Earticle

Purpose of this study is to verify that the effect of behavior intention and risk reduction behavior on risk perception of individual travel. The risk perception of individual travel comprise performance, economic, physical, psychological, social and time-loss risk. Factors of risk reduction behavior are information search, confidence, recommendation. And behavior intention is consist repurchase and word-of mouth. A concent validity and a convergent validity of variables confirmed, also their reliabilities confirmed. It is summarized as follows that the result of hypothesis examined about influence relationship between behavior intention and risk reduction behavior on risk perception of individual travel. First, risk perception of individual travel have a positive effect on risk reduction behavior(H1-1, 1-2, 1-3). Second, risk reduction behavior of individual travelers have a positive behavior intention (H2-1, 2-2). Third, risk perception of individual travel have a positive effect on behavior intention(H3-1, 3-2). Accordingly, individual travel can be influenced by risk factors such as the risk perception and Individual traveler have to effort risk reduction behavior. The findings suggest ways that travel industry can better management risk accidents of travel.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of sense of place of visitors with no social memories visited urban regeneration space on their place satisfaction and choice of place. For this purpose, this study selected 20s and 30s visitors as the subject of study and Mullae Art Village as a study site. The main results of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), an confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and an structural equation modeling (SEM) show that among the sense of place factors of the study site, ‘attractiveness’ and ‘amenities’ have positive influence on visitors’ place satisfaction and choice of place. However, ‘meaning’ was found to have no effects on visitors’ satisfaction and choice of place. These results suggest that it is important to analyze the sense of place of young generations with no social common memories. It will be a useful guide for urban space planners in revitalizing and establishing a sustainable place marketing strategies for these spaces.

사람들은 해외여행을 고려할 때, 테러나 정치적 갈등, 범죄, 인종차별, 문화적 장벽, 감염 질병, 자연재해 등과 같은 많은 위험요소들에 대하여 보다 더 직면하게 된다. 최 근 10여 년 동안에도 다양한 위험요소들로 인해 많은 사건들이 발생하였고, 이는 관 광산업에 있어서 적지 않은 부정적인 영향들로 나타났다. 관련 선행 연구들을 살펴보 면, 일련의 갑작스러운 참사나 재해, 재난 등에 대한 단일 차원적 위험요인을 고려한 연구들은 진행되었으나, 해외여행에 대한 잠재된 전반적인 위험지각에 대하여 보다 실증적으로 분석한 연구들은 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 한국인 잠재 관광자의 해외여행에 대한 일반적인 위험지각에 대하여 살펴보고, 이를 개인적 특성 및 해외여 행 경험여부를 고려하여 비교분석을 진행하고자 한다. 더 나아가 이러한 관광현상 및 의사결정 과정을 고려하여 잠재 관광자의 위험지각에 대한 전체적인 프레임워크를 구 조화하여 제시하고자 한다. 분석결과를 요약하면, 한국인 잠재 관광자들은 해외여행 에 대한 위험지각들 중 문화적 요소와 건강 그리고 재정적인 요인들에 대하여 가장 크게 고려하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 같이 사람들은 해외여행을 계획하거나 관광 목적지를 결정할 때, 잠재적인 위험요소들에 대하여 많은 관심을 기울이고 있다. 따라 서 본 연구의 결과가 향후 보다 구체적인 해외여행에 대한 위험지각 프레임워크를 구 축하고, 잠재 관광자들의 인식을 이해하여 해외 관광홍보 마케팅 전략을 구상하는데 유용한 자료로 활용되기를 바란다.

The purpose of this study is to present the guideline of future mobile tourism application by analyzing users' ease of use, usefulness and value satisfaction of mobile tourism application. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, literature study and empirical research were performed in parallel. We selected consumers who have used mobile tourism applications or are currently using them. We obtained 324 valid samples with experience using mobile tourism applications. Frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and covariance structure analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS 23.0 statistical programs. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the responsiveness, reliability, and certainty of mobile tourism applications have a significant effect on ease of use. However, tangibility did not show significant effect. The confidence of mobile tourism application has a positive (+) influence on usability. However, tangibility, reliability, and reactivity were not significant. Second, ease of use has a positive (+) effect on usability. Third, tangibility and firmness have positive effect on value satisfaction. However, reliability and reactivity did not significantly affect value satisfaction. Finally, ease of use has no significant effect on value satisfaction. Usefulness has a significant effect on value satisfaction. Therefore, based on the results of analysis, we suggested some useful implications for mobile tourism applications.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between customer badness behavior, trust of management, and turnover intention for employees working in a luxury hotel in Seoul and to analyze the mediating effect of executive trust on customer bad behavior and turnover intention. The test results were as follows: First, Credit failure type had a positive (+) effect on the voluntary turnover intention and involuntary turnover intention, and the destructive type had a significant (+) influence on the voluntary turnover intention. In addition, the verbal and physical violence type have no relationship. These results are more likely to be attributable to customers' use of payment means, such as using credit cards without a balance or refusing to open a credit card, rather than destructive types of customers who use verbal abuse such as profanity, It can be seen that bad behavior has an adverse effect on turnover intention. Second, in the relationship between customer bad behavior and turnover intentions, trust of management was found to function as a mediation as profanity, And that this has an adverse effect on the turnover intention. In other words, customer badness behavior negatively affects turnover intentions of hotel employees. However, if trust of management is high, negative influence of customer badness behavior is reduced to some extent

This study established and tested hypotheses to achieve their objectives. Ideological safety consciousness and realistic safety consciousness influenced each of the festival's perceived safety services. And the festival's perceived safety services had a significant impact on festival satisfaction. These results provide the following implications: First, the people's safety consciousness is not simply multidimensional. It suggests that the safety consciousness can be distinguished from the safety consciousness of the mental and emotional aspects and the safety consciousness of the practical and behavioral aspects. Second, the overall safety consciousness of the festival's sufferers influenced the festival's perceived safety service. Therefore, the festival management body is requested to establish and operate a safety service system considering the level of safety awareness. Third, Looking at the components of perceived safety services, the components associated with human factors had a stronger impact on satisfaction than facilities, physical and spatial factors. Therefore, the festival operator needs to raise the overall level of safety services in terms of emphasis on safety services related to human factors.

This study is to investigate the customers’ perceptions on LCCs(Low cost carriers) of South Korea that have grown in quantity. Social data were collected using a search key word ‘Low cost carrier’ and frequency analysis and network analysis were used. The results are as follows. First, the top 10 related words of LCCs were Low cost carrier, travel, use, carrier, aircraft, T-way airlines, luggage, reservation, Jeju-Air, and aviation. Second, the centrality analysis indicated that words with high degree centrality were also high in eigenvector centrality. Third, the results of CONCOR were divided into 4 clusters. Each clust was named as ‘LCCs of Korea and Destinations in Asia’, ‘LCCs of Europe and Destinations in Europe’, ‘Use of LCCs’, and ‘Accidents of LCCs’. This study is meaningful in adapting new approach on base of big data and trying to find out hidden insight on LCCs. The results are as follows. First. LCCs should build customer trust through safety-related information and safety-related activities. Second, the centrality analysis found that words with high degree centrality were also high in eigenvector centrality. Third, LCCs are needed to develop various destinations and routes outside Southeast Asia while maintaining a low-cost policy. and improve diverse and differentiated services. LCCs can be expected to see a sharp rise in LCCs' growth if they can increase their confidence in LCCs’ safety by promoting LCCs' safety to customers, overhauling systematic aircraft and strengthening safety education and services for flight attendants.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the motivations, expectations, and results for individual travelers who plan to travel to pilgrimage way of St. James in Spain and to find out the characteristics of walking tours by connecting the ultimate value pursued by the walking traveler using means-end chain analysis. It would be compared the perceptions of non-believers and Catholics who have a religion with the purpose of pilgrimage. The following conclusions are shown. The attributes of visiting the pilgrimage way of St. James were 'Natural scenery', 'Opportunity for speculation', 'Historical experience' and so on. Consequences was raised 'Confidence' and 'Relaxation & Rejuvenation' wanted to enjoy life. Finally, it was found that pursuing the values of 'individual happiness', 'peacefulness', and 'self-satisfaction'. In comparison with Catholic believers, the pilgrimage way of St. James was combined with walking tours and Catholic pilgrimages to find 'personal happiness' and 'mindful peacefulness' at the same time.

The rapid growth of single-person households in Korea has been one of the reasons behind the rise in solo travel in the country. This trend calls for an in-depth investigation into its implications for the hospitality and tourism industry. Personal values have been a widely used variable in many research areas of social science because it's been proven to play a prominent role as the determinants of human attitudes and behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the perceived preference of travel product attributes differed by the personal values of solo travellers. The results from the factor analysis, cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA implied that the perceptual differences exist in their personal values on travel product attributes. Application of the solo travellers' personal value to the development of tourism marketing strategy and academic implications are discussed.

The purpose of this research lies in the presentation of the suggestions that can be of help to the Qingdao City in advancing as a competitive tourism city in Asia by attracting even more tourists through a research on the image of the tourism of the Qingdao City in China. In order to accomplish the purpose of the research, the main tourist destinations in the Qingdao City in China were limited with the area ranges, a questionnaire survey investigation was carried out for around one month from April 1, 2017 until April 30, 2017 with the foreign tourists from Korea, Europe, the Americas, and Japan who visited the tourist destination of the Qingdao City as the subjects. And, in the analysis, the final 336 copies were utilized. For the empirical analyses, the SPSS 18.0 for Windows and the AMOS 18.0 statistical package programs were utilized. And, for the data analyses, the descriptive statistical analysis, the multivariate statistical analysis, the distribution structure model analysis, etc. were carried out. The main results, the suggestions, and the limitations of the research are the following: First, the cognitive image affects emotional image, perceived value, and brand equity. Second, emotional image influenced perceived value and brand equity. Third, perceived value has an effect on loyalty. Fourth, brand equity affects loyalty.

The purpose of this study is to extend Ajzen’s basic model of planned behavior and investigate positively how an organization’s ethical climate influences organizational members’ behavioral intention associated with whistle blowing along with their attitudes towards whistle blowing, subjective norms, behavior control, ethical norms, and perceived risk. According to the study results, ethical climate has been found to influence attitudes towards whistle blowing, subjective norms, behavior control, and ethical norms significantly. Ethical climate, however, does not influence perceived risk and whistle blowing intention significantly. Next, attitudes towards whistle blowing, subjective norms, and ethical norms do not influence whistle blowing intention significantly. Perceived behavior control over whistle blowing, however, does not influence whistle blowing intention significantly. Lastly, organization members’ perceived risk influences their attitudes about whistle blowing and whistle blowing intention significantly. These results imply that as an organization’s ethical atmosphere becomes more solidified, the members come to perceive whistle blowing behavior more positively. Meanwhile, according to the results of verifying correlation between ethical climate, attitudes about whistle blowing, subjective norms, and individuals’ ethical norms and whistle blowing, no statistically significant correlation has been found in it.

There were tourist-phobic incidents against Korean tourists in Tsushima island, Japan, which were expressed with notice of ‘not allowing Korean tourists’. Korean medias post those incidents as the sign of ‘Hyumhan’, a kind of Japanese xenophobia against Korean tourist. But it seems Korean medias sensationalized anecdotal incidents. Touirst-phobic behaviors have various aspects and therefor this research extended scope to the more than xenophobia. In tourism researches tourist-resident relations are studied with the frame of social exchange theory and other related frames. This research designed survey to test both xenophobic factor and tourist-phobic factor, and surveyed to Korean escorting guide whose role is mediating the relationship between Korean tourists and Japanese residents. The finding shows that, even though there is xenophobic factors, tourist-phobic incidents in the island is caused by tourist-phobic factor.

The purpose of this study is to find out how Job Training affects job satisfaction and guest orientations for hotel employees. Job Training was categorized into 4 factors while job satisfaction and guest orientation in single dimension. Hotel employees in Seoul area helped with the survey: 500 was distributed and 399 were used for this research. SPSS 18.0 program was used for the analysis and below are the results. First, among 4 factors of Job Training, trainers’ training skills and contents, training curriculum, trainees' attitudes have positive effects to job satisfaction. Second, all of 4 factors of Job Training; trainers’ training skills and contents, training curriculum, trainees' attitudes, and training center's atmosphere have positive effects to guest orientation. Third, job satisfaction has positive effects to guest orientation. Based on the study results, properly prepared Job Training have positive effects to both job satisfaction and guest orientation. Through this, hotel employees are satisfied with their job duties, this will improve service level. As the results, improved service level will satisfy guest satisfactions and have positive effects to guest orientation. Hotel trainers, therefore, need to develop proper training programs that can improve hotel employees' job capabilities and train new/existing employees routinely.