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The traditional approach in teacher education has based on the functional and behaviorist viewpoint. But recently physical education scholars have tried to overcome the existing teacher education program, considering on the teacher thought. Reflective thinking is a alternative to solve out the problem of the existing teacher education program. The studies regard of reflective thinking have focused on mainly in-service teachers so that make them improving their teaching and developing their expertises which is necessary to them as a teacher. But the research interest of pre-service teachers' reflective thinking has been less considered than in-service teachers'. Thus this study aimed to analyze the pre-service teachers' reflective teaching about elementary school physical education. For achieving the study purpose, a qualitative case study is conducted. Data were collected by interview and documents, and analyzed according to van Manen(1977)'s framework of reflective thinking. As a result, elementary school pre-service teachers' reflective thinking of physical education are presented in three styles: technical reflection, professional reflection, and critical reflection.

This study was to tset validity sport value scale for elementary school children. The subjects were 1,123(boys: 545, girls: 578) who have lived in G city, J province. This study used systematic and cluster sampling method. The Sport value scale used in this study was constructed 15 items from Cox and Williams(2008) research, and Sung(2005)' study. This study used explanatory factor analysis through PC-SAS, and confirmed factor analysis through AMOS 4.0 version. The results as follows; 1. In explanatory factor analysis, the scale of sport value for elementary school children were constructed 15items, and there were 3 factors which were moral value(8 items), status value(4 items), and competence value(3 items). The item of "fair play" showed highest means of 15 items. 2. In confirmed factor analysis, the scale of sport value for elementary was significant because index of GFI, CFI, NFI more than .90 and RMR lower than .05. 3. In analysis of discriminant validity, boys showed higher moral value and status value than those of girls. The students who thisnk themselves as more competent of sport showed higher moral0, status, and competence value than those of themselves as lower competent of sport.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of friendship through the Self-directed Badminton Strategy program. Six fifth graders (3 boys and 3 girls) from Sangrok Elementary School in a metropolitan area were the subjects of this study. Their morning activities of Badminton were observed from March of 2009 to May of 2010. The data were collected through participant observation, interview, and document collection. Individual profiles and journals were analyzed by inductive category development. Triangulation, peer debriefing, and member checks were used for the trustworthiness of the data. The results were as follows. First, self-directed strategy factors, such as role model, openness and self assesment influenced the friendship changes in Badminton Program. Second, Badminton activity factors such as conversation, complementary strategy, and team work influenced the dynamic processes of the forming friendships.

The purpose of this study is to form a comprehensive program that adapts multiple intelligence theory that can develop various talents to the Korean folk play that repeats organic process of body while all children play and have fun. In addition, this study adapts this Korean folk play programs based on the multiple intelligence theory to the elementary school physical education class to verify the effect of the program on the intrinsic motivation and physical education class satisfaction. By doing so, this study will be able to provide a basic document for comprehensive physical education class for every student with different level of intelligence. The study result is as follows. First, the Korean folk play programs based on the multiple intelligence theory improved the level of intrinsic motivation of the elementary school students. By sub-categories of the intrinsic motivation, the experiment group showed significant difference (p<.01) in the factors of ‘effort-importance’, ‘competency’, and ‘interest-fun’ while there was no significant difference in the factor of ‘tension-pressure’. The control group showed significant difference (p<.01) only for the factor of ‘interest-fun’. Second, the Korean folk play programs based on the multiple intelligence theory improved the satisfaction level of the physical education class. By sub-categories of the satisfaction level of the physical education class, the experiment group showed significant difference (p<.01) in the factors of ‘psychological satisfaction’, ‘educational satisfaction’, and ‘physical satisfaction’. However, the control group showed significant difference (p<.01) only for the factor of ‘physical satisfaction’. The result shows that both the intrinsic motivation and physical education class were improved when they had the physical education classes with the Korean folk play programs based on the multiple intelligence theory. Therefore, it is considered that the multiple intelligence theory has a sufficient value as a method of the physical education class. The multiple intelligence theory claims that each areas of human intelligence all have the same value without one being better than others. When it is adapted to the physical education, many students with variety of talents displayed their own talents and positively cooperated with each other without anyone being neglected and formed their confidence and self-respect. As they continuously do those activities that brought them with positive recognition and experience, they could strengthen their intrinsic motivation and improved the satisfaction level of the physical education class. This researcher estimates that the physical education class based on the multiple intelligence theory will improve the problem of estrangement of the students with poorer physical ability and contribute to raising a well-rounded person as it balances knowledge, virtue, and physique of all students. Therefore, there should be continuous researches on various physical education classes based on comprehensive multiple intelligence theory to improve the quality of elementary school physical education as well as to achieve the educational purpose.

The purpose of the study is to investigate that University of Education students's stress factors about athletics, gymnastics, and ball games as common practical curriculum in Physical Education courses. The participants of this study were 240 pre-service teachers who enrolled in athletics, gymnastics, and ball games classes in middle region. Data were analyzed with a statistics program, SPSS version 18.0, by applying independent t-test and One-way ANOVA with a statistical significant level of α<.05. The results of this study were as followed. First, the highest stress level was Gymnastics and next were athletics, and ball games in the order. Second, in each of the stress level for all physical Educational classes were female higher than male. There was no significant difference between in male. But in female, there were significant different in stress level between ball games and athletics, gymnastics. Last, the highest stress was curriculum contents among stress factors. they wanted that a variety of subjects, the difficulty of learning tasks, new equipment, environmental support, individual guidance and feedback.

The purpose of this study was to analysis causal relationship between teachers' support, motivational climate, auto and competence motivation, and class satisfaction of physical education in physical education of elementary school. The subjects were 866 elementary school children from G city, C and K province. The Scales were used teachers' support which was made by Goodenow(1993b), motivational climate scale which was made by cox & Williams(2008) and Self-determined motivational scale which was made by Ryan & Deci(2000) and class satisfaction of physical education which was made by Wilson et al.(2006). The results were as follows; 1. The model which was made of exogenous variables(teachers' support and learning climate) and endogenous variables(perceived competence, autonomy, class satisfaction of physical education) could be used because the general index(Q=Q=2.575, GF_=.979, CFI=.977) showed significance. 2. The paths from exogenous to endogenous variables(Teachers' support → autonomy, Teachers' support → class satisfaction of physical education, Learning Climate → Competence, Learning Climate → Autonomy, Learning Climate → class satisfaction of physical education) were significant and paths from endogenous to endogenous variables(Competence → class satisfaction of physical education, Autonomy → class satisfaction of physical education) were significant.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of motivational self-talk on self-efficacy and performance. Participants were 40 elementary school basketball players (mean age 12.24, SD 0.87 years). The experiment was complete in five sessions. In the first session, participants performed a shooting task, Subsequently, they were divided into an experimental and a control group. Both groups followed the same training protocol for three session, participants repeated the shooting task, with participants in the experimental group by time interactions for self-efficacy and performance. Follow-up comparisons showed that self-efficacy and performance of the experimental group increased significantly, whereas self-efficacy and performance of the control group had no significant changes.

The purpose of this study is to survey school uniform satisfaction of elementary school students and to provide survey on function, and to improve of the uniform to fit students' needs. For this purpose, the questionnaire was conducted to 124 students(6th graders) in the elementary school in Kyungnam Province; 124 were used for the data analysis. Data were analyzed by frequency, and chi-square analysis. The results of this study were as follows. As for the comsumer survey, most students bought a school physical training uniform in stationery store once time during 2-3 years. The a school physical training uniform had made small manufacture factory. The factory were general sports uniform manufacturers. Each used dimensions standard, and a school board usually decided color and design of the physical training uniform. During physical classes, the satisfaction of students about wearing a school physical training uniform is positive. Also, there is gender different school physical training uniform, satisfied of girl students about wearing school physical training uniform is higher more than its boy students. For overall level of satisfaction, students showed high satisfaction in terms of function, while design of the school uniform was evaluated to be rather poor. So school physical training uniform were made inaccuracy reflect the characteristic of children's action and growth.

This study to be conducted in an elementary school dance education by examining the status of dance education research aims to improve. The subject in this study were 304 teachers from 13 elementary schools of Gwangju in 2009 using convenience sampling to find out the activation. Based on this, using the SAS 9.1 program for general items of the questionnaire was conducted to analyze the frequency, the operating realities and improve teaching and learning and the frequency analysis and χ2test using the following conclusions were drawn. The general information questionnaire 5 items, teaching and learning 9 items, 3 items of operational status, improvement was composed of five items was composed of 22 questions. Teaching and learning, classroom management, effective improvement plan for dance lessons is divided into three parts after irradiation, the results considered, you make good dance education teachers to teach dance skills and lessons in a variety of resources for to reduce the burden to operate more effectively and will make effort. To this end, education and dance education from the University of systematic training and instruction to be creative and fun to play using a variety of dance education and to expand training and workshops conducted by conducting teacher training and schools can benefit from the practical data and acoustic data should be developed and deployed.

This study was conducted to investigate the running motion in the 3, 4, 5 m/sec running velocity by performed elementary school athletes. Ten elementary school male athletes who achieved at least the 3rd place in the sprint at the Korea Gangwon-Do elementary school track and field meetings were selected as subjects. The running motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 8mm cameras at the nominal speed of 90 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. KWON 3D motion analysis package program was used to compute the 3 Dimensional coordinates, smoothing factor in which the lowpass filtering method was used and cutoff frequency was 6.0 Hz. The movement patterns during foot touchdown and takeoff for the running stride were related with the biomechanical consideration. Within the limitations of this study it is concluded: First, as the velocity increase, the body C.O.G(Center of Gravity) height should be raised at the instant of leg touchdown and takeoff during the running. As increase running velocity, while taking a slightly greater body lean angle within the range of the subject's running motion during at touchdown and takeoff phase would reult in greater flight distance. Second, as the velocity increase, the foot contact time should be shortened during the running. Third, as the velocity increase, the angular velocity of foot joint torsion increase. The angular velocity of foot joint torsion of the higher running velocity is larger than that of other running velocity at touchdown and takeoff phase. In order to get rid of the joint injuries, as the velocity increase, the supination must be increased. And, as the velocity increase, the angular velocity of Achilles tendon increase at the touchdown and takeoff phase. Because the increasing velocity make up ankle ligament injuries, We need to thicken the portion of the metatarsal a litter bit when the running shoes. Forth, as the velocity increase, the angular velocity of foot joint increase at touch-down and take-off phase. Also, as the velocity increase, the shank angular velocity with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity should be increased during the leg touchdown and takeoff. Therefore, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the foot should be performed during the leg touchdown and takeoff phase.

The purpose of this study is to verify that the new sports, Hanoi Tower Building and Cup Stack, help elementary school students improving their recognition and senses-perception and to investigate their experiences during the process. To achieve these goals, 12 periods of classes were given to 16 students on their grade from fourth to sixth in a D elementary school located in D metropolitan city. They participated in the new sports club of the free-of-charge extracurricular activities, and the male teacher taught them from June to November, 2010. The effects and experiences created through it were categorized into five concepts. First, students were absorbed in ‘fun’, the emotional influence of sensory perceptive exercises, through which, their ability to cope with stress had been being improved remarkably without their knowledge of it. Also, they were joining the activities with curiosity about what’s new. Second, they were positively fulfilling another emotional effect of ‘forming friendship’, and in the process they were learning how to control and express their emotions effectively. Third, they were putting another emotional effect of ‘spending time together with family’ into practice, which provide the tip for how to combine family and social physical education and sound pastime for a family. Fourth, a cognitive effect of ‘concentration’ had been developed, and it has proved the transition effect of exercise on studying intellectual subjects. Finally, as for a kinetic effect, they experienced ‘developing physical strength in new and fresh ways’. They have learned how they can build up their physical strength for their healthy life in the situation where the space for movement is becoming smaller. As stated above, exercises of sensory perception affected elementary school students by improving their capability of recognition and sensory perception. The following suggestion would be made. To begin with, more diverse exercise programs of sensory perception need to be developed and applied to study for sound pastime of family. And the ways to combine them with social physical education should be conducted. Moreover, researches of expanded application range and period have to be carried out continuously.

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the difference on physique and physical fitness of the fifth and sixth grade elementary school students on regular exercise program during the semester through PAPS(physical activity promotion system) in Busan. The participants for this study were 1487 students, composed of 387 participated exercise program students and 1100 non-participated jogging program students. The measure of physique(height and weight) and physical fitness(body mass index: BMI, physical efficiency index: PEI, grip strength, trunk flexion, standing long jump, physical fitness level) were analyzed between exercise group and non-exercise group in elementary school students. The test data were analyzed in independent t-test, using the Statistical Package for SPSS version 17.0 for Windows. And the alpha level of p < .05 was set for all tests of significance. The result of this study were as follows; First, In physique, height and weight had significantly increased in the 5th grade boys, and weight had significanty increased in the 5th and 6th grade girls participated in exercise program. Secondly, In physical fitness, PEI and grip strength had significantly increased in the 6th grade boys and girls. Also, PEI, grip strength and standing long jump had significantly increased in the 5th grade boys, and PEI, grip strength, trunk flexion and standing long jump in the 5th grade girls. Physical fitness level had significantly decreased in the 5th grade boys and girls group.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that affect elementary school high jump results using 3D motion analysis. The conclusions of this study suggest three areas where coaches can improve the performance of elementary school athletes: approach, take-off, and bar-clearance. The angle of approach should be a smooth curve and athletes should be taught to lean inside the track as they approach their jump. Further they should be taught to walk with gradually longer strides while maintaining horizontal velocity. The athlete’s impact time at approach should be longer. The athlete’s motion of take-off should become stronger as the bar gets higher. To make efficient use of gravity athletes should put their head and toes down at the point of bar-clearance.

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness status based on BMI of the female freshmen in university of education. The participants of this study were 741 female freshmen attending the university of education in Seoul. All participants' BMI were divided by four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and obesity) and each group took physical fitness tests (muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and muscle power). One-way ANOVA was used for testing physical fitness differences and Pearson r was used for analyzing factor relationship. According to physical fitness status based on BMI, there were statistically differences in muscle strength, flexibility, and muscle endurance (P<.001) and there was no difference in muscle power. In muscle strength and muscle power, flexibility and muscle endurance, and muscle power item, underweight group had a relationship with physical fitness item based on BMI classification. In normal weight group, there were positive relationships in muscle strength and muscle endurance, muscle power, flexibility and muscle endurance, and muscle endurance and muscle power item (P<.001). In overweight group, there were positive relationships in muscle strength and muscle endurance, muscle power, flexibility and muscle endurance, and muscle endurance and muscle power item (P<.001). In obesity group, there were positive relationships in muscle strength and flexibility, muscle endurance, flexibility and muscle power item (P<.05), and muscle endurance and muscle power (P<.001). In conclusion, there was a difference in physical status based on BMI of female freshman university of education and this may be helpful for optimal exercise prescription program on those groups.

This study was to investigate the effect of long-term regular aerobic walking exercise on body composition and immunoglobulin levels. 12 subjects were divided into the aerobic walking group(n=6) and the control(n=6) group. The walking group had a walking exercise(30minutes) four times a week for 10 weeks with the intensity of 50~60% HRmax from the begining to 5th week, 61~70% HRmax from 6th to 10th week. The results obtained from this study are as follows; 1. With respect to the percentage body fat and waist hip ratio, the walking group showed a significant decrease after the 10-week walking exercise. Besides, the walking group showed significantly lower percentage body fat and waist hip ration in comparison with the control group. 2. The walking group showed no significant change in immunoglobulin M(IgM) level after the ten-week walking exercise, but there was a significant increase in IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE levels. 3. In terms of all kinds immuno-globulin, the walking group showed a significantly higher level after the ten-week walking exercise compared to the control group. In particular, the IgD demonstrated a significantly higher level from 5th week. The results above show that walking is a positive exercise not only for changing the body composition but also for increasing the immuno-globulin levels. Therefore futher research regarding the methods to implement a safe and effective aerobic walking exercise is required. This will contribute to the prevention and treatment of the obesity among the students.

The purpose of this study was to discuss the condition and background of the socio-cultural discourse formed among elementary pre-service teachers wearing soccer replica. In order to achieve the objective of the study, research was conducted using dept-interview and media/press data, and documents which are related to soccer or discourse. The method of an archaeological discourse analysis in accordance with Foucault(1969) was used to analyze collected data. In addition, Foucault’s discourse theory was applied to interpret consolidated data. The main results of the thesis are summarized as follows:- First, what is the condition of the socio-cultural discourse formed among elementary pre-service teachers wearing soccer replica? It was found that the condition consists of 1) Identification and vicarious satisfaction: ’I want to be one of them’, 2) Self-satisfaction and a social superiority feeling: ’I feel good being superior to others’, 3) Aspiration to be different: ’This is the way to present myself that is one of a kind’, and 4) A sense of belonging and unity: ’I am feeling part of the team that I support’ Second, what is the background of the socio-cultural discourse formed among elementary pre-service teachers wearing soccer replica? From this study, the background was determined to be 1) Power of europe football league system – football pyramid, 2) Commercialization of soccer – creating commercial products surrounding soccer stadiums, 3) Symbiosis between the press and soccer – strategic agreements/relationship with the press, and 4) Culture of cheering for a soccer team – enthusiasm of supporters who tend to organize a social group.

The purpose of this study was an analyze of Class management strategy according to non-task behavior in Elementary physical education. The object of study was 189 primary teachers in Incheon and kyeonggi-do sampled by stratified cluster random sampling and they were questioned by open questionnaires. The way of analyzing data was that the collected sources were categorized by inductive category analysis and by SPSS 15.0 programme the frequency-analysis and X² verification were done about the categorized content. The study result was as follows. The ways of controlling the physical education classes were categorized into two ways, protective class-control and remedial class-control. The methods for the protective class-control were advance attention, advance explanation on the content of a class, making rules and promises, order instruction, complete class preparation, creating academic atmosphere, and the others. The remedial class-control for physical education classes were spanking, caution and persuasion, momentary class suspension, leaving for a moment from a class exercise for physical strength, solution in groups, use of reward and punishment system, strength on intellectual and linguistic capacity, induction of positive competition, ignoring based on the case and the others. After analyzing the difference of the methods of physical education class-control based on the categorized result, there was a meaningful difference according to gender, the school year under their control, and teaching experience, and there was no difference according to types of teachers. According to the school year under their control, teaching experience, and types of teachers, there was a meaningful difference on the remedial class control, however, according to gender there was no difference.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of an elementary school teacher and students on the practice of Pleasant Life class as an integrated curriculum. A case study approach was adopted and a teacher who have expertise in the integrated Pleasant Life class was selected through purposeful sampling (Patton, 2003). Using non-participant observation technique, Pleasant Life classes were observed. Besides, teacher interviews, lesson plans from the teacher, student interview data, and student drawings were collected. Data were organized and inductive categorical system was used in order to categorize them by subtopic in relation to the research problem(Miles & Huberman, 1994). To secure truthfulness of this study, member check and peer debriefing approach were used by sharing data with participants and consultation with professionals(Denzin & Lincoln, 2008). Findings revealed that the perceptions of the teacher and students toward the Pleasant Life class were turned out to be opposite. While teachers undergo difficulties such as lack of time, unsatisfactory materials and lack of interest, students perceived the integrated Pleasant Life as the time to relieve the desire to move, to interact with friends and to feel the joy of learning.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration according to personality types(MBTI) by targeting elementary pre-service teachers who will be in charge of childhood education, which is most affected by teacher's psychological characteristics and behaviors. In order to achieve the objective, data of 155 elementary pre-service teachers at K education university in the Metropolitan area was used as study objects. Independent sample t-test and One-Way ANOVA were used to determine the difference between bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration according to personality types(MBTI), and multiple regression analysis was used to obtain the following results regarding the relationship between bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration. First, there were differences in both male and female students for the difference between bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration according to personality types(MBTI). Male students showed a higher level of tendency than female students, and ENFP(Spike type) type was the most prevalent in bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration for gender type depending on personality types. Secondly, Grade 3 students showed a higher level of tendency than 1st and 2nd year students in bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration difference for grades depending on personality types, and ENFP(Spike type) and ESTP(clever activists type) were the most prevalent types. Thirdly, there were no major difference in bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration difference for sports lesson participation. Fourthly, there was a static correlation between bodily kinesthetic intelligence and sports concentration. There was especially a high correlation between bodily kinesthetic intelligence's physical function factor and sports concentration's goal setting, paying attention and confidence factor.