Earticle

The purpose of this study was to look into a point of difference and something in common in the health education-related contents between physical education part of the 7th elementary school curriculum and the one of the 2007 revised curriculum, and then, through that process, the researcher would like to suggest a policy that health education of elementary school should aim for. The results of research showed that, health-related education in the 7th physical education curriculum has been dealt with in 'health' part, however, in the revised curriculum, it has been dealt with in 'health activity' part as an inclusive concept including not only 'health'-related contents but also 'physical fitness'-related ones for the strengthening of health education. In today's situation in which, with various problems in the juvenile period including sex problem, smoking, drinking and drugs abuse, in addition to 'wang-tta', a malicious practice alienating fellow classmates in school, school violence has been continuously increased and therefore finally come to fore as a school problem, a necessity to strengthen 'health education in elementary school has also been increased all the more.

The physical education field, having been unable to define its own viewpoint of creativity, has uncritically accepted the concept from other fields till now. Therefore, this study analysed common factors for creativity many researchers suggested, and reconstructed them in accordance with physical educational viewpoint. These are unique, cognitive and psychomotor skill worthy of physical educational problem solving, and a desire and attitude for exhibiting them. Also, factors of domain are as follows: First, the psychomotor domain includes refining, varying, improvising, and composing. Second, the cognitive domain includes designing, imagining, problem solving, and justification. Third, the affective domain includes motivation, adventure, aesthetic appreciation, and responsibility. I do not adhere to applying these concepts to the physical educational field. The concepts necessarily need to be under justified discussion. I hope there would be debate on analyzing variable factors or refining the definition of terminology.

Self-determination theory(SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000) proposed that intrinsic, relative to intrinsic, goal content is critical predictor of quality of an individual's behavior and psychological sell-being. The purpose of this study was to test the elementary school children's the goal content for exercise questionnaire. This study was to use original GCEQ which was made by Sebire et al.(2008) and it revised for Korea elementary school children. The subjects were 872(boys: 456, girls: 416) elementary school children and they have lived in Gwangju city and Chonnam province now. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a 19-item solution consisting 4 lower order factors which were 'health management and skill development(7 items)', 'social recognition(4 items)', 'social affiliation(4 items)', and 'image(4 items)'. The goal content for exercise was explained by health management and skill development about 58%, by social recognition about 15%, by social affiliation about 10%, and by image about 6%. In analysis confirmed factor analysis, this scale had a good fix index, RMR, CFI, NFI, and RMSEA.

The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of elementary students in intramural sports activity on body image and emotional intelligence. The Subjects of this investigation were 349 elementary students in intramural sports activity at B City, to collect data for body image and emotional intelligence and its analysis. And for the statistical analysis of the data, SPSS/PC+ Win 15.0 statistical programs was employed and the following conclusions were made : 1) As for the body image by intramural sports activity. (1) Participation boy and girl group is higher level of awareness than non-participation girl group in health/fitness eveluation factors of body image. But they were no statistical significance in overall apperance eveluation, fatness eveluation, investment in ideals. 2) As for the emotional intelligence by intramural sports activity. (1) Participation boy and girl group is higher level of awareness than non-participation boy and girl group in emotional perception, empathy, emotioal control factors. (2) Participation girl group is higher level of awareness than those of the other group in emotional expression factors.

This study were investigated for the characters by analysis these games that were written textbooks of physical education for the elementary school. Traditional games were classified one activity domain in physical education in the 4th curriculum revision. And through the curriculum revision was progressing, traditional games are showed tendency that were increased game numbers. Total traditional games of physical education textbooks for the elementary school are 35 games from 1st curriculum till 7th curriculum revision. Total traditional games of physical education textbooks for the elementary school are 35 events from 1st curriculum till 7th curriculum revision. Essential ones of these traditional games are 11 events Korean Circe Dance(Ganggangsulrea), Teeter-totter, A Farmer's Foke Band, Korean wrestling, Kite-flying, Korean Hockey game, Play shuttlecock with the feet, Ropeskipping, Korean masked dance, Taek̈wöndo, the whipcord of a top. Among these games are included in 15 adult games such as are Korean Circe Dance(Ganggangsulrea), Play a Swing, Teeter-totter, A Farmer's Foke Band, Paduk, Korean wrestling, Kite-flying, Korean hockey game, Play shuttlecock with the feet, Rope skipping, Tug-of-war, Chajuan-nolri, Korean masked dance, Taek̈wöndo, Tooho Game. Characters of the traditional games in physical education textbooks of the elementary school. Aim are played that are children perform to amusement and physical disciple, adult are performed in big group an aim to supplicate the richness, to expel the woe in their village. Subjects are played these games are more children's than male's, boy's than girl's, male's than female's. As one are reachered Korean traditional games contents, season are that one are performed more traditional games is all season to children and winter, and adult's games are at spring and fall. These games that one are performed with small group mostly. And Traditional games‘ apparatus are made by the grass(straw rope), wood, small stone, korean paper etc in surrounding living household easily. Traditional games of Korean are transmitted to next generation through education. and the curriculum planner must selected prudently traditional games' contents in physical education.

The purpose of this study is to provide the documents for preventing negligent accidents by analyzing the cause of accidents in elementary school physical education classes. The participants were 6 teachers from the 2 capital area schools. The data were collected through in-deth interview, various documents from December of 2008 through May of 2010. The collected data were analyzed by the Industive categorical system. The analysis of the results were as fellow. First, from studying the relationship between negligent accidents and the students, we found that being overweight, lack of stamina and the lack of concern for safety are the causes for the negligent accidents. Second, from studying the relationship between negligent accidents and the teacher, we ascertain that the causes of negligent accidents are due to the absence of teachers and the impractical request for achievement from the teacher. Third, from studying the relationship between negligent accidents and the learning environment, we confirmed that decrepit and faulted teaching equipment as well as a shortage of safety equipments can be the causes of the negligent accidents.

This study examined how feedback affected to students' class achievement, when remedial feedback was provided by peers or teachers who replayed the recorded activities of the students. A type of basketball game was selected for the fifth grade fifth period class, and climbing up the horizontal bar was selected for fourth period class. The results showed that the students' could acquire not only the better basic functions, but they could also acquire discernment for the games in a comprehension centered class, such as: game skills and strategies. It also showed that there was a positive effect on the affective aspect which was handled indifferently in the physical education class, and the students could better understand and have more concern for others by watching the video of them participating in class.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elementary students' gymnastics class state anxiety and achievement goal orientation on intrinsic motivation of Physical Education lessons for elementary school students. The subjects were selected from the G, D elementary school in Busan metropolitan city. The subjects were 5th - 6th elementary school students(Males, n=205). TEOSQ, gymnastics class state anxiety, and intrinsic motivation of physical education lessons were used as instrumental tools. The used statistical methods for the data analysis were Correlation analysis, One-way ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis. The conclusions obtained from this study: 1. The task orientation positively related to interest-effort and competence, and self-confidence. And ego orientation negatively related to competence. 2. The low cognitive anxiety group is higher than high cognitive anxiety group in competence factors. But the high cognitive anxiety group is higher than low cognitive anxiety group in nervousness factors. 3. The high self-confidence group is higher than low self-confidence group in interest-effort and competence factors. 4. The high task/ego orientation group and task orientation group are higher than ego orientation group in interest-effort and competence factors. 5. The task orientation and competence factors had a significant effect on interest-effort and competence. But the only physical anxiety had a significant effect in nervousness factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creative dance class with Hanaro Teaching Model on elementary school students' enjoyment of physical activity. The data was collected from 60 male and female 4th-graders at N Elementary School in Incheon Metropolitan City and conducted a pretest and posttest using a questionnaire. The experimental group were taught regular curriculum of creative dance with Hanaro Teaching Model, the comparative group were taught regular curriculum of creative dance from March to April, 2010, 2 sessions per week and a total of 12 sessions, and 40 minutes per session. According to the results, the experimental group showed higher average on self-confidence, fun, cooperation, and creativity. The two groups showed similar average on health maintenance and aesthetic experience. Therefore, creative dance class with Hanaro Teaching Model had been showed positive influence to improve enjoyment of physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to analyze degree of change to the effects of 15wks of health education program on health-related quality(SF-36), physical self efficacy and depression inventory scale. The subjects of this study have shown significantly progressive results from general health and mental health of test items of health-related quality through 15wks of health education. also, physical self efficacy was improved significantly, whereas depression inventory scale was decreased according to participation in health education. Therefore, when it has been seemed that university of education students participating in 15wks of health education understood various contents of health-related, changed in lifestyle for own health improvement, specially was try to work regular physical activity, their versal health state was more improved, emotional safety and self-confidence increased in comparison with beginning participating in health education.

Control of postural balance, which is the most important function in dancing, is maintained by vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs. Improvement of postural balance function by dance learning was evaluated in 15 middle school girls aged between 12-13. Experimental groups were divided into training group (n=15) and nontraining control group (n=15). Experimental group was trained by the programmed dancing for 12 weeks, 45 min/day and 5 days/week. Gain of eye movement(peak velocity of eye movement/peak velocity of rotatory stimulus) was measured in sinusoidal rotation at frequency of 0.01 - 0.64 Hz(VOR), visual vestibular stimulation (VVOR), optokinetic stimulation(OKN), and visual fixation(VFX). Capability of balance including rotation, flexibility, expressivity, rhythmicity, and rapidity was significantly improved in training group compared with control group. Comparing control group, the training group showed significant decrease at below 0.04 Hz and but no significant difference at above 0.08 Hz of stimulation frequency for gain change of VOR test. Change gain of VVOR test was the similar pattern to VOR test in 2 groups, 45 min a day and 5 days per week for 12 weeks. Gain in OKN and VFX test was not significant difference between experimental and control groups. These results suggest that the programmed training for dancing improves control of postural balance by adaptation of the vestibular function, and the training is effective on improvement of the vestibular function.

This study aims at examining what changes basic movement practice of ballet exercise caused for lower elementary male and female students. After a 60-minute ballet practice, 3 days a week for 16 weeks has been carried out for 11 lower elementary male and female students(practice group: 3, non-practice group: 8) for this purpose, as a result of an examination of the changes of their exercise abilities through their physical changes such as their height, weight, muscle mass, body fat mass and basic metabolism, etc. and variables such as burst power and balance, etc., the following conclusions were obtained. First, from the results that there was no difference in their height and weight between the groups, it is found to be an increase because of natural growth. Second, the ballet education program was helpful for the improvement of the basic metabolism among the physical composition. Third, there was not a great difference between pre- and post-ballet education program in their exercise abilities such as burst power and balance. In the future, researches need to increase the number of the subjects to maximize the effects of education programs.

The purpose of this study was investigate the effect of teacher's teaching behavior on situational motivation and lesson satisfaction of elementary physical education. The data were collected through a questionnaire written by a sample of 299 students(5th, 6th grade) in D province. The scales used in this study were Teaching Behavior Scale by Kim & Yang(2009), Situational Motivation Scale by Choi(2010), and Lesson Satisfaction Scale by Kim(2002) & Kang(2003). The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis as a statistical method. The results of this study were as follows. First, in the subscales of teaching behaviors, boys was higher autonomous teaching behavior than girls. And in the subscales of situational motivation, boy was higher intrinsic motivation and identified regulation than girls. And boys was higher lesson satisfaction than girls. Second, autonomous teaching behavior positively influenced intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. But control teaching behavior negatively influenced amotivation. Third, autonomous teaching behavior positively influenced lesson satisfaction. But control teaching behavior negatively influenced lesson satisfaction. Forth, intrinsic motivation positively influenced lesson operating, lesson environment, healthy life and lesson guidance. And amotivation negatively influenced lesson operating. And identified regulation positively influenced lesson operating and healthy life.

This study aims to provide a framework for developing education programs, and related policies, based on traditional play in Korea by analyzing its role in the current physical education curriculum of Korean elementary schools. A content analysis of the original and revised elementary school-level physical education curricula resulted in the following observations about how traditional play is taught in the health education, sports education, and recreational education of elementary school physical education. First, health education in elementary schools consists largely of gymnastic exercise and fitness training, with traditional play included in the latter category. Second, in the realm of sports education, traditional play was utilized in all of the categories, including gymnastics with apparatus, track and field, ball games, water sports, traditional sports, and dance, with the exception of winter sports. Third, in recreational education, traditional play was a part of the traditional culture category rather than the category of continuing recreational activities. Based on the above results, it is argued that systematic data collection on the utilization of traditional play in all aspects of the elementary school-level physical education curriculum, including health education, sports education, and recreational education, is a necessary step for the further development and application of traditional play-based education programs.

The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the bodily kinesthetic intelligence and self-fulfillment according to the physical activity of Speciality Aptitude Education of elementary school students. For this, this study was performed with total valid samples, 385 people, being collected through the stratified cluster random sampling and the survey from the subjects of 4th, 5th and 6th grade in elementary school located in Gyeonggi Province and Incheon city. Also, the SPSS Win Ver 14.0 is used for the data processing, and frequency analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, t-test), one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were carried out. The results through the above the method and process of study were as follows. Fisrt, the bodily kinesthetic intelligence and self-fulfillment according to the gender distinction of elementary student were showed that the male student was higher than the female student. Second, the bodily kinesthetic intelligence and self-fulfillment according to the grade of elementary student were showed that the 5th and 6th grade were higher than the 4th grade. Third, the bodily kinesthetic intelligence and self-fulfillment according to the physical activity of speciality aptitude education of elementary student were showed that the students who participated were higher than the students who did not participate. Fourth, the bodily kinesthetic intelligence of elementary student was showed it had plus influence on the self-fulfillment.

The purpose of this study was to understand the difficulties experienced by two elementary school sport instructors in the process of school adaptation. One female instructor and one male instructor who had passionately taught in 'I' metropolitan city public school were selected as research participants. Participant observation, in-depth interview, research diary, E-mail, and other related data were collected from May 2009 through November 2009. Spradly's domain analysis and taxonomic analysis(1979) were used to analyze collected data. As a result of analyzing the collected data, research participants had difficulties in assistance of physical education class as a regular curriculum, extracurricular physical education activity instruction, physical education event backups of inside and outside of school, and other school life adaptation problems. Difficulties in assistance of physical education class as a regular curriculum were homeroom teacher's dogmatic physical education class, physical education class for whom, and where are physical education tools. Difficulties in extracurricular physical education activity instruction were representation of teaching and high expectation for result, responsibility and anxiety for negligent accident. Difficulties in other school life adaptation was for their uncertainty, such as unclear belonging and uncertain future. These mean participants had difficulties to establish their role and identity as a sports instructor in school adaption process.

The purpose of this study was to present the meaning of my experience on the process of integration of TPSR and Sport Education Model, to investigate how teachers prepare and apply two Models in their class effectively and to figure out better way to integrate two models. And the story was described from the first-person perspective of "I". The integrated model was applied to 6 classes of 6th graders in E elementary school in D metropolitan city from May 2007 to December 2007. The data were collected from the interviews, observations, and other related resources. The narrative inquiry analysis process and method of Clandinin & Connelly(2000) was used to analyze the data. The conclusions based on the major findings are as follows: First, I had difficulties on preparing this study because I didn't have enough experience for integration of the Models; however, my intention was to manage my P.E. class with more than 6 classes of 6th graders properly. And I started to study on the integration of TPSR and Sport Education Model. Second, on the application of the integrated model I empowered students to manage their work by themselves. The class became sports festival and there was no left behind students. I could finish the TPSR class well within the limited time even though we had several problems such as teacher's intervention, role assignment of referee, overheated competition of the students. Third, there were several positive results applying the integrated model; students tried to understand each other, girls and unskilled students had positive attitude to P.E. class by making the results of activities into sports festival. Of course I realized several difficulties such as pretty much assessment, lack of time, the reduction of responsibility of students at a final season. And I applied my own idea and developed practical skills for this study. Now I have one more repertoire for my P.E. class and it makes me feel rewarding.

The purpose of this study was conducted to identify the difference that formation of exercise intensity and metabolic fatigue level which of conventional stationary cycle exercise and cycle game exercise in children. Twenty participants(ten males and ten females) were examined during two separated sessions: 1) incremental cycle ergometer exercise for the assessment of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and post exercise blood lactate level on two posture that standing position cycling and sitting position cycling. 2) conventional stationary cycle and cycle for game exercise(traffic light game and touch pannel game) using 6-min constant exercise through self-selected exercise intensity. Heart rate and post-exercise blood lactate level were measured. During cycle game exercise, heart rate were significantly higher than conventional stationary cycle exercise. Especially, traffic light game exercise was higher than the other. Blood lactate level appear different significantly according to game type and exercise type. In male children, blood lactate level of traffic light cycle game exercise(3.65±0.96) were higher than that of conventional stationary cycle exercise(2.40±0.60) and touch pannel cycle game exercise(2.34±0.56). In female children blood lactate level of traffic light cycle game exercise(3.47±0.69) and standing position maximal cycle exercise(3.31±0.88) were higher than that of touch pannel cycle game exercise(2.26±0.66). During cycle game exercise heart rate results in greater than conventional cycling. But, metabolic fatigue level and exercise intensity was different according to game type and recruitment exercise type.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of PAPS(Physical Activity Promotion System) on sport involvement, attitude, participant intention. The participants of this study are the students of elementary schools in Seoul. They are selected by convenience sampling method. 600 cases are collected and 481 cases are analyzed except inappropriate responses such as double answers and missing questions. We used descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis with SPSS WIN 17.0 and AMOS 18 program. The results are as follow; First, the effects of PAPS involvement, attitude on sport involvement are significant Second, the effects of PAPS involvement, attitude on sport attitude are significant. Third, the effects of PAPS involvement, attitude, and satisfaction on participant intention to sport activities are significant.

The purpose of the study was to examine changes of immune function and a form of exercise methods to induce upright growth and to change body fat effectively by carrying out walking, yoga and weight training with differentiation according to each form of exercises. The study classified 24 boy students in the 5th ~6th grade with body fat ratio of more than 25% and without physical defect with simple random sampling into walking group, yoga group and weight training group by each 8 students. The study carried out the exercises for 12 weeks. The study analyzed Immunoglobulin, Growth hormone and Adiponetin by carrying out blood analysis. The results of the study were as follows. Immunoglobulin had a significant increase after exercises at the walking group and the yoga group in the part of IgA, IgG and IgM. However, the weight training group didn’t have a significant difference. And there were no differences among each group after exercises for 12 weeks. In growth hormone and Adiponetin, the yoga group didn’t have a significant difference, but the weight training group had a significant difference. In differences among each group, the weight training group after exercises was significantly higher than the walking group and the yoga group.