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Established originally as a state-run enterprise, POSCO is known to have a 'company philosophy' of its own, namely 'serving the country by steel industry.' One of its consequence is the growth of Pohang into a sustainable 'industrial city', while most of local cities in Korea had been in decline during the nation's rapid industrialization era since 1960s. Pohang's development into a 'company city' along with POSCO was divided into two contrasting stages in this paper. Before 1990s, Pohang was by and large an 'exogenous' company city, in which POSCO was dominating Pohang rather than ruling it in a direct manner. During that period, Pohang was a sort of 'divided city' between the new POSCO city and the old Pohang city. Since 1990s with the waves of democratization, globalization and localization, however, a 'collaborative' industrial city is emerging in Pohang, in which POSCO and Pohang local government make a growth coalition machine for the city's economic development.

This study reviews the long-term urbanization trend in Korea based on population statistics. The population data show that Joseon was a very static society whose urbanization had not been progressed over 100 years. Also, the society was ruled by a high primacy of Hanseong, the capital city. Korean peninsular had experienced the rapid urbanization in the second-half year of Japanese Colonial Period. The urbanization was achieved on a qualitative development accompanying industrialization. Since the independence, the country has experienced rapid urbanization, but its rate has not been higher than the one of the colonial period. In the colonial period, the Korean peninsular attained some regional balance. This study also discusses the characteristics of Korean urbanization under the Japanese Imperialist rule. Although many Korean researchers have indicated the pseudo-urbanization in that period, this study argues that there is little positive evidence to prove such distorted urbanization.

The Korea became a member of Development Assistance Committee(DAC). DAC is the subordinate body of the OECD, which deals with issues related to cooperation with developing countries. Korea is in Official Development Assistance(ODA) in Africa. Saemaul Undong gained in popularity as successful development model in Africa. People enlightenment, leader upbringing, voluntary participation of people in Saemaul Undong is important thing that helps differentiate from western development model. The objectives of this study were to seek for directions of Saemaul Undong to Africa as ODA. This paper suggested directions of Saemaul Undong to Africa as ODA as followings. First, formulation of propulsion system. Second, development of Saemaul Undong as Korean-type development model and apply to Africa through ODA; guideline, manuals, evaluation indicators. Third, indigenization policy. Fourth, building trust(confidence-building). Fifth, reach in good condition in development cooperation. Sixth, building cooperation system according to industrial process(=stages-of-growth). Seventh, building human network. Eighth, support for not only economic development but also democracy development.

Since Doi Moi policy(1986), traditional communities in Vietnam, which could be characterized by their own local products such as silk ceramics, wood crafts, began to be rehabilitated. This paper aims to analyze social capital in those communities of Vietnam with data on Dong Ky town. In this paper, social capital is categorized into three types; trust, participation and networks. Dong Ky town, located 20 km away from the Hanoi center, is known for its wood crafts. Two hundred people were interviewed and their answers were analyzed to show social capital and to explain the structure of social capital in the communities of Vietnam. The results can be summarized into four findings. First, Dong Ky people tend to have much higher trust in their family member than in their friends, merchants, neighbors and public officials. This signifies that a great deal of activities in the communities of Vietnam operate through kinship bonds. Second, Dong Ky people participate in sports games and social activities with friends frequently. However, they rarely do so in professional associations, volunteer activities, community activities and governmental activities. Third, Dong Ky people collect the most of information about government policies from their relatives, friends and neighbors. The next active information source is local market, followed by wall posters and TV. The three most active social associations that Dong Ky people involve themselves in are social meetings, sport club, and parent association, respectively. Fourth, regarding the overall structure of social capital, Dong Ky people consider trust (bonding social capital) to be more important than the other two types of social capital such as participation and networks(bridging social capital). However, the younger generations aged below fifty years old treat networks that signify bridging social capital as the most important type of social capital. Then, they consider participation as the second most important social capital, followed by trust. This reveals that the communities of Vietnam are in the process of changing the structure of social capital from bonding social capital to bridging one.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact on the production constraints of Korean regions through employing the indexes of environmental efficiency and output loss in case of emission constraint on the GHGs. To estimate the indexes of 120 regions in 2006, this study employes technical efficiency based on Hyperbolic Measure of Productive Efficiency. The results reveal that most of the Korean regions undergo the production possibility area to get constricted due to the constraint. Of 120 regions, 34 are environmentally efficient, while 86 have the index less than '1', which means that they have output losses, experiencing the production techniques shift because of the constraint. Environmental efficiencies of Gun regions are slightly higher than those of Si's, while output loss rates of Guns are slightly lower than those of Si's. The correlations of the two technical efficiencies and environmental efficiency of with population size, industry structure and land use as follows. All variables indicate positive correlations with the two technical efficiencies significantly, while the correlations of only industry area ratio and energy intensive industry employees with environmental efficiency have positive correlations significantly. From these results, to reinforce environmental efficiency, it is necessary for the structures of industries and spaces in the regions to be changed into energy saving ones.

Despite their decisive influence on the decision-making of the business progress, the factors for the location selection of housing which housing developers must consider at a time of setting up a development plan have been suggested only as qualitatively till now as a result, they have hugely relied on their preferable factors or intuition and experiences. In order to do this study, I researched literatures and interviewed experts to induce the major factors for the location selection of housing, on the basis of which I developed a strata structure and made a survey of the experts in a house development industry. And based on the survey, I analyzed the relative significance for the major factors which house developers must consider in making a decision for developing their houses by using a Fuzzy-AHP method. The findings of this study have some implications: Firstly, from a perspective of the house developer's side, the significance of the items for evaluating the optimal location of houses selected can be possibly used as a means for decision-making for their optimal location selection of housing and business progress. Secondly, this study offered a more realistic and trustworthy decision-making methodology by using Fuzzy-AHP. Thirdly, this study would contribute to preventing the waste of resources and inefficiency in a social level as well as profit-creating of house developers by contributing to the constraint of occurrence of the houses not sold by making those house developers select the optimal house location. Fourthly, in the situation where there is few develop-focused research while demand-focused research is brisk, this study suggested a way for helping house developers make a decision and a criterion for their decision-making.

This study investigate how mass media tackles the issues of disaster relief fund by pinpointing aid distribution through content analysis. Mass media has played a critical role in raising and distribution of disaster relief fund by strong impacts on setting up public opinion. When it comes to the methodology, content analysis is implemented to analyze some issues related to disaster relief fund with a wide range between 1990 and 2010. The results shows that mass media has been more interested in fund raising than in distribution of disaster relief fund. Article intensity of corruption, which means some troubles in the process of giving out relief funds are dominantly high compared to the other issues of disaster relief fund. There have been few articles dealing with corruptions of distribution in 1990', since the end of 1990's, it came to the attention of media. It implies that mass media is functioning as restraints of fund raising and as citizen's monitor for effective distribution as well.

This study aims to conduct comparative evaluation of the Importance and Performance Analysis(IPA) for spa destination attributes. The results are as follows: First, according to the results of factor analysis of selection attributes of spa destination, five factors were drawn: condition, facilities, cost of spa destination, service & shopping, and water of hot spring. Second, according to the results of the IPA, eight attributes were placed in the Area I, one attribute in the Area II, three attributes in the Area III, and the other fifteen attributes in the Area IV. Third, five factors were placed in the Area I - condition of spa destination and water of hot spring and Area IV - facilities, cost of spa destination, and service & shopping. Finally, according to the difference analysis of spa destination attributes, there was a minimal gap between importance and performance in terms of popularity, accessibility, and water of hot spring, while the other selection attributes showed significant difference in the following order: amusement facilities for children, availability of parking spaces, quality of service, development of tourism area, and a variety of auxiliary facilities.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of park and golf course views on the price of neighboring apartments. Although parks and golf courses are similar in terms of their artificiality and green views, they tend to be different in the characteristics of goods and services they provide. To accomplish the purpose of our research, we extract samples from 788 apartments with and without views of parks and golf courses in Bundang, Yoingin and Suwon areas. Then the unit area prices are compared to analyze the value of views for parks and golf courses, respectively. We also conduct regression analyses with five separate models. The findings from the regression analyses can be stated as follows: First, the views of golf courses and parks have significant impact on the sales prices of nearby apartments. Second, an apartment with a park view is likely to be more expensive than an apartment without the view, whereas no meaningful results can be identified in case of golf course view. However, the impact of golf course view on the surrounding apartments is likely to be significant in the same housing sub-market as the location of park. Third, in case of view characteristics variables, it is identified that the wider the degree of the view the higher the price of apartment. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between the access to parks and golf courses and the prices of nearby apartments. The result of this study is expected to contribute not only to providing residential complex with better views near parks and golf courses, but also to securing a local tax base for the value of views.

The natural vacancy rate, which is a similar concept with the natural unemployment rate in labor economy, implies various market friction factors in real estate market interrupt market clearing process. This paper estimates natural vacancy rate of office market in Seoul, and investigates the relationship between real vacancy rate and rent growth. For estimating natural vacancy rate, time-invariant model and time-varying model(Hodrick-Prescott Filter) are used. Although we cannot estimate natural vacancy rates in a part of small office market because increasing vacancy rate do not cause decreasing rents, estimated natural vacancy rates with time-invariant model are 7.8% in Gangnam District, 9.1% in CBD, 5.0% in Mapo & Yeouido District, and average 4.0% in Seoul. Estimated vacancy rates with time-varying model are convergent to real vacancy rates.