한파로 노사관계가 위축되었다가 2000년대로 넘어오면서 노사관계의 주요 이슈가 종전의 임금위주에서 단체협약과 비정규직 문제로 핵심이 바뀌며 현재까지 이르게 되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 1945년에서 2008년까지 약 60년에 이르는 세월 속에 많은 풍화작용을 거듭하면서 이어져 온 우리나라의 노사관계가 어떻게 변화되어 왔으며 어떠한 문제점을 안고 있는지에 대하여 노동관련 통계와 노사분규 사례를 통해 분석해 보고자 한다. 그리하여 우리나라 노사관계의 공통분모를 찾아 사회적 기회손실 비용을 최소화 하고 상생의 협력적 노사관계로 발전하는 계기가 되도록 기여코자 하는데 그 의의가 있다.

Although Korea’s labor-management relations formed in 1910 after the Japanese annexation of the colonial relationship with the influences from Japan, the legal significance of the labor-management relations established since the formation of the four Labor Relations Act, enacted in March 1953 (Labor Union Act, Labor Dispute Adjustment Act, Labor Relations Commission Act, Labor Standard Act), and establishment of Korean National Trade Union Federation in 1954. The wage and working conditions were very inferior in 1950s and 1960s. In 1970s, so-called Yushin era, the condition did not improved. Through the momentum of Declaration of June 29, 1987, workers' rights improved. and reasonable labor-management relations started through the changes in government and thereafter amendment of the progressive labor relations law. Then in the beginning and middle of 1990s, economy was booming and labor movement was active and this leads to the establishment of Korean Confederation of Trade Unions established in 1995, From that time, the senior group multiple unions (Federation of Korea Trade Unions, Korean Confederation of Trade Unions) has been recognized. Thereafter financial crisis in 1997 as a labor-management relations are shrinking then from the era of 2000s, the issue between management and labor moved from wage negotiation to the collective bargaining agreement and non-regular employment and those challenges have been going on so far. This study specifies the major changes accompanied by the highlights of political and social history in South Korea, especially the amendments of labor-management relations law in chronological order. It also describes several labor movements which created a stir in South Korean society. The most of eastern and western labor movements has begun with labor workers' light to live throughout times and history. Nowadays, however, labor movements tend to focus on ameliorating working conditions to enhance the quality of the life of workers rather than demanding higher wages only for survival. Particularly, Declaration of June 29, 1987, which generated marked political changes in South Korea, shifted labor-management relations from government-enterprise-oriented to worker-oriented. In the past 10 years from 1998 to 2008, there were a lot of policy improvement and the revisions of the law of labor-management relations, which brought about amelioration of worker’s rights and interests. It is a remarkable change in 21c that labor movements, which were mainly struggling, has shown tendency to aim coexistence. The methodology of this research is to identify the changes of labor-management relations in about 60 years from 1945 to 2008 and to analyze of any problems concerned with the cases of labor disputes and labor-related statistics. The purpose of this research is how to develop a momentum of mutually cooperative relationship between labor and management through finding the common denominator of our labor relations, and minimizing the cost of social opportunity loss.