Earticle

This paper aims to estimate regional economic impacts of Gaesung Industrial Estate by using multiregional input-output model. For doing so, this study divides regional economic impacts into three types of effects: 1) exports from South Korea to Gaesung, 2) household consumption due to wage and salary of South Korean workers working in Gaesung, and 3) investment due to corporate profit of South Korean firms operating in Gaesung. The findings from the analysis can be summarized as follows: First, about 90% of total economic impacts of Gaesung Industrial Estate is generated by exports to Gaesung, which include construction and production facilities, and intermediate goods for production in Gaesung. Second, about 2/3 of total economic impacts generated in South Korea takes place in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), indicating the SMA is the biggest economic beneficiary of Gaesung Project. This finding suggests that the SMA will play a crucial role in the development of South-West region of North Korea including Gaesung and Pyungyang after reunification, and policy-makers need to pay attention to the development of northern part of the SMA, which will be an outpost of economic development of North Korea

This study has two research purposes concerning the development of measurements in pursuit of a low carbon green city: The first purpose is the identification of the basic planning elements which comprise a low-carbon green city, and the other is the application of these to a particular small-to-medium-sized local city in order to embody urban spatial structure. The results of this study are summarized as follows: Firstly, Six basic elements required for a low carbon green city were land use, transportation, green environment/ecology, water environment, material environment and air/climate environment. Among them, these elements (land use, transportation, and green environment/ ecology) are necessary for spatial urban structure in a city's master plan. Secondly, The six basic elements identified in the first part of research were applied to Aphae New Town in Chonnam Province, South Korea, and we tried to devise a spatial urban structure in the form of a compact city. We conducted this research with the goal of identifying commonalities in Korea and Japan through literature reviews and case studies.

Land price is heavily dependent on human settlement system. Various causes that are having effect on human settlement system are, thus, strongly related to land price changes. Korean government set forth the ambitious balanced regioinal development projects, such as the development of innovation cities, enterprise cities and administration city, to decentralize population and economic activities that are spatially concentrated around Seoul metropolitan area to other regions. However, such development projects have triggered the fierce arguments whether the projects causes the unrational land price increase and leads to the bubble of land market, since land price is effected by not only the current human settlements environment, but also future expectation value that is not realized yet. One asserts that sky rocketting land price increase is due to the expectation value that is created during the development process of balanced regional development projects and, therefore, it is bubble that will burst. The purpose of the study is to figure out whether there was a siginificant land price increase in the designated area of such development projects. The study shows the land price increase due to the expectation value was significant only for the administration city development.

The objective of the study is to examine local characteristics of climate impacts and adaptation and to suggest policy implications to build adaptative capability of local governments. Less attention has been paid to climate change adaptation but it is increasingly considered as a necessary complement to greenhouse gas mitigation. Adaptation is particularly of a local concern because climate impacts and vulnerability are location- specific, therefore developing adaptation strategies needs a bottom-up approach. Estimated damage caused by reported natural disasters and measures to reduce natural hazards are used as a proxy of climate impacts and local adaptive infrastructure. This study identified vulnerability types of local governments to climate change by cluster analysis and suggested adaptation options by their characteristics. The result of the analysis stresses local authorities take a differentiated and strategic approach to the climate change adaptation policy in local governments.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the total economic value of the Sangdang mountain fortress in Cheongju city by Contingent Valuation Method. We surveyed 812 citizens were selected as samplesof the Sangdang Mountain Fortress beneficing in the resident Cheongju City and Chungwon County. We used the method of One-and-One-Half bound dichotomous-choice method to analyze the total economic value of the Sangdang mountain fortress per household. The one-and- one-half format provides less information than the double bound approach, but captures a large portion of the gain associated with moving from single bound to double bound. The range of willingness to pay about preservation and demobilization of the Sangdang mountain fortress is from 1,027 won to 3,405 won in the linear logit model.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of KTX opening on Daejeon Railway Station Impact Area(DRSIA). The major findings of the empirical study based on the comparative analysis of land use between 2005 and 2008 as well as survey on the shopkeeper are summarized as follows. First, dwellings had a high distribution ratio continuously and the responses of shopkeepers showed that the impacts of KTX opening were weaker than that it had been expected. Secondly, the vacancy rate in DRSIA had been reduced and the number of store for shopping goods such convenience stores, foods and beverages, clothes-accessories had been increased. Especially these changes were almost found around the KTX station area as well as the main street. Finally, the correlation between the number of store changes and the KTX opening was not clear, and different depends on the types of business of the store in DRSIA.

The integration of local governments that reduces the number of municipalities in the country has long been discussed in the hope that it can increase synergy effects and deliver public services with enhanced efficiency. Possible effects associated with the mergers of more than two local governments have been addressed by many scholars, but there have been no agreements on the benefits and disadvantages of the integration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the recent voluntary integration plans proposed by 46 local governments based on our empirical results which take into the spatial interaction account. The cluster analysis has been applied as a practical method to identify the local governments that have strong spatial interaction. The results show that the initial integration plans proposed by local governments in Gyung-gi Do are very similar to our empirical results but the plans by the other governments showed quite different integration patterns.

There have been continuous efforts to introduce policies and measures for revitalizing local businesses and industries which became obsolete physically and economically in downtown areas. Those strategies can play a significant role for leveraging local economic growth as well as improving environmental quality of the areas. In particular, the consistency of the residents’voluntary participation and the public support made it possible to achieve local economic development and cultural and community revitalization in downtown areas of developed countries. Among a variety of relevant endeavors, BID (Business Improvement District) is considered as one of the most important measures which has become popular in the U.S., the U.K., Germany and Canada. This study introduces and compares some BIDs and similar measures which have been implemented in the U.S., the U.K. and Japan. Then, it investigates major issues related to backgrounds, purposes and specific contents of the strategies when they are put into effect. The purpose of this research is to suggest some implications for introducing innovative urban policies and measures for regenerating depressed urban areas and stagnant downtown areas physically and economically. They can include grass-roots organization and self-sustaining financing strategies through the partnership among local residents, municipalities and central authorities.

This study investigates the frequency of usage, users' satisfaction, and necessity of various apartment community facilities through questionnaires to the present residents of twenty six apartment complexes in Seoul Metropolitan Area. The purpose of the study is to identify and classify the types of the facilities based on the level of usage and demand by income classes, and the aim of the classification is to furnish some useful data for the future community facility plans in the housing industry. The questionnaire data were analyzed mainly through cross-tab analysis and one-way ANOVA among other tools. The facts found are summed up as follows; First, the classification according to facility usage level reveals three types of facilities from the viewpoint of income class using them(types L, J, H). Second, the classification according to facility necessity level shows eight types of facilities from the same viewpoint(types EL, L, l, EJ, J, j, H, MH). It seems that each types of facilities need their own institutional approach respectively according to their features.

Crimes occurred in the residential areas have led to the increasing fear of crime as well as the decreasing outdoor activity. Crime victims suffer both mental and physical aftereffects over a long period of time and this aftereffect caused by crimes has been emerged as the most serious social problems in modern society. As for the crime prevention, the traditional approach only relying on the police force has its own limitation in our rapidly changing society. Therefore, a new approach applying the concept of “Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED)” into physical environment must take into consideration, in order to prevent the crime and create safe space. Such efforts would improve the quality of life. Currently, the City of Seoul has been conducting “Wall Removal Project” that primarily aims to provide more parking lots through removing walls in a residential area. As such projects are able to bring out great impact on the residents’ sense of community and the feeling of safety, research from the safety perspective is in demand. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between physical environment and the residents’ sense of community and sense of safety. To this end, this paper adopted case study method with survey questionnaire. The study sites was selected by the following conditions: 1) two areas completed Wall Removal Project, 2) two areas adjacent to the completed Wall Removal Project site and 3) two areas apart from Wall Removal Project site. This study concluded that the residents in the Wall Removal Project completed possess the strong sense of community and safety compared to other residents. This study identified that Wall Removal Project contributes not only to provide additional parking lots in residential area but also to increase the residents’ sense of community and decrease the fear of crime.