Earticle

This study aims at understanding the perception of elementary teachers about the five school days a week system and the realiries of elementary physical leisure education in the way of cultural description. For the purpose of the study, the researcher applied a case study among qualitative methodologies and collected data using diverse methods(in-depth interview, review of the related literature, and videotaping). The collected data were analysed using a inductive category analysis, and the validity of the data was confirmed by inter-constituents review, peer consultation, and triangulation. The results of analysing the perception of elementary teachers about the five school days a week system(teachers' perception, the actual status of class), and the elementary leisure education(perception, facilities, programs and instructors of leisure). In the perception of the teachers about the five school days a week system, the teachers did not exactly know about the system, so they were processing the jobs according to administrative conventions. About the actual status of class under the five school days a week system, the teachers thought that they focused on the outcome of class rather than pursued the quality of contents and diversity of class, so that the class became a class without substance but good appearance. In the perception of leisure, not only there was no basic perception about leisure education but also there was lack of facilities for the leisure education. In the aspect of facilities, they thought that local social sports facilities were not enough, and in case of the urban schools, they were unsatisfied with their facilities much. In case of the instructors for leisure education, the problems about qualifying, supplying and demanding the instructors were indicated most. In leisure education programs, the diversification of programs related with physical training was not enough, in addition, in case of programs related with physical training, their structure was not proper for attracting students' participation positively. Finally, there were also opinions that the education quality became low because the education programs were operated with low costs. For the solutions for these problems, they suggested that one could complement the facilities and supply and demand the necessary instructors without difficulty, and secure the qualified instructors through receiving support from social facility institutions.

The purpose of paper was how kindergarten teachers make the recognition on the domain of physical movement expression and how they specify various experiences according to the recognition. Data was collected by semi-structured interview, and analyzed by triangulation and peer debriefing. For this purpose, the premises of this research were the following: First, how do the kindergarten teachers make the recognition on the domain of physical movement expression through kindergarten curriculum? Second, what type of experience do the kindergarten teachers get in the course of the physical movement expression in class and what kind of meaning could they give to the experience? On the whole, most kindergarten teachers represented negative opinions about those dance graduates teaching physical movements in daily life. However, everyone mentioned above is somewhat insufficient on teaching physical movement expression. According to the answers of kindergarten teachers, college education and various workshops should provide them with practical class materials; the teachers, of course, need the experience in practicing physical movement expression. Kindergarten teachers point out that many obstacles to the education of physical movement expression are caused by insufficient class materials and preparation. Many kindergarten teachers do not know how to have their infant students focus on the topic when they are inattentive; in addition, the teachers do not make good use of the data provided for them to teach creative physical movement expression. The teachers’feeling of lack clearly drives them to research. Quality interviews reveal that university education should be improved; kindergarten teachers should also be given various practical training from workshops. Taken all together, kindergartens ought to be provided with different types of classified programs. Many teachers argue that university lectures lack presence and most of all, creativity. The sources of virtual class reference materials vary with kindergarten teachers' career. Less experienced teachers tend to rely on university books; in contrast, the more experienced generally look up past information from their workshops. Taking it by and large, kindergarten teachers-no matter whether they have attended workshops of their own volition or not-asseverate that previous workshops have helped them on teaching physical movements. Moreover, the teachers insist that workshops should render them teaching materials, specifically various videos and books.

This investigation was to provide basic data for the promotion of Elementary physical education by analyzing the effect of extracurricular spots activities on physical self-concept and internal motivation of physical education for Elementary School students. To this end, questionnaire was distributed to 841 students sampled from K, O Elementary Schools in B Metropolitan city, to collect data for the level of self-concept (Kim Byung-june) and internal motivation and its analysis. And for the statistical analysis of the data, SPSS-PC Win 12.0 statistical program was employed and the findings are follows: 1) As for the physical self-concept by gender of the participants in extracurricular sports activity, boys appeared to have higher level of awareness than girls in the factors of sports capability, physical appearance, health, physical activity, stamina and other general physical factors. 2) And those participants in ball games or/and competing games showed higher level of awareness than the those who did not participate, in the factors of sport capability, physical appearance, health, physical activity, self-respect, physical flexibility, stamina, physical strength, and other general physical factors. 3) As for the self-concept by the frequency of the participants, the more they participated, the higher awareness they showed in the factors of sports capability, physical appearance, physical activity, self-respect, physical flexibility, stamina, physical strength and other general physical factor. 4) As for the internal motivation by gender of the participants, boys showed higher awareness than girls in the factors of effort for interest and sports capability. 5) As for the internal motivation of the participants, it was in the factors of effort for interest and physical capability that the participant in ball games or/and competing games showed higher motivation than those who did not participate in the games. 6) And for the internal motivation of physical education by the frequency of their participation in the sports activities, the higher the frequency, the higher the internal motivation of the participants became in the factors of effort for interest and physical capability.

The beginning elementary school teachers(BEST) are novice adults, in sense that he or she is entering a professional career for the first time. This is why new teachers are full of trouble for the first year of teaching. The most severe distress of BEST is cause by teaching physical education classes. Because BEST in the physical education classes have to teach various principles and dangerous skills, they have to supervise active behaviors of many learners, and they have to prevent accidents due to careless activities. Therefore the purpose of this study was to listen distresses of BEST from physical education classes and to search the solutions. In the results, the main distresses of BEST were lacks of teaching speciality, poor instructional surroundings, and inactive participation of learners. Therefore, this study discussed its causes, meanings, and solutions by qualitative approaches like open questionnaires, in-depth interviews, documents analysis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate what kind of difference there would be in elementary school teachers' actual teaching behavior according to their value orientation in physical education. For that purpose, BEST(Behavior Evaluation Strategies Taxonomy) computer software program was used. Firstly, (1) The mean basic statistics of the observation behavior variables for physical education classes were analyzed. As a result, there was difference in their duration as the teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery adopted instructions the most and the teacher with value orientation in social responsibility did explanations/demonstrations, observation the most. (2) There was difference in the types of their teaching behavior in introduction, development and conclusion of a lesson in the profile charts of physical education. While the teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery focused on instructions and explanations/demonstrations, the teachers with value orientation in social responsibility focused on observations, explanations/demonstrations, and instructions during the class. (3) The Sequential Behavior Analysis(SBA) Z-Scores indicated that the teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery showed positive significance in instructions and negative significance in participation and feedback in the lesson-related behavior. The teacher with value orientation in social responsibility showed positive significance in instructions and observations and negative significance in participation in the lesson-related behavior. (4) The graphs of frequency revealed that instructions and explanations/demonstrations were high in frequency in the teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery and that observations, feedback, management, behavior management, and punishment were high in frequency in the teacher with value orientation in social responsibility. Secondly, (1) The teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery showed the value orientation in his teaching behavior in that he usually employed detailed explanations, demonstrations, and practices during class to help the students understand the task contents and that he designed and taught the curriculum in a way that could maximize the students' technique acquirement. (2) The teacher with value orientation in social responsibility didn't show the value orientation in his teaching behavior in that he made active use of explanations, demonstrations, and practices in addition to observations and that he focused on the delivery of the contents based on observations, practices, and demonstrations almost like the teacher with value orientation in disciplinary mastery rather than emphasizing cooperation.

This study aims to examine the relationship between recognition of objectives in dance education and capabilities in dance class to supply fundamental data for the progress of elementary dance curriculums and the improvement of the quality of dance class. A survey was conducted to elementary teachers in Busan who are sampled by purposive sampling for the achievement of objective, the results statistically processed of 437 valid sample are as follows. Firstly, it is shown that teachers specializing in physical education and elementary teachers with training experience in dance have higher sub-factors in objective recognition of dance education including personal development, management towards environment, and social interaction than who don't. And elementary teachers who instruct dance class directly have higher sub-factors in objective recognition of dance education including personal development and social interaction except management toward environment rather than who don't. Secondly, it also found that elementary teachers majoring in physical education and elementary teachers with training experience related to dance have higher instruction capability and accountability that are sub-factors of capabilities in dance class than who don't. Lastly, the results showed that among the objective recognition of elementary teachers in dance class, social interaction influences on the instruction capability and accountability.

The object of this study is 6 classes of the 6th year in the elementary school T located in city K of Gyeonggi-do province. Pretest was performed with a questionnaire concerning stress level and coping behavior, 20 male and 20 female students in 2 classes holding the same nature were selected, then the folk game program was performed for 8 weeks. Measuring tools used in this study were stress level test sheet, and coping behavior level test sheet. Collected data was processed with SPSS package Ver 11.0 for Windows and analyzed by t-test and 2Way-ANOVA according to the objectives of this study. In summary of results, the folk play program was found to reduce largely all 6 lower domains of stress level regardless of their sex. In other words, it was found that children can refine their feeling by showing their free expression themselves with physical activities of a folk game, free satisfaction by controlling their emotion, then conclusively reduce their stress. Therefore, the folk game program reduced their stress level and contributed to their growth and development effectively. In addition, it revealed that children applied various coping behaviors rather than a response behavior to the stress condition and the folk game program helped them take appropriate coping behaviors to the stress.

The purpose of the study is to understand generally the changes in the life of teaching profession through the activities in ski club for elementary teachers who are newly appointed and examine closely how ski club enhances the life of teachers' profession. To achieve this purpose, 5 newly appointed elementary teachers among ski club members in S University of Education were selected as research participants. Case studies were conducted using various materials such as in-depth interview and participant observation textual analysis was done to analyze and interpret those collected data. And credibility and ethics of the research has been continuously proven during data collection and analysis. In summary, the result of the study is as follows. Firstly, Newly appointed elementary teachers' changes in the point of view on teaching and human relationship include rediscovery of another example of view on teaching profession, teachers' value build-up, human relationship from the perspective of the recognition and efforts made for ideal human relationship. Secondly, changes in physical education teaching and learning include value changes of physical education teachers, changes in the priority of physical education and its category, changes in preparation of physical education classes, changes in physical education that is actually performed, understanding of learners and learner-oriented instruction.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dance class on elementary students’ physical self-efficacy, using the method of Motif writing. For this study, the researcher selected 60 students from two sixth‐grade classes at "Y" Elementary School in Incheon Metropolitan City. Two classes were used; one as the experimental group, and the second one as the control group. The experimental group was subjected to 14 dance classes using Motif Writing, with 40 minutes spent in each class. Classes were held twice a week for 7 weeks. Surveys were conducted before and after the dance classes using a questionnaire on physical self‐efficacy with proved reliability and validity. Collected data were analyzed through t-tests. The results of this study were as follows: First, according to the results of a pre-test of the experimental group and the control group before the application of the dance class using Motif Writing, no statistically significant difference was observed in the sub-factors of physical self-efficacy (p>.05). The experimental group and the control group had similar levels of physical self-efficacy. Second, the control group did not show any significant difference in the sub-factors of physical self efficacy (p>.05). Third, the experimental group showed statistically significant difference between the scores of the pre-test and the post-test for all the sub-factors of physical self-efficacy (p<.05) The experimental group showed statistically significant difference in the score of physical self-efficacy from the control group (p<.05). These results proved that the dance class using Motif Writing has a positive effect on elementary school students’ physical self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to find out the kinematical analysis of arm's basic position in ballet. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 3D cinematographic analysis was conducted with 4 elementary students ballerina who might performed the perfect arm's basic position. According to the results of this study, it was appeared that the shoulder kept about 79%-82%, the elbow kept about 62%-92%, the wrist kept 50%-107%, and finger kept 46%-111% with the height. Also, movement was formed with 113˚-164˚ of the elbow, 136˚-148˚ of the wrist, and 21˚-71˚ of the shoulder. The angle of arm gradient was remained -73˚ in the first position, -28˚ in the second position, 70˚ in the third position, and -15˚ in the forth position. The left-right ratio of the total arm angle was 91% in the first, 98 in the second, 101 in the third, and 96% in the forth position. Based on the results mentioned above, balance and symmetry of both arms was an important factor in those four positions. Although it is impossible to maintain the position like robot, it may be a good performance if a certain level of extent was remained. With respect to this point of view, it may be a good position if the difference between right and left arm in each joint can be remained within 2%. Angle also was an important factor that if the difference in total angle can be remained within 2% it may be an excellent position, there was difference of right and left based on the joint though. Therefore, practice and instruction to make a perfect symmetry as much as possible were needed. In turn, because ballet is movement with expression of the body, beauty of the body and balance of the movement have to be harmonized for beautiful performance. Therefore, it would be a meaningful future study considering the body condition and movement of ballerina to define the beauty.

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference of cardiorespiratory function to the physical fitness grade of elementary school girls in a bid to lay the foundation for improving school physical education activities. The subjects in this study were 10 students who were selected by random sampling from a school sixth year girls in M elementary school. Out of them, five children are high grade in physical fitness, and the others are low grade. To assess their cardiorespiratory function, a treadmill made by Quinton in the United States was employed. As for exercise load, a gradual workout test was conducted according to KISS(re) protocol. The data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0K program, and Mann-Whitney U Signed Ranks Test was employed, which was a nonparametric test. The level of significance was set at p<.05. There was no significant difference of oxygen intaking(VO2) between grades. There was no significant difference of oxygen intaking in a weight(VO2/kg) and METs in rest stage, stage 1, 2, 3, 4 and recovery stage, but in a stage 5, appeared significant difference. The difference of VCO2 appeared high value in the high grade in every stage, but both grades appeared no significant differences. The VE appeared no significant difference in every stage. The RER appeared in a stage 4, appeared significant difference.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between kicker's motion and ball direction in soccer penalty kick. For this purpose, we analyzed three dimensions images which were filmed with three high school students and five soccer players in university. First we set a goal-gate six parts. and then let the players kick. It was performed three times for one part. The data were analyzed by paired One-way ANOVA with P<.05 as the level of significance using SPSS WIN 12.0. The results of this study were as following. Although each variation didn't show any big difference according to the directions, significance difference appeared in approach angle, supporting foot angle, pelvis tilt and lean angle, angle between shoulder and upper body tilt. It tended for kickers to start shooting ball from right side for left side. It is likely that the more the pelvis inclines to right side, the more a ball go left, and the more it swerves to the backside on the left hip joint axis, the more a ball also go left. It showed us that the relationship between shoulder lean angle and ball direction was similar to that of pelvis lean angle. There is an ample possibility that if the upper body leans to the left, a ball will go for lower right, and leaning to the right, it will go for upper left side or lower center. In this study, we analyzed variations to be useful in real matches for coaches and players through the enough opinions. We had researched with the summit-level players to generalize the outcome considering not only the variations excluded in pre-researches but also the level of participants. Also, the process and the results of this research are worthwhile for the other sports as well as for coaching the penalty kick in soccer . 1. In the baseball or basketball match the result could be used as a basic data to predict the motion of a ball caused by players or direction of a ball based on the players-motions. 2. If joint research is carried out with other fields such as motor control, we will get a data to estimate accurately the human motions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation among factors in elementary school students and the analysis of differences in health-related physical fitness factors according to body composition. The subject were 99 students of I, G, S Elementary School located in Pocheon. On the basis body composition(percent bodyfat), the students were classified into three groups. The children's health-related physical fitness measurement consisted in 5 test items ; muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition. All data were analyzed by Correlation Analysis and one-way ANOVA on of SPSS/PC +11.0, accepting level for all significances was above α=.05. The results of this study were as follows : In the correlation among total health-related physical fitness factors, there were a positive correlation between body composition and muscular strength, body composition and cardiorespiratory endurance, but the correlation between body composition and muscular endurance, body composition and flexibility was negative correlation. In the correlation between the groups organized according to body composition and health-related physical fitness factors, there were a positive correlation between normal group and cardiorespiratory endurance, overweight group and muscular strength, obesity group and cardiorespiratory endurance. In the difference in health-related physical fitness factors among the groups organized according to body composition, in a difference body composition and muscular strength, obesity group showed superior muscular strength than normal and overweight groups. In a difference body composition and muscular endurance, normal group showed superior muscular endurance than obesity group. In a difference body composition and cardiorespiratory endurance, normal group showed superior cardiorespiratory endurance than obesity group. But in a difference body composition and flexibility, there were no significant differences among the groups.

This study examined the interrelationship between physique state and physical fitness tate based a question sheet about the appearance of pubic hair, and the first menses experience, a secondary sexual characteristic. At B and H elementary school, 125 male students and 111 female students were selected for this study with 27 December, 2006 as the base date. 1. Physique and Body composition 1) Male students The group with pubic hair was greater in height and weight than the others. Percentage of body fat and abdominal fat was showed low, but there was no meaningful difference between groups. 2) Female group The group that had experienced their first menses showed a higher height ,weight, percentage of body fat. percentage of abdominal fat was showed high, but there was no meaningful difference between groups. 2. Physical fitness state 1) Male students The group with pubic hair had significantly better scores than other group. And they achieved high scores in the 50m dash, in sit-ups, standing long jump, sit and reach, 1000m dash. But, the difference was slight. 2) Female group The group that had experienced their first menses achieved higher scores than other group in 50m dash, sit-ups, 100m dash. But, the difference was slight. On the contrary, they achieved lower scores than other group in standing long jump and in sit and reach, but the difference was slight.

The purpose of this study was to examine how elementary students’ physique, physical fitness, and body composition change each stage of their physical development. For this purpose, 180 elementary school students (1­6 grades) were compared and analyzed. Using the data, mean (M), standard deviation (SD), and the F value were extractedand one-way ANOVA was implemented to examine difference between ages. In result of the one-way ANOVA, significant differences were post-examined by Scheffe. The significance level of all statistics was α<.05. The following lists the conclusion of this comparative analysis: First, in result of the comparative analysis, there was significant difference between male and female students in both weight and height (physique categories). This tells us that male students grow in height first and then in weight, whereas female students grow in both height and weight at the same time. Second, both male and female students showed significant growth in the categories of physical fitness 50m track, sit-ups, long jump, 1,000m track, and crunch-ups. However, their overall physical fitness has decreased compared to the past. Considering that students increase in body fat rather than body muscles, the reason of it would be students’ reducing hours of physical activities or improper eating habits. Third, there was a significant difference between male and female students in body composition such as moisture content in cells, moisture content outside cells, protein, minerals, and body fat. This is probably because proper development has constantly increased students’ height and weight. In case of male students, body fat generally increases as they grow, but body fat around the abdomen area stays consistent. This means that their body fat accumulates in areas other than the abdomen area. For female students, body fat decreases from 5th grade to 6th grade, probably because this is when they gain interests in appearance and body figure. Fourth, it was found that male students gain strength in arms and legs and female students gain strength in right legs. However, male students tend to lose strength in arms and legs as they grow. It is probably because lack of physical activities and excess calorie intake accumulates more body fat compared to body muscles. Female students also lost physical fitness in lower bodies, because they are not using their legs as much as male students do and are accumulating more body fat in the lower body than they are in upper body. As proven above, elementary students’ physique is becoming taller and heavier, but their physical fitness, and body composition (obesity), and balance have worsened.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body fatness on daily exercise and eating habits in elementary school children. A total of 571 upper-class boys, who attended at the elementary schools located at the city of Jin-Ju, voluntarily participated in this study. The participants' daily exercise and eating habits were compared and analyzed across body fatness levels of extremely lean, lean, normal weight, overweight, and obesity, and we found the following results: 1. Percentages of overweight and obesity were 14.2% and 11.0%, respectively, indicating that 25.2% of the participants was estimated to be the risk group for obesity. In addition, 21.3% and 8.3% of the participants were classified as lean and extremely lean groups, respectively, so that only 45.1% belonged to the normal weight group. 2. The obese boys disliked to exercise with low satisfactions to exercising and low volumes of daily physical activities, and their preferences for sports were competitive games. On the other hand, the lean boys exercised on a regular basis, and their exercise volume and frequency were high and often with relatively high satisfaction to exercising. 3. Although on well-balanced diets, the obese boys tended to have heavy meals with less snacks, and they were fast-eaters with a high preference for fast-foods. On the other hand, the lean boys tended to have unbalanced diets, and they were also fast-eaters with regular breakfasts. The current findings of the study suggest that 1) for the obese boys, exercise duration needs to be increased enough with proper guidances to sports games, categories of various snacks, and healthy eating habits, and 2) for the lean boys, proper guidances to healthy eating habits and dietary intakes are necessary. In addition, development of healthy diet and exercise programs based on self-diagnosis of obesity and their applications to schools and homes are urgently necessary so that the elementary boys can practice healthy exercise and eating habits on a daily basis.

The purpose of this paper was to compare the isokinetic muscular strengths, endurance, and power of thigh and shoulder between volleyball players and elementary school boys. The isokinetic strength was investigated by using isokinetic dynamometer(Cybex 770, NormTM Test & Rehabilitation, USA). For measuring the peak torque, muscle power, and muscular endurance, extension and flexion forces of knee and shoulder joints with both right and left sides were measured at the angle speed of 60°/sec(4 repetitions), 180°/sec(4 repetitions), and 240°/sec(5 repetitions), respectively. The mean and standard deviation are evaluated over the data measured by using SPSS program, and Independent t-test was used for validating the mean difference between each variables. The level of significance was set as α = 0.05. The thigh strength and power in extension and flexion were not significantly different between volleyball players and elementary boys, respectively. However, the thigh endurance of extension and flexion in volleyball players was significantly greater than in elementary boys (p < 0.05). The shoulder extension strength and power in the volleyball players was significantly greater than in elementary boys(p < 0.05). Also, the shoulder extension and flexion endurances in volleyball players were greater than in elementary boys(p < 0.05). Therefore, the recreational volleyball activity in elementary school might be recommended to enhance the fitness-related muscular endurance