Earticle

The objectives of this study were to propose integrated teaching by applying the 'Hanaro Teaching Model' to the expression activity class in elementary school and to observe and analyze how teachers’ perception of teaching contents and methods are changed in the teaching process. Results derived from this study are as follows. First, the participants planned the contents of expression activity class that can develop both skills and insight as a composite art comprehending body cultural heritages. In the process, they aimed at dancing diverse dances through various indirect experiential activities as the objective and, at the same time, the contents of their teaching plan, and intended to help students internalize the value of expression and pursue it in their life. At the same time, this can be understood as a possibility of reflecting various needs and interests of both teachers and students. Next, for the methods of expression activity class, first, the participants perceived that, for students’ meaningful education activities, it is more effective to integrate methods and curriculums in operation rather than to approach individual skills. Second, by practicing compassion, justice, propriety and wisdom and tidying up the body and the mind, teachers created cordial class atmosphere that the teacher and students respect each other. This had a positive effect on teachers' satisfaction with their teaching and vocational achievements. Third, as they designed various indirect experiential activities as much as their abilities allowed, the research participants overcame the burden and fear out of their lack of abilities in practical teaching and restored their confidence. What is more, they developed abilities to operate their class efficiently together with students and to utilize given school conditions and environment to the full. Fourth, as the teachers perceived the expression activity class as a learner-oriented class that the teacher and students cultivate together as a learning community, the teachers experienced successful teaching as education experts through reflection on their class and, as a result, they became able to give more meaning expression activity classes.

The purpose of this study was to review the reality of silence in the elementary school in the morning. To achieve the purpose of this study, observation, interview and collection of related documents executed on 2 physical education teachers and 3 homeroom teachers of 5 elementary schools in Daegu. The core contents of the results are as follows. First, teachers were trying to evaluate their students by performance-centered assessments out of skill-centered ones. this means that they teach students P․E by reorganizing the curriculum and meet the conditions of the curriculum; connectivity and balance. Second, they were evaluating students' performances consistently. and to do these, they used checklists, daily records and so on. Third, they were developing and using various assessment techniques from their personal experiences. and they not only let students participate in assessment process but provide them with specific evaluation-related contents. Last, they argued that it needs much time and effort to evaluate students' performance well and leads to reduce ALT-PE. and they also asserted that the leisure activity part is far away from educational reality and make them have difficulties in the evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the discourse on physical education classes which are faked/made in the field of practicum and which are seen/hidden from the eyes of elementary student teachers around demonstration classes and actual classes using a Foucauldian Analysis. In order to achieve this purpose of the study, data was collected through practicum diaries and in-depth interviews in terms of what was seen, heard, and spoken. In relation to the data analysis and interpretation, the Foucauldian Analysis method was used to analyze collected data based on the Foucault's genealogical discuss and archaeological discuss; and then Foucault’s discourse theory was applied to interpret and reinterpret the results of analyses. The main results of this study are suggested by two specific research questions as follows:- First, what is the discourse on physical education classes which are faked in the field of practicum and which are seen from the eyes of elementary student teachers? The discourse on physical education classes faked in the field of practicum and seen from the eyes of elementary student teachers were largely for-show-classes, curriculum-abiding classes, difficult-to-watch or observe classes, and controlled classes. Second, what is the discourse on physical education classes which are made in the field of practicum and which are hidden from the eyes of elementary student teachers? The discourse on physical education classes made in the field of practicum and hidden from the eyes of elementary student teachers were largely free-ride classes, abnormal operation of curriculum, classes replaced by major subjects, negotiated classes.

The purpose was to investigate the effects of portfolio physical education instruction on inquiry of elementary students. The participants consisted of portfolio group(5th grade 2 classes and 6th grade 2 classes) and control group(5th grade 2 classes and 6th grade 2 classes) from P elementary school, Y city. During 8 weeks, gymnastics is educated through 14 classes and detail subjects is presented to students. Data is collected through inquiry inspection before and after the experiments. Also recognition about portfolio class of portfolio group is investigated. Collected quantitative data is analyzed by ANCOVA(analysis of covariance) and qualitative data is analyzed inductively to supply the relation of cause and effect of quantitative result. Results indicated that there was statistically positive effect on the inquiry including problem recognition, problem presentation, problem analysis, solving strategy, discussion assessment in portfolio group. Portfolio physical education instruction had positively effect on elementary students' recognition about portfolio and the way of portfolio class.

This study aims at offering some basic data on the relationship between e -Sports Participation Types and Obstacle Factor and Environmental Factor of Elementary School. For this sake, Stratified Cluster Random Sampling was done for sampling. After inputting encoded data individually into computer, standard multiple regression analysis was carried out through the statistics program SPSS 17.0 version for Windows in order to relationship between e-Sports Participation Types and Obstacle Factor and Environmental Factor of Elementary School. Based on the above research method and findings, the conclusion was drawn as follows: First, there was some relationship between Children's e-Sports Participation Types and Obstacle Factor Second, there was some relationship between Children's e-Sports Participation Types and Environmental Factor.

The purpose of this study was to examine a causal relationship between perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and satisfaction of physical education in elementary school. The number of the research subjects was 886, 460 boys and 426 girls in elementary school. The scales, Cox & Williams(2008) motivational climate scale, 2x2 achievement goals scale made by Park and Kim(2010), and McAulley, Duncan & Tammen(1989)' intrinsic motivation inventory were used for the study. Boys showed higher mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-avoidance and satisfaction of physical education than those of girls. In analysis correlation, there were some significant correlations between motivational climate and achievement goals, and between achievement goals and satisfaction of physical education. But there was no correlation between mastery-climate and performance-avoidance. In analysis constructure equation, index of χ2/df, GFI, AGFI, RMSEA, NFI, and CFI were proved therefore the theoretical model in this study was can used theoretical model. The path of mastery climate goes on as following, firstly, mastery-approach achievement goal, performance climate, secondly, performance-approach achievement goal, mastery-approach, thirdly, satisfaction of physical education, mastery-avoidance, fourthly, satisfaction of physical education, and performance-approach, lastly, satisfaction of physical education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects basic ballet movement practice on the gaits of children with cerebral palsy. A 10 year old subject participated in a 16 week program of 60-minute basic ballet movement practice sessions 3 times per week. Post program analysis demonstrated the subject's gait improved in the following ways. The subject demonstrated increased step and stride length, while being able to walk for longer periods of time. The subject also demonstrated reduced upper body movement, and improved upper body orientation and stability. Further, via increased muscle activity, decreased peak impact force was observed. Overall, practicing basic ballet movements had a positive impact the gait of a child with cerebral palsy.

This research has purpose on searching relationships between sport participation and communication competence of children. To do this, 325 questionnaires of three elementary school grades 5-6 by convenience sampling method are used as final research date. The results by using frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, regression analysis with SPSS 18.0 are as follow. First, depending on whether the children participate in sports or not, communication competence can make a difference. Second, sport participation degree of the children has partially influence on communication competence. Third, exercise capacity of the children has influence on communication competence.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of children's ego-resilience on stress and school adjustment. The subjects were 323, 5th and 6th grade students (161 girls and 162 boys) from Gyeonggi area. The results of this study revealed that the levels of ego-resilience correlated positively and those of stress correlated negatively with school adjustment. Therefore, the more resilience and the less stress children felt that they had, the higher the levels of school adjustment. There were no gender differences among the factors except for one factor, classmate relationship. Girls had higher level of stress in classmate relationship than boys. Exercise group had higher levels of ego-resilience and school adjustment and lower levels of stress than non or a little exercise group.

The objectives of this study are to have a more clear understanding of the traditional sports teaching method through each humanities data that appear in the sports teaching-learning activities and to find the implications of the modern sports teaching method that come up with the characteristics of the traditional sports teaching method. In order to achieve this objectives, we carried out the documentary research on the basis of each humanities data and could find the variety of implications applicable in the modern sports teaching method. In a past age, It was practiced through the humanities data such as kim hong-do's ssireum, but could find the sports teaching method of east and west that unknown to the modern sports teaching. And Korean traditional sports teaching method was able to realize a very high level as much as the modern sports teaching method. An ancient sports performed on the moving bull, or shot an arrow at live animals. Therefore an ancient sports teaching method was under intensive training in ways and made a detailed plan in teaching method, because of dangerous conditions cannot be compared the modern vaulting and archery.

Vygotsky, one of the social constructivists, conducted innovative research in the areas of education and psychology from the 1920’s till early 1930’s. His theory has affected education as well as psychology, sociology, linguistics, and philosophy considerably. However, Vygotsky’s theory has hardly been applied to the research on elementary physical education. Therefore, this study examines its relevance to elementary physical education centering around Vygotsky’s core theory, ‘Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)’ and ‘internalization’ and also the implications of Vygotsky’s theory on elementary physical education. The concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) devised by Vygotsky has great implications on teaching-learning activities. Especially, both Zone of Proximal Development and internalization provide significant meaning for elementary school students’ kinetic development. Therefore, regarding Vygotsky’s theory, in elementary physical education, it is needed to develop various teaching-learning methods and teaching models that emphasize students’ activeness and dynamicity and allow them to internalize physical activities. Moreover, because his theory values teacher’s roles highly, it is also necessary to make efforts to enhance their capacity of performing elementary physical education. Furthermore, it is also needed to conduct constant researches on the relations between Vygotsky and elementary physical education systematically.

Enhancing the level of health and fitness become one of the significant aims of physical education. Children's fitness level, however, has been decreased while the rate of obese children has been increased. Girls are special target population to promote physical activity because of their low level of physical activity in daily lives and relatively a high level of disengagement in physical education classes. The purpose of this study was to provide directions for developing in-school PE programs to enhance health and fitness of elementary school girls. We suggest four principles for developing in-school PE programs: (a) process-based program for an active life style, (b) promoting female students’ cognition of healthy living and healthy body, (c) tailoring student participation styles to the organization of activities, and (d) supporting the health management scheme for lifelong participation.

This study was to provide the way of improvement based on the present state and problems of placement project on elementary school sport instructor. "The placement project of sport instructor" was started as the name of "Physical education assistant instructor" in 2008 and it assigned 1,500 sport instructors to 5,800 elementary schools and planned to assign 25,000 sport instructors by 2015. Even though it was developed quantitatively, there have been various problems such as part-time(10 months) contract, payment freeze, heavy workload, inadequate treatment, limited placement, lack of communication system, and so forth in this project. Therefore, in order to maintain health of elementary students, there is the need of specific ways to improve placement project on elementary school sport instructor. The ways to improve the project were as follows: Firstly, extension of government budget on this project and balanced budget should be decided as the policy. Secondly, contract period needs to be extended from 10 months to 12 months. Thirdly, specific wage system and improvement of working condition are needed for sport instructors. Finally, cognition of sport needs to be extended to students and parents as well as physical education. 5 work days as week, increase of working parents, decrease of overweight children are the reasons for maintaining and extending the placement project of sport instructor. Developed infrastructure construction in physical education of school through the placement project of sport instructor will make elementary students healthier mentally and physically.