Earticle

This study examines how shock and recovery patterns from COVID-19 across 130 countries. To investigate the patterns, we used Google’s Community Mobility Report. The patterns were classified into three categories: First, developed countries in North America and Europe saw a Z-shaped pattern. Second, developing countries in Asia and Latin America showed a slow recovery with a mix of V-shaped and U-shaped patterns. Finally, many underdeveloped countries in Africa and the Middle East were analyzed as exhibiting a W-shaped pattern of repeated shocks and recoveries. The results of this study may contribute to future international policy development.

The planning process for the construction and reconstruction of Gwanghwamun Square stands as an exemplary showcase of Seoul’s municipal government’s embrace and application of collaborative planning principles towards regional development. The City of Seoul had pledged a steadfast commitment to integrating the perspectives of both the citizenry and expert opinion throughout the Gwanghwamun Square construction and reconstruction endeavors. However, the approaches pursued for these two projects proved to be disparate in nature. Consequently, this study endeavors to assess the efficacy of the collaborative planning approach in the construction and reconstruction of Gwanghwamun Square and, if found wanting, to anatomize the reasons underlying its deficiencies. To this end, the fundamental constituents of collaborative planning were identified, juxtaposed, and evaluated, while the factors obstructing its effectiveness were scrupulously examined. The findings of this inquiry divulge that the collaborative planning approach was suboptimally executed in the Gwanghwamun Square construction and reconstruction blueprint. The rationales for its deficiencies can be attributed to the idiosyncratic features of Gwanghwamun Square, the intricacies of the South Korean political milieu, institutional aspects of planning administration, and the inherent limitations of collaborative governance.

Based on the possibility of resuming tourism exchanges due to the opening of the border between North Korea and China in the future, this study aims to identify tourism potential, focusing on analysis of tourism resources, accessibility, and policy environment in the Tumen-Namyang-Cheongjin-Mt.Chilbo area. To this end, the overall conditions, such as the current status of tourism resources and infrastructure in this area, were first examined, and the tourism potential was analyzed. Finally, the results were summarized by synthesizing the primary analysis results, and policy implications for Korea were presented. The implications of this study can be examined in three main aspects. First, since North Korea's tourism potential differs by region, it is necessary to promote cooperation to increase tourism potential, focusing on areas that need to be improved first by region when development cooperation conditions are created in the future. Second, if the border between North Korea and China is opened and exchanges are possible, discussions on cross-border development cooperation between North Korea and China can resume around Onseong, where development plans from both sides overlap. In response, the government needs to pay attention to trends in cooperative district projects in border areas such as Onseong while reviewing the achievements and problems in China's promotion of other cross-border cooperative zones. Third, the Korean government needs to come up with policy alternatives to prepare for the change in tourism resumption in the North Korea-China border region and the possibility of development cooperation that this can bring.

Local cultural events are promoted in connection with urban regeneration projects as a means of revitalizing the region, but objective empirical analysis studies on promoted cultural events are lacking. Therefore, this study aims to identify the satisfaction according to the characteristics of participants in cultural events in the urban regeneration project, analyze the factors influencing the satisfaction, and present future promotion strategies for cultural urban regeneration as regional revitalization goals and means. As a result of the analysis, the difference in satisfaction according to the characteristics of residents was not diverse, but the satisfaction of urban regeneration cultural events was high in the unmarried class due to the potential demands and expectations of local cultural events. It was confirmed that the convenience of the event, sales products, and cultural event contents had an impact on satisfaction, and the cultural event contents had a great influence on the formation of satisfaction. For urban regeneration cultural events, it is important to secure the basic venue environment and convenience, and to improve the professionalism of planning and execution. In order to revitalize the region through urban regeneration cultural events, it is effective to establish a budget, event planning and contents, governance and operating system.

This study aims to develop indicators of the ‘Heung’(excitement) expression on Korean local festivals. The indicators of the ‘Heung’ expression consist of two concepts : one is the elements of the ‘Heung’ expression derived from the festival area and the other is the categories of the ‘Heung’ expression derived from the essential properties of the festival. The categories of the ‘Heung’ expression was classified into four categories : ‘participant’, ‘playfulness’, ‘artistry’, and ‘materiality’. And the indicators of the ‘Heung’ expression are suggested into three index. First is the list of the elements of the ‘Heung’ expression, second is the relationship indicator between the elements of the ‘Heung’ expression and the categories of the ‘Heung’ expression, third is the indicator of the ‘Heung’ expression by local festival type. These three indicators contain the general characteristics of the ‘Heung’ expression of Korean festivals and the specific appearance of ‘Heung’ expression by local festival types. The indicators can contribute to the internationalization of Korean local festivals, and will also serve as a guide to realizing the ‘Heung’(excitement) experience in the new space of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and AI era.

This study aims to demonstrate the economic value of urban parks by estimating the non-market value of urban parks using the conditional value measurement method and the carbon storage value of urban parks, focusing on ‘Gwangju Jungang Neighborhood Park 1’. The intention to pay taxes (WTP) per household for five years was investigated for visitors to the park, and 700 valid samples were secured. As a result of the analysis, WTP secured significance within the range of 5% with an annual average of 17,485 won. Carbon storage was calculated using national inventory statistics and i-Tree Eco in the United States. It is estimated that the value of carbon storage, which applies the carbon emission trading price of the Korea Exchange. Applying the feasibility study criteria of the Korea Institute of Public Administration, the total economic value of urban parks for 40 years was 131 billion won, and 51 billion won at present value. The economic feasibility (B/C) was estimated to be 0.29. As a result of the study, it is urgent to improve the system related to economic value estimation of urban parks.