Earticle

The community is one of the key concepts recently rising in the field of local regeneration in Korea. It is also related to a big paradigm shift the Korean local development has experienced over the past decade. In the new paradigm, local communities play a key role as a main body leading the efforts and as an energy source powering development. This paper aims to examine the changed circumstances that require the paradigm shift in local regeneration policies, and to suggest a normative model of local development strategies for local regeneration. For these purposes, I first review the notion of local regeneration as a special form of local development, and review two streams of local development, exogenous local development and endogenous local development, in theoretical context to establish an ideal type of community-led local development. Next, I diachronically examine changes in materialistic conditions and circumstances that led to a paradigm shift in local development, including slowed-down migration, resurging community movements, economic stagnation, worsening national finances, and aging population. Lastly, based on the aforementioned review and analysis of theoretical contexts and structural changes, I derive a normative model of local development to pursue in the coming years. The model is named SAGE strategies as the acronym for Sustainability, Assets, Governance, and Entrepreneurship-based development strategies.

Compact city is an idea that has increasingly been core of urban regeneration strategies in recent years. The critical essence of the compact city includes dense and proximate development; walk, bike and public transportation systems oriented development; and eco-friendly green development. However, it is very hard to accomplish the compact city idea on earth because of inherent conflicts. This paper discusses theoretically the causes of the conflicts. I argue that there are three faces of inherent conflicts over compact city–personal, social and spatial conflicts. First, as income increases, an individual tends to prefer more space, higher privacy, and private transportation (Ellwood & Polinski, 1979; Crotte et al., 2009). The idea of compact city is discord with personal inclination. Second, when a city is compressed to build the city compact, it hence raises housing and real estate price. Real estate price burden decreases the utility of middle and low class (Helsley and Strange, 1995). Society confronts conflicts between landlords and tenants; old and young generation. Third, compact city recommends further concentration of development in a few established areas. This leads to the center-periphery issue - the spatial conflicts between a few established centers and many less developed peripheries within a city, region, or country. Up until now, urban expansion is a natural process which is accord with personal interest. Yet, compact city is an attempt of contracting cities opposing individual inclination. Therefore, to make cities compact successfully, developing supplementary policies to mitigate adverse effects are in need and building consensus of citizens on the ideal of compact city is crucial.

The need to address the poor neighborhood and housing conditions has been prevalent in local areas which are characterized by economic decline and a significant outward migration of resident population. However, inability or unwillingness of the private sector and poor finance condition of local government contribute to the self-reinforcing cycle of deprivation in Korea. This research is designed to review the policies and programs of the United Kingdom and Japan such as Housing Market Renewal (HMR) which have been introduced for residential environment improvement and housing renewal. Involving case studies of some residential areas implemented by public intervention programs with support, it attempts to examine both of the trends and characteristics of programs as well as to evaluate their outcomes. Finally, it tries to provide some implication for policy alternatives geared towards developing wide ranging strategies to improve residential environment in Korea.

The objective of this study is to research about the relationship of regeneration policy and socioeconomic index. Especially in this study, the improvement schemes is considered in socioeconomic index change and major urban regeneration policy influenced by socioeconomic condition. The analysis method are Comparing and analyzing socioeconomic condition by 3 sector and 6 indices: population- poplulation growth, birth rate, population aging, economy-GDP per person, and urban condition- urbanization rate, housing distribution rate. There are many issues regards to some of intensive national urban renewal projects such things as fragmented legal organizations, indiscriminate urban areas projects and physical approaches to sustainable environment. However, it is required to have changes of policies to achieve 'Comprehensive and Integrated Urban Regeneration Projects' providing appropriate residential areas, community developments and active commercial zones as some of problem verifies its physically, economically and socially vulnerable sections of the society. Therefore, this research reveals current urban regeneration issues through considering the precedents set by the developed countries. Through the research, it is possible to draw a conclusion that urban regeneration projects require a formulation of planning policy, funding system, urban governance framework and strategic directions in a socioeconomic situation to enrich the life for us all in urban areas.

It is necessary to examine changing processes of the urban spaces and functions, such as important economic bases and urban growth processes, to apply urban regeneration methods like activations of the current CBD. After reviewed the past research compared 82 cities in the nation, this study selected Chungjushi as a target city in decline which is a local small and medium-sized city with about 200,000 populations The research results are as follows: Firstly, the analysis of results on urban expansions showed that Chungjushi has experienced rapid urban sprawls since 1990 while it became a city in 1956 Secondly, in the case of urban expansion before 1990, Chungjushi had been naturally expanded based on the CBD and adjacent regions. As a result, Chungjushi is separated into the original CBD, the adjacent regions to CBD developed before 1990, and the suburbs developed after 1990. Thirdly, the analysis on special functions indicated that functional declines in the adjacent regions to CBD were more severe than CBD. It showed that Chungjushi where urban structures are almost complete will be needed to consider both CBD and the adjacent regions rather than only targeting CBD for urban regeneration.

With the introduction of the railway in Seoul, the railway became an indispensable social overhead capital as a representative public transportation system. As the city was expanding, however, the ground railway and relevant railway facilities caused many problems to adjacent areas, including spatial disconnection, noise and vibration. Also, railwaysurrounding areas urgently needed Urban regeneration due to housing deterioration and lack of urban infrastructure, however it shows its limitations by physical and financial constraints. In this study, the general influential factors for the house price, including the characteristics in view of apartment complex, location and region, and the railway-related characteristics were analyzed to examine the effects and sizes of the factors on nearby apartment houses using a hedonic model. This study looked into the apartment houses near Gyeongwon Line and Subway Line 7. The actual apartment sale price per 1㎡ was chosen as an dependent variable, and the characteristics in terms of housing, location, region, nearby and ground-railway area were chosen as independent variables. The analysis results showed that the station as the public transportation facility had a positive effect on the nearby apartment prices, but the railway and depots on the ground had a negative effect on the nearby apartment prices.

This study aims at proposing the role of public management system in housing redevelopment program for urban renewal. For empirical analysis, this study used the survey method to find recognition and understanding of public management program to the residents and the professionals. This study finds that residents would like to be managed by public parties because (1) being taken care of their real estate assets by public system might be more safe, and (2) many problems including absurdity, irrationality, and inefficiency can be easily handled. The result shows that future role of public management system should focus on how to enlarge the residents' participation during the redevelopment process. It also states that the public management roles should only be opened for public parties, such as local governments and public organizations, but private parties.

The aim of this paper is to look for the preferential difference between user and planner for exterior space components of co-housing. In order to do this the present study was carried out in the order of preceding studies, resident interviews, FGI, questionnaire survey, factor analysis, and AHP analysis. According to the results of AHP analysis, three implications were found. First, the space design should merge into consumer trends for health and community, because they can be strongly reflected in the exterior space configuration. Second, based on the consumer, a study on the exterior space of co-housing should start from identifying the reality of consumer needs and finding its components from the perspective of consumers. Third, users showed a significant difference by sex and age, and therefore gender and generation specific facilities should be considered.

The objective of this study is to compare and verify perceptions of suppliers and beneficiaries in the aspect of policy/system, business/economy and social economy, focusing on residential environment improvement projects in Mapo-gu and Gwangjin-gu of Seoul. By extracting variables to evaluate effectiveness from the precedent studies and cases of analyzing the effect of residential environment improvement projects and then classifying them into the aspect of policy/system, business/economy and social economy on the basis of analysis frame, we asked experts and the persons concerned about the extracted/classified variables and then conducted comparison analysis of perceptions on them. In order to verify the research questions of this study, we calculated the average scores of the perception of the supplier and beneficiary groups for each subordinate variable. Also t-test was conducted to examine the differences of perception between two groups. In the results, first, the average scores of the beneficiary group and supplier group were 3.40 and 4.00 respectively for the questions about policy goals in the aspect of policy/system, which was analyzed that both groups perceived them positively. And there were differences of perception between both groups. Since the average scores of the beneficiary group and supplier group were 3.65 and 4.17 respectively for the questions about taking actions against problems, it was analyzed that both groups perceived them positively. And it was shown that there were differences of perception between both groups. As the average scores of the beneficiary group and supplier group were 3.65 and 3.97 respectively for the questions about perception of housing policies, it was analyzed that both groups perceived them positively. And there were no differences of perception between two groups. Second, the average scores of the beneficiary group and supplier group were 3.70 and 3.95 for the questions about individual economic effect in the aspect of business/ economy, which was analyzed that both groups perceived them positively. And there were no differences of perception between two groups. Since the average scores of the beneficiary group and supplier group were 3.45 and 3.83 for the questions about social economic effect, it was analyzed that both groups perceived them positively. And it was shown that there were differences of perception between two groups. Third, both groups generally showed low perception on the degree of individual residential environment improvement in the aspect of social environment. The results of t-test conducted to examine the differences of perception between two groups found low average scores of the supplier group while there were no statistically significant differences. The perception of both groups on the degree of social residential environment improvement was mostly very low while the supplier group showed a little less differences than the beneficiary group. The results of t-test conducted to examine differences of perception between two groups found low average scores of the supplier group and also showed statistically significant differences.