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The purpose of this study was to test the elementary school children's basic psychological needs(autonomy, competence, relatedness) scale on the basis of self-determination theory. This study was to use the basic psychological needs scale which was made by Deci & Ryan(2001) and it revised for Kore elementary school children. The subjects were 538(boys: 270, girls: 268) elementary school children and they have lived in G city and C province now. In analysis explanatory factor analysis, 3 factors which were relatedness(6 items), competence(5 items), and autonomy(3 items) and this scale had a good internal consistence. This scale of this study was tested it had good validity through analysis of confirmed factor analysis. In order of factors, this study showed relatedness, competence, and autonomy , but autonomy, competence, and relatedness in Deci & Ryan(2001)'s scale. In addition, difference between groups by sex and cognitive abilities of athletic was examined for testing external validity of the factor structure. The results were 1. boys showed higher competence than that of girls, 2. students who had higher cognitive athletic abilities showed higher relatedness, competence, and autonomy than the oder students who had normal and lower athletic abilities.

The purposes of this study were to inspect the students' thoughts of writing in the physical education classes. The participants were the 5th grade students(n=34) in the Buk district of Daegu and after going through the all classes, 8 students were selected for interviews. Before starting this study, the researcher talked about the purposes and the process of this research, and instructed about writing in physical education for the participants after school. The instruction was consisted of explanations of the purposes and the contents of the research, the forms and contents of the writing. The first reaction of students about writing was 'suspicion'. The suspicions were 'why should we write not in language lesson.', 'What kind of help will it be to physical education?'. And some students expressed that they were bored in writing, others participated formally or evaded writings. Second, as times goes by, the students made a gradual understanding in the purposes and the methods of writing. Though they were unskilled in writing at first, but they set to write their own frank opinions and with this, they got a chance to reflect their movements. Their deliberations also made a friendship to each others and new notions to others. Third, while writing plans, evaluations and opinions with friends and teacher, they found out new ideas not occurred to them and got much help in consisting creative movements by modifying. In the process, that is making out plans, taking practices and writing their reflections, The students said that they got not only finding new conceptions, but also the wills to new challenges and achievements. Forth, the students participated in the writing-adjusted physical education classes were getting much pleasures by finding out new principles of movement and adjusting the new principles to their movements. So, the writing was effective means to get students wholistic experiences.

The purpose of this study is to help develop high-quality elementary school physical education textbooks(which will be used in year 2011) for the 5th and the sixth grade students. For this purpose, questionnaire have been constructed based on the textbook indicator for elementary physical education of the Ministry of Education(2008). The subjects are 354 elementary school teachers in city A, province B and C with over 3 years of teaching experience. Two teachers(classroom teacher and physical education specialist each 1) among above mentioned group have participated in depth interviews in focused group interview method. In this study, the needs of teachers were as follows: classify the identical skills into different levels and decrease the amount of contents. Improve the visual effects in textbooks and make the contents interesting for the learners. Specify the textbook contents. And provide digital materials such as videos together with the textbooks.

The purpose of this study was to find out how a 12-week Korean Traditional dance training program influences on Health-related Fitness, growth mediators obese elementary school students and help them prevent and cure obesity and improve health. For this purpose, 17 elementary students(9-10 years old) with obesity level, 20% or more, and body fat, 25% or more, participated in the study. 9 students were randomly assigned to a Korean dance group, and 7 students to a control group. Korean Traditional dance program or Ganggangsulrae was provided 3 times a week, with an intensity of 45-75% HRR. Health-related Fitness test and blood drawing were conducted before and 12 week after the program. For statistical analysis, SPSS 12.0 was used. For finding out the difference within a group before and after the program, paired t-test was applied, and for determining the difference between two groups, ANCOVA was applied with a significance level of α=.05. The study found followings. 1) Weight was significantly reduced among Korean Traditional dance group students after the program (p<.05), and there was also a significant difference between two groups (p<.01). 2) Body fat significantly decreased among Korean Traditional dance group students after the program (p<.05) while control group students showed a significant increase (p<.05). There was a significant difference between two groups (p<.01). 3) Muscular strength significantly increased among Korean Traditional dance group students after the program (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between two study groups (p<.05). 4) Muscular endurance significantly increased among Korean Traditional dance group students after the program (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between two groups (p<.05). 5) After the program, flexibility significantly improved among Korean Traditional dance groups students (p<.01). But there was no significant difference between two groups. 6) After the program, cardiovascular endurance significantly dropped in the Korean Traditional dance group (p<.01), and there existed a significant difference between two groups (p<.05). 7) GH significantly increased in the Korean Traditional dance group after the program (p<.01). There was a significant difference between two groups (p<.01). 8) IGF-1 significantly increased in the Korean Traditional dance group after the program (p<.01). There was a significant difference between two groups (p<.01).

This research was conducted with the purpose of providing basic data by analyzing the effects of lifestyles(eating habits and exercising habits) on the physique and strength of elementary school students so that they could live a healthier life. The subjects of the final analysis were 286 students (151 male students, 135 female students) in the 6th grade of elementary school. Based on eating habit scores and exercising habit scores obtained from survey, the top 25 percent of the subjects and the bottom 25 percent of the subjects were divided according to genders for analysis. In order to see if there are differences in physique and physical strength according to lifestyles, measurements of physique(height, weight) and physical strength(50m run, standing long-jump, raising the upper body, sit and reach, long run-walk) were used. The analysis of data was conducted by T-Verification with SPSS/PC +11.0 for Windows at the 5 percent significance level. It turned out that eating habits did not show any significant difference in physique and physical strength between the top and bottom group regardless of genders. Exercising habits showed no differences in physique regardless of genders, but they showed statistically significant differences in physical strength. According to exercising habits, male students showed differences in standing long jump, raising the upper body, long run, and female students showed differences in raising the upper body and long run. Based on these results, it was verified that lifestyles affect the physical strength of elementary school students directly rather than their physique. Therefore, it is thought that guiding elementary school students to have desirable lifestyles could increase the physical strength of elementary school students whose physical strength is getting weaker day by day.

The Purpose of the study was to understand actual difficulties of the obese children who thought as negative and discriminative and furthermore to find a way to improve them through stating their lives. To attain the purpose of the study, the participants consisted of the four students(3 male students & 1 female student) who hoped to participate in this study among the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students in Haengbok Elementary school in D county, D metropolitan city. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, gathering of related materials, etc. from March through May in 2009 and the major method of data collection was in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews were officially conducted twice and additional interviews on any questions continued during the period of the study. Such related data as the students' compositions in relation to 'obesity', mind-map, physical education diary and so on were collected and utilized as materials to supplement in-depth interviews as well. Data were analyzed using case record method and inductive categorical system and triangulation was used to secure trustworthiness of the data. Detailed results are as follows: First, the followings were the causes of getting obese: My parents say that it's okay; Oily foods are the best; I always have the feeling of hunger even though I had meals; I'm always in a hurry; I don't like to move my body. Second, mental difficulties were as follows: They say, "you'd better stop eating,"; My friends make fun of me; I'm shy and afraid, etc. Third, physical difficulties were like these; Huff, huff! I'm out of breath and tired; I finish last in the running; Sweat comes out and I'm annoyed. And lastly, as efforts to solve obesity were as follows: I will eat small portions of food; I will exercise; I will eat more vegetables than meat.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of menarche on physique change of the female students, comparing the difference of the physique, the physique index and the based on experiencing menarche. This paper gave the t-test both the female students with experience of menarche and ones without experience of menarche for two hundred eighteen 6th grade female students at three different elementary schools in Jinju. The result is shown as follows: 1. In comparison of the physique between the female students with experience of menarche and ones without experience of menarche, the female students with experience of menarche were taller in stature, broader in the girth of a body, wider in the width of a body, and heavier in the weight than ones without experience of menarche. The average height and the average weight of the female students with experience of menarche were 48.1kg, and 153.4cm, respectively. 2. In comparison of the physique index, the body mass index, the trunk width index, and the lower limb index of the female students with experience of menarche were higher than ones without experience of menarche. However, there was no difference for the skelic index and the upper limb index between the female students with experience of menarche and ones without experience of menarche. 3. In comparison of the body composition, the triceps skinfold thickness, the subscapular skinfold thickness and the %fat of the female students with experience of menarche were thicker and higher than ones without experience of menarche. The average %fat of 6th grade female students was 25.9%. 4. The age of menarche for the 6th grade female students was 11.3-year-old. The age of menarche was related with the %fat the most, and the physique and the body composition were related with the triceps skinfold thickness, the girth of a calf, the subscapular skinfold thickness, the girth of an upper arm, the girth of the hip, students' sitting height, and the weight, in order. And also, the physique index was related with ULI, LLI, SI, BMI, in order.

This research has purpose on searching structural connection among intrinsic motivation, class satisfaction, intention to continuance of physical education in elementary school. the objects for the research are 5grade and 6grade of elementary school samples of 257 questionnaires by convenience sampling is used as final research materials. the results by using frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, structure equation analysis with SPSS 14.0 and AMOS 7.0 are as follow; First, the intrinsic motivation has influence on the class satisfaction. Second, the intrinsic motivation has influence on the intention to continuance. Third, the class satisfaction has influence on the intention to continuance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the physical self-concept and worth for physical activity of elementary students in after school physical activity class. For accomplishing this purpose of the study, the 326 subject were selected by the systematic stratified cluster random sampling method from the elementary students in after school physical activity class. To analysis the data collected for this study, using the SPSS/PC+ 15.0 version program, statistical methods utilized for testing the hypotheses were Cronbach's α, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and standard multiple regression analysis and Amos 4.0 version statistical package. From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, It shows the differences physical self-concept according to populo-statistical characteristic of elementary students in after school physical activity class. Secondly, It shows the differences worth for physical activity according to populo-statistical characteristic of elementary students in after school physical activity class. Thirdly, the physical self-concept partially influence on worth for physical activity of elementary students in after school physical activity class. Forthly, there exist causal relationships among types of physical self-concept and worth for physical activity of elementary students in after school physical activity class. This causal model fits well with empirical data.

The purpose of this study was to analysis causal relationship between teachers' support, motivational climate and self-determined motivation in physical education of elementary school. The subjects were 466 elementary school children(boys:237, girls:230) from G city, C and K province. The Scales were used teachers' support and perceived relatedness scale which was made by Goodenow(1993b), motivational climate scale which was made by cox & Williams(2008) and Self-determined motivational scale which was made by Ryan & Deci(2000). The results were as follows; 1. Boys showed higher learning climate, perceived competence, relatedness and motivation than those of girls. 2. In analysis of correlation, there were significant correlated between teachers' support, learning climate, perceived competence, relatedness, and motivation. 3. The model which was made of exogenous variables(teachers' support and learning climate) and endogenous variables(perceived competence, autonomy, relatedness, and motivation) could be used because it tested in analysis of structural equation. 4. The paths from exogenous to endogenous variables(Teachers' support → Competence, Teachers' support → Relatedness, Teachers' support → Motivation, Learning Climate → Competence, Learning Climate → Autonomy, Learning Climate → Relatedness, Learning Climate → Mtivation) were significant and paths from endogenous to endogenous variables(Competence → Motivation, Autonomy → Motivation, Relatedness→Motivation) were significant.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how elementary pre-service teachers’ stress on track and field influences their intrinsic motivation about teaching physical education. The participants of the study were 450 pre-service teachers enrolled in track and field classes in the metropolitan area. The study used survey questionnaires that were adapted for the participants and the purpose of the study. The results found a negative relationship between the participants’ stress on track and field class and their intrinsic motivation about teaching physical education. Also, the step-wise regression analysis revealed that their motivation is affected by lack of confidence, learning content, burden on tests, and conflicts with friends. There was also a gender difference; female students were found to be more influenced by the stress on track-and-field class than male students. The study can suggest ways to relieve elementary pre-service teachers’ stress on physical education class and furthermore increase their motivation about teaching physical education in schools.

This study got the following conclusion to analyze affection of 10 weeks the playing exercise program which measures result of before and after change of body composition(weight, height, muscle mass, % body fat) and physical fitness (strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, balance) of 24 obesity children who % body fat is above 20% divided in 12 person experiment group and 12 person control group according to playing kinetic program participates or not. As a Results, there was no significant differences of the weight, height, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power between two groups, but was significant differences between time(pre/post)(p<.01). While, there was no significant differences of muscle mass, % body fat, balance between two groups and time(pre/post). Therefore, it has been proved that the playing program was more effective in the physique and other physical fitness than the body composition.

The knowledge on health to prevent any risk from the health behavior related to diseases or injuries in seek for practices on the health behavior should be done in the health education in the elementary as the stage to form the desirable basic living habits for the health. Accordingly, this study aims at suggesting the basic materials for the health education in order to increase the right dietary life, improvement on the school food supply and quality of school food supply among others by surveying the degree of satisfaction and effect for the school food supply to increase the enhancement of quality in operating the school food supply for 1,129 students in 15 elementary schools located in Seoul (Gangdong, Gangseo, Gangnam and Gangbuk areas). The questionnaire applied to this study includes three items on the basic questions (gender, grade and school location), ten items for two areas regarding the degree of satisfaction to the school food supply (perception to the taste and type, perception to the hygienic state), and ten items in two areas regarding the effects of the school food supply (changes in the perception to the school food supply and changes in the attitude to the school food supply). The analysis on the data from the collected questionnaires was done with the statistics analysis program SPSS 12.0 to obtain the average and standard deviation by the general characteristics (gender, grade and school location) for the research objects and to identify any significant difference using t-test and f-test at a level of p<.05. The analytical findings are as follows; First, the average on the perception of school food supply in the satisfaction item was 3.204 with significant differences in the grade and school location, of which the highest difference was shown in the forth grade (3.501) for the grade and in Gangdong (3.357) for the school location. The overall average on the preference to the school food supply was 3.564 with significant differences in the gender, grade and school location, of which female students (3.688) showed higher than male students (3.444) for the gender, and the highest difference was shown in the forth grade (3.922) for the grade and in Gangdong (3.757) for the school location. Second, the overall average on changes in the perception of school food supply in the effect item was 3.459 with significant differences in the grade and school location, of which the highest difference was shown in the forth grade (3.729) for the grade and in Gangdong (3.797) for the school location. The overall average on the preference to the school food supply was 3.318 with significant differences in the grade and school location, of which the highest difference was shown in the forth grade (3.573) for the grade and in Gangdong (3.586) for the school location. Considering the aforesaid findings, it is important to practice the health education to contain the health knowledge related to the nutrition in order to intake the adequate amount in balance with diverse food by correcting the irregular and imbalanced dietary habits in the childhood. The goals of health education for the nutrition do not lie in delivering the simple health knowledge, but in keeping more rationingdietary living by applying the health knowledge to the actuinglife. It is considered necessary to provide the structuringinstructions from the elementary school in teaching the dietary habits for the m ingement of nutrition for children in the age of forming the dietary habits as such teaching aims at leading them to have the desirable dietary habits and to learn the abilities of self-management on the dietary life.

This study was intended to analyze elementary preservice teachers' formation of teaching beliefs through physical education student teaching experiences. To achieve this research goal, the participants of this study was conducted on 63 elementary preservice teachers who are senior at the C national university of education. After writing experience diary they were divided into positive group and negative group. Then the participants of this study were selected 3 student teachers as the positive group and 3 ones as the negative group. The group interview was conducted to 6 participants, and the interview was recorded and transcribed with the permission of the participants. Collected through group interview data were used for inductive categorical analyses after coding process. Data were constantly verified sincerity and morality related to data collection and the process of data analysis. Results of the collected data in this study are as follows; Domain of the elementary preservice teachers' deference of teaching beliefs were classified in learner management, classes environment, curriculum, teaching methods and interaction with colleagues. However, the solution strategies between positive and negative groups have differences. Deference causes of one's teaching beliefs were classified in aspect of individual internal, classes environmental, and interactional. This study suggested that it is necessary to develop preservice elementary teacher education based on the field and magnify experience of physical education classes reflecting the results of this study.

The purpose of this was to exploration on the task of physical education and understanding of multicultural society in korea. Objectives of this study were (1) to compare multicultural society between Korea and countries in western. Korean and countries in western have formal semblance but have different cause-and-effect in multicultural society. For example, USA immigration law permit permanent settlement but Korea immigration law prohibit permanent settlement. USA adopted the territorial principle but Korea adopted the personal(nationality) principle. So a large number of people immigrated and settled in USA and mass(collective) immigrants is usual in USA. But temporary immigration and individual immigrants is usual in Korea. (2) to compare multicultural society of urban areas and rural areas in Korea. There is a great differences between urban areas and rural areas in multicultural society in Korea. Temporary andidence laborers and temporary andidents are main cause of multicultural society in urban areas of Korea. But id trnational marriage women immigrants are main cause of multicultural society in rural areas of Korea. (3) to compare two approaches to multicultural society. One is based on a sense of human right and public welfare and the other based on a sense of economics and policy. And the tasks of physical education in a multicultural society as follow. First, physical education in a multicultural society have to focus on integration of society. Second, the curriculum of physical education must be reorganized. Third, the effective study organization must be designed.

The purpose of this study was effects of elastic resistance exercise to improved isokinetic muscle strength, IGF-1 and CK in blood of elementary baseball players. 14 players were chosen, there were divided into exercise group(N=7) and control group(N=7). Measured before exercise, after 6 weeks and after 12 weeks. It was shown that isokinetic muscle strength, IGF-1 & CK in blood value at exercise groups increased significantly after 12weeks rather than before exercise. Especially, IGF-1 in blood showed increase in both groups. To synthesis this result, elastic resistance exercise increased considerably isokinetic muscle strength, IGF-1 & CK in blood in elementary baseball players.