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This study aims to research for a meaningful source of modern design which is regarded ‘Purity’ or ‘Abstraction’ that is revealed as a common characteristics through works by artists in the ‘Avant-garde’ groups such as, Bauhaus, De Stijl(or Neoplasticism), and Constructivism(or Suprematism). It might be questioned why such characteristics among a lot of those contemporary artists happened simultaneously in accident even though their common propaganda are perceived as so-called ‘Zeitgeist.’ Therefore it might be quested that their works could be made not only by their inherited innate talents, but also more basically by influence of common educational background. As a result, the artists including architects in early twentieth ‘Avant-garde’ groups who created the ‘pure’ shapes toward modern, had been greatly influenced by the late nineteenth Froebel Education which had basically changed the recognition in West. And a further study to reveal another factors which helped the western phenomena is ultimately needed.

H. Hertzberger proposed that the form and space should have a potential capability of generating the multi-meaning and multi-use according to the value and purpose of the users, and it should be mediator of realizing multi-purpose with subjective interpretation of the user. He developed this idea into the concept of 'polyvalence' and extended it into the concept of achetypal form, in-between, and incompletion. This paper analyzes the Apollo school in Amsterdam. Through the analysis, it is revealed that the building presents the possiblities such as : a choice and adjustment between identity and openess in spatial relations and 'in-between realms' realms, the modification of spatial characters in both a center-hall and its peripheral spaces by the interpretation of users, and induction of form to the addition and diversity of actions by presenting the relation between an object and people and so on. In conclusion, it is possible to recognize that the concept of polyvalence leads to diverse actions and uses as well as user's psychology and recognition by the value, interpretation, and purpose of them. Creative user either creates a new space or gives new meanings to an existing one and uses. Creative user also makes it a place through the polyvalent space and form.

The ideal of architectural expression is to realize an immaterial entity over the material and/or physical world. The entity is spiritual one rather than physical. The trend of architectural thoughts that have expressed immaterial entity shows hunger for acquiring diverse reflection (or phenomena) of an spiritual entity by the liberal way of thinking. For sure, the desire become the driving force to pursue vigorous and flexible space as well as to secure the connectivity to other spaces all the more. After passing through this process, a space will become to have an space scalability. As time goes, the boundaries of spaces gradually extend and acquire simultaneity. Finally, the different spaces communicate each other spatially. As the social background of the architectural ideal that put great emphasis on the immaterial expression, there had been the wide spectrum of radical social changes attributed by rapid industrialization, urbanization, modernization, revolutionary movement, alleviation of cold war tensions, radical development of science and technology. These changes reformat, diversify and complex the existing social stratum resulting in quite different shape of social settings. In this limited and challenging context, mankind put in a position in which it should communicate and collaborate with more diversified surroundings to support life. Mankind puts in a setting in which it pursues coexistence by achieving harmonization of diverse and extended spaces with more off-beat and /or open minds rather than manneristic or monolithic thoughts. The immaterial expression of architecture contributes to make humane to accept the disparity of them and encourage to coexist. In addition, it allows to change the direction of mankind's spiritual orientation as well as to realize the diversity of world by achieving dynamic communication among spaces. This phenomena would be presented in the coming world where digital revolution would be overwhelming..

The exteriors of 10 To (a province like an administrative district in Korean under the rule of Japanese Imperialism) government office buildings were classified as simplified classical ones in 1920's and modern-like ones in 1930's. Each of 3 Pu (a city like an administrative district in the Korean under the rule of Japanese Imperialism) government office buildings in the latter half of 1920s had different exteriors while 9 Pu buildings in 1930's had similar exteriors with To buildings in 1930's. The planning and structure in 1930's were not quite different from those in 1920's. The buildings in 1920's had some appearance elements of classical architecture and slope roof tops while those in 1930's had not those elements but had flat slabs. But there were several common characters like posing entrances in the middle of the facades, imposing horizontal symmetry in the facades, and placing heavier materials on the lower part and lighter ones on the higher part. They were shown through the To and Pu 's buildings in 1920‘s and 1930’s, whose reason was that the buildings were not only followed the architectural fashion of that period but also represented the colonial power's ruling in the main cities in the Korean colonial period.

This study is about the influences of Medieval Gothic Architecture expressed in ornamental expression of Modern Architecture. Ornamental expression of Gothic Architecture can be divided into structural ornament and surface ornament. Structural ornament means that some of structural materials such as Rib Vault, Pointed Arch, and Flying buttress are expressed in ornamental aesthetic and as the results, they had developed as an ornament of vertical volume. Surface ornament can be found in aesthetic expression to be separated from structural objects such as numerous numbers of paintings, sculptures, relief, and patterns of stained glasses and structures of lights reflected through the stained glasses. All these affect on many parts of Modern Architecture. In the structural ornament of Art Nouveau, in the expression of indigenous tradition and structure of Catalonia, in engineering approach of Fuller, Nervi, and Peressutti, and also in many High-Tech Designs of Rogers, Piano, Foster, and Grimshow, structural aesthetic of Gothic Architecture is being inherited. in addition, in natural ornament of surface to separated rom the structure at Glasgow's Modern Design and Austrian Secession, in the method of cenography by Venturi in late 20th century, and in Post-Modern Designs, the Medieval aesthetic of surface ornament is successfully being inherited.

The purposes of this study are to (1) find spatial cognition problems from the perspective of school violence through analyzing space composition, user circularity and visibility characteristics appeared on elementary school cases in Daegu City and (2) suggest architectural planning directions for violence prevention of school with responding the found problems. The suggested planning directions responding the findings of the analyses follow: Firstly, reinforce visual contact between students and teachers by planing teachers' spaces on classroom floors. Secondly, consider design approaches such as finish works to reinforce natural territorial characteristics and user group's identity. Thirdly, allocate school staffs' welfare facilities and extracurricular activity spaces where users can have enough visibility toward the adjacent spaces. Fourthly, plan segregated spaces such as restrooms and staircases near corridor intersections or staffs' rooms to ensure natural surveillance. Fifthly, consider integrally the location, floor plan and opening plan of teacher's space to ensure its circularity and visibility. Sixthly, plan corridor intersections, multi-purpose halls, resting areas and stair halls as open spaces accommodating user's visual contact, rest and events.

The purpose of this study is to analyze design concepts applied in medical & welfare facilities. In doing so, this study conducted a literature review of the research published in two domestic journals, A&Cs and Architecture Competition Annuals. In particular, this study reviewed research on 134 buildings which were submitted for domestic competition from 1996 to 2000. The literature review investigated the frequency of design concepts applied to these buildings. Based on the results of this literature review, the design concepts are classified into two categories, five dimensions, and eighteen elements. It was also found that preference for design concepts is different according to the use of buildings and the time that they were built. These results can be used for building estimation and guidance for architects in establishing concepts for design of buildings in design field.

The purpose of this study is to prove that the cognition tendencies of users on symbolism in church architecture, by using not the analysing user group's response-language vocabulary based on tests-methods to show about user preference, but by the analyzing user group's natural-language vocabulary on the basis of corpus linguistics. The result of study, user's natural-language vocabulary can categorized to 12-classes(architectural symbol element, furniture symbol element, architectural element, pattern, painting & sculpture, material, letters, colors, lighting, sense, synthetic image, vestries) and be analysed to prove the cognition tendencies of church users. This study is also aim to help architect to give understanding about user's cognition tendencies of symbolism on the design process of church architecture.

Urban typed alternative schools operating with the educational mission ‘to expand knowledge through various local resources’, are small schools with custom educational programs. Analysis on 9 different places in Seoul has been made and was found that most urban typed alternative schools are being operated through either personal or NGO support. Thus their facilities and organizations are in poor status. With such background, most urban typed alternative schools were either on a leaser or using youth-support facilities and had small, multi-purpose, specialized rooms. In addition, public places were used do develop personal characteristics and sociality. These schools aren’t restricted to a specific semester layout, and hence, are linked to various local facilities to develop the students’ self-consciousness and sociality. In regards to the above mentioned details, discussions on how the public offices will be used, after the merge and abolition of the village offices, to support the alternative schools in financial difficulty, must be made. Furthermore, as well as considerations of idle school space and multiplexing local facilities, various educational programs must be developed along with how to link the alternative schools with local facilities.

Recently, for the first time in Korea, BIM based architectural design has been required on public buildings, and is expected to be applied on more public architectures, the interest on BIM has risen. Also, due to frequent fire break outs, the need of system in order to properly preserve and restore historical architectures in a timely manner has brought to the surface. In this circumstance, potential aspects and the issues of using BIM to preserve and record Korean historical architectures have been thoroughly studied. To implement BIM properly on historical properties, developing more functions, such as preserving, recording, and maintaining, are needed on BIM tools in addition to building databases of all the materials used in each architectures along with the use of high-tech equipments such as 3-D laser scanners. If historical architectures in Korea being archived by implementation of BIM, with its parametric modelling system, it would be possible not only to receive up-to-date quality information, but also estimate required quantities of materials and analyse the structural stability in case of repair demand. Lastly, thanks to the addition of 4d and 5d, estimation of repairing time and budget will be more practical and effective.

The Pusan Architectural Exhibition is the first local architectural exhibition taken place in Korea. From 1985 to 2005, it has been open to the public 23 times and the number of competitors has been increased from about 100 to 500 during that period. This is due mainly to increasing numbers of university in Pusan as well as to the remarkable changes in the management system. The purpose of this study is to review the management process conducted in Pusan Architectural Exhibition and to analyze the various aspects of its results. The study shows that the number of the competitors in consecutive years of 2006 and 2007 is decreased dramatically and the urban theme of the exhibition like ‘... Urban’, ‘... City’ is the reason and the due day of July or July or September earlier than the other years keeps students from preparing their works sufficiently enough within the time bound, taking the college courses and finalizing the drawings. It is also found that the frequently used words in the titles of their works of the latter term of the years are ‘Urban’, ‘City’, ‘Space’, ‘Connect’ and pertaining to urban.

Underground public pedestrian facility(UPPF) can be treated their vitalization in various dimensions, but the fundamental research to investigate first is understanding users' consciousness responses of a facility. The aim of the study is extracting the applicable planning considerations to build and remodel UPPF from the viewpoint of users who are the main body of putting use of the facilities. There are 3 UPPFs in Gyeongnam province(2 of Masan, 1 of Jinju), one of them which does not operate normally due to striking market weakness is excluded from the research. The use subjects of UPPF can classify into pedestrians(shoppers) and workers. Thus the research make up questionnaires both two subjects(pedestrians:82, workers:79) to get the responses of users' consciousness. As a result, some significant findings are below. ①The terrible problems of UPPF are poor IEQ(Indoor Environment Quality) and design. ②The elements of users request about a interior design are characteristic, brightness, lightness. ③There are needed to plan some references to get orientation in UPPF.

A lot of airport specialists predict that more convenient and better air service will be offered in the 21st century. It implies that an airport can hold a dominant position in competition with other airports around when its terminal can give passengers comfort and pleasure as well as playing a functional role to get in/off an airport. Satisfaction level which passengers feel for terminal facilities at the time of departing, arriving and transferring has a lot of effects on making them use the country and the country's airport again at the time of another traveling. Also, the above passengers' satisfaction will give a lot of helps in strengthening an airport's hub function in the long term. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to be utilized as basic data at the time of establishing a plane plan of passenger terminal suitable to characteristics of the airline industry and airport conditions in the 21st century through analysis of terminal operating way, CIQ system and security check system which are influence elements of airport passenger terminal's plan composition having an effect on passengers' convenience.

The objective of this study is to interpret a typical Korean traditional settlement for searching for planning criteria of ecological friendly housing estates. The interpreting framework is three environmental ecological ideas as the adaptation to the eco-space in house, to the cycling of material and the reasonable energy system, prevention of environment pollution and reduction of wastes. Through the interpretation, it has been found out that Yangdong and Oeamri villages have been developed to an environmental ecological rational setting and has the meaningful elements for environmental friendly housing estates. Particularly, the spatial components of Yangdong and Oeamri are characterized by the concept of multi-function, and diversity, which are worth of being considered as important planning of ecological friendly housing estates.

This study analyzes the spatial sequence of the roads and folk houses of vernacular agricultural village which to be called Wanggok-Maul. The results of this study are as follows. 1) This village has two village roads which called Angil to compose center axis of village. One is to connect the neighboring village, the other is to connect the upper village and the lower village. The Angil which developed following to streamlet and the Angil which connected the neighboring village are composed with ＋ type to cross each other. And each folk house is located at following to paths which called at Saitgil developed with Angil as central figure. 2) This village is apparently one, but it is divided into the upper and lower villages by two family name groups centering around village road to connect neighboring villages. The sequent order of coming into village existence was formed firstly the upper village of Yanggun Ham family and then the lower village of Gangneung Choi family. 3) In mostly folk houses, the backyard of farmhouses is surrounded by the fence and the frontyard is open to the road, so that the spatial realm system from the road to the backyard is classified as public space-semi public space-private space in sequence.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the recent color of Mil-yang, and then to suggest the harmony color combination for making city image. For creating the city’s charming image, investigate the characteristics of Mil-yang city. To investigate city’s color, the process of this study is illustrated as follows: 1) It is investigated city’s socio․liberal history. 2) It is collected and classified the natural color constructing city. 3) It is analyzed that city image's characteristics by citizen's awareness survey and regional resources. Mil-yang city has rich natural scenes and cultural․historical resources. City scenery color was planed and characterized using by these natural scenes, resources and city develop plan. The result indicated that there are three sections which showed natural, clear, classic color. As a base color natural tone is planed, clear color is planed as a sub base color, and classic color is planed as an accent color. By usages and zones of building it is located color scheme was harmoniously planed based on natural basic color. With this study, the artificial color scheme based on the natural scenery, regional resources and citizen's awareness can be an important method to reflect the local image of city. This study was done with a goal to increase resident’s satisfaction and improve development of the city by creating a unique city view and by enabling the city’s identity and competitiveness. Color application as a solution to specialize an area and give a identity to it will find more applicable area in the future.

The paper renews the value of atypical lots and streets, presenting a new vision to the local placeness which is disappeared by the Modernist urban development. It finds out traces of the past flow which remain in the present urban plan of Busan. It investigates how the lots and the street system are affected by the causes and remains of the flow. In addition it tries to find the way how we can utilize the traces of the flow in the architectural planning. Above all looking for the atypical aspects and the meaning of the past flow, it focuses on the importance of the lots and streets in the urban structure. It classifies the atypical lots and streets into five types to find the characteristics and causes of theirs and examines them by means of examples. The types are ‘atypical lot in the grid’, ‘topographical collision’, ‘passage for movement’, ‘traces of facility’, and ‘the dissimilarity of dimensions and shapes'. According to these types we can understand the actual state of the traces. In view of the results so far achieved, the paper presents the necessity of the appreciation of the city which is means to restore the trace and memory of lives in each place, the conversion of recognition to the development method and the research of architectural planning process.

This study aims to compare the formative process of old downtown area, in Mokpo and Gunsan, during the modern period. Mokpo and Gunsan were became modern city after the open port at late 19th century. And then, 2 cities were developed and expanded rapidly, during Japanese Imperialism. Some differences and similarities are found in the modernization process, between 2 cities. Because of the geographical difference, the procedure of expansion is different in 2 cities, also the size and the orientation of blocks and lots are different. The functional organization of downtown area was maintained in Mokpo, during modern period, but that of Gunsan was not. After the late 20's, the functional organization of downtown area was became similar in 2 cities. The relative location of various functions, such as ports, railway station, administration buildings and the residential, commercial, official and industrial areas, are similar in 2 cities. And the colonial discrimination of the spatial environment, which was found in the Korean residential area, was same in 2 cities.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems of public open spaces and improve the incentive system for making it, especially located in mixed-use housing, more vital in Busan. From now on, endowed incentives can't ensure enriching the quality of urban surroundings. Futhermore, it has been down on owing to their equity when they applied in actual field, as the provisions that is applied to mixed-use housing over 300 units are not strong compared to other type of buildings having similar volume. The rationale behind this is that, firstly, I will research the actual conditions of public open space in Busan and then survey the views of related experts. With these basic data, I will search the way to improve incentive system for activating public open space in mixes-use complexes. All in all, to enhance the quality and efficiency of public open space, the incentive system must be adjusted both contents and current regulation.

This study examines the current status and problems of apartment house which has been large-scaled and clustered on urban space structure for the purpose of improving urban image and achieving qualitative enhancement of view, compares and analyzes the current status of external color of apartment houses located at the roadside and color features by their properties and further suggests basic materials for planning external colors of apartment house according to characteristics of waterside space. It surveys external colors of apartment houses within the seaside space in Mokpo city and obtains the following results of analyzing characteristics and problems by regions First, external colors of apartment houses within the waterside space of Hadang region were mainly Y, YR series and showed bright atmosphere, but they had lower association with its surrounding sea (BG series) and natural colors. External colors of apartment houses within the seaside space of Bukhang (North Port) region showed a variety of Y, YR and GY color series and these produced disharmony with surrounding view. Second, in the harmony of coloring at Hadang region, main and secondary colors showed harmony by same coloring at most apartment houses and those of Bukhang region showed harmony by color contrast. Third, Third, through investigation of singularity and result of analysis, presented color design guideline of seaside apartment

The purpose of this study was to present the pedestrian network for experiencing the historic environment, so that the historic resources composed of the point elements can ensure the continuity on the urban space and develop into the concept of line or area. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, in order to preserve efficiently the historic environment and strengthen the regional identity, we can prepare the overall development plan about the backward object place, and activate the stagnant regional culture through forming the network among the points of historic resources. Second, by enlarging the points of historic resources into the areas and at the same time linking the points of historic resources with other elements through the lines, the object place can be integrated into a part of the downtown activation strategy being promoted by Gwang-ju city. Third, in order to strengthen its features, each domain classified through the analysis on the object place can maintain the pedestrian space and form the open space to play the central role of each domain. Fourth, around the folklore roads which do not have the value of cultural properties but have the value of preservation as the daily living environment, the traditional landscape can be formed through the maintenance and utilization of the ground and the wall.

This survey was purposed to be clear the consciousness of the middle-aged about the cological elderly housing complex. The middle-aged 572 were collected for this survey. 70% of them were going to do the economic stocks for later life more than two types. The corelation coefficient between the degrees of interest and accommodation of the ecological elderly housing complex was positive, especially 4 interest factors and co-housing living of accommodation factors highly. 35.9% of them agreed to reside in the ecological elderly housing complex. The preference conditions were about 1 driving hour areas within the same province and ownership. The most reasonable time to enter in the ecological elderly housing complex was 'after their children's marriage'.

The purpose of this research is to search for the new access way through the present status on use of the children's playground according to the arrangement type of the residential area in an apartment complex. Recently there are many scientific studies about the actual status on use of the children's playground and space in the complex, but in this concern, there are no efforts to build a new complex when planning to build an apartment complex. On this thesis, Therefore, the purpose is to study the system of the children's playground in the complex by investigating the previous case study and to search for the reform measure after understanding an overall situation and problem of playground system.

The purpose of this study is to develope evaluation indicators for housing plan on sloped site. First, housing plan elements were derived from the previous studies, and then, the importance of elements were evaluated by expert group. AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) was used to calculate the weight of housing plan elements on sloped site. Housing plan elements were derived as follow; it is composed by 6 categories and 25 detail elements. Those 6 categories are composed of 'development density', 'environmental-friendliness', 'landscape characteristic', 'building layout', 'pedestrian circulation', and 'parking plan'. The results of AHP analysis are as follows: 'building layout' is relatively important, and followed important elements are selected as 'pedestrian circulation' and 'parking plan', and then, detail elements for building layout, 'daylight', 'view', 'privacy' and 'using level' are all relatively important. Based on the degree of importance, the design and development of housing plan elements on slopes site contribute to comfortable residential-environment.

Life Cycle Cost(LCC) is the process of making an economic assessment of an item, area, system, or facility by considering all significant costs of ownership over an economic life, expressed in terms of equivalent costs. The essence of life cycle costing is the analysis of equivalent costs of various alternative proposals. During the Life Cycle Cost analysis of heating system, the project phases divided into planning/design, heating system construction, maintenance/management and demolition/sell phases and established cost items of each phases. Cost Breakdown Structure(CBS) is one of the most important procedures in life cycle cost analysis. Cost Breakdown Structure in individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system, which have consideration for both characteristics of architectural equipment and domestic situations. The results of this study are as follows; (1) This study propose the cost breakdown structure of present worth method and annual worth method by individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system in Apartment Housing. (2) To develop the Cost Breakdown Structure of individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system for Life Cycle Cost analysis in present worth method and annual worth method, this study apply the method of additional pertinent level, title, Cost Breakdown Structure number, block number and variable index.

As most interior finishing materials contain a great quantity of pollutants, they make worse the indoor air quality and have a bad influence on occupant’s health. Accordingly, regulations on indoor air quality was enforced broadly and environment-friendly certification criteria on building materials was established. Also, Environment-Friendly Building Materials have been developed actively by building material companies. This research aims to present the basic data to develop Environment-Friendly Building Materials through the investigation and analysis on the emitted pollutants from Building Finishing Materials. The emission factor of HCHO and VOC's was investigated on the environment-friendly 182 adhesives, 113 paints, 46 wooden flooring boards, and 33 wallpapers used in Korea. The emission factors of these building materials were measured by small chamber method based on the KS M ISO 16000 series. The 3rd day and 7th day emission factors of formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds were measured. VOC's were especially investigated and analyzed on the 24 ingredients which were prescribed as harmful chemical ingredients and on the 10 major ingredients emitted from each finishing material. The results of the investigation indicate that Toluene, M,P-xylene, Ethylbenzene, O-Xylene, Benzene, Styrene which are specified as toxic VOC's showed high emission rate and Toluene is major pollutant emitted from most Building Finishing Materials. The result of this study will be able to provide the basic data on the Environment-Friendly Building Materials for the practical application.

The purpose of this paper is searching for the reduction way of carbon tax in the life cycle of apartment building through the estimation on the carbon tax influence of the construction cost and the running energy cost in the apartment building. The Green House Gases(GHG) emission level of South Korea was 10th in the world at 2004. Therefore, Korea may should be into Annex-Ⅰlevel of UNFCCC at 2013 and Korean government has been prepared the regular of carbon tax that aim to GHG reduction. The reduction of GHG in the building industry is a task of great significance because the building industry has been consumed 30∼40% energy of all energy consumption. This paper used the unit CO2 emission data of the construction materials, the construction works, the running energies as well as the unit cost of the construction materials, the construction works, the running energies in the apartment building. In conclusion, if carbon tax will be levied 10,000～150,000(won/CO2Ton) in the korea, the construction cost will rise up 1.03～15.45%, the running energy cost will rise up 2.95～44.26%, and the life cycle cost will rise up 2.10～31.43% in 60 years building life cycle. The carbon tax of construction phase is unavoidable tax because all of the construction materials is necessary in the building, but the reduction of running energy carbon tax is passible because running energy conservation is passible. Therefore, the reduction ways of carbon tax in the life cycle of apartment building were the conservation of running energy and the change to the renewable energy system.

Conflicts from the noise between the upper and lower households are increasing in apartment houses. As recent ultra high tower-type apartment houses are constructed with 40 or more floors, the floor impact sound through a structure needs to be examined for the ultra high tower-type apartment houses. Accordingly, this study measured and analyzed the floor impact sound for the wall column structure and rahmen structure in the ultra high tower-type apartment house to understand the characteristics of the floor impact sound. From the measurement of light weight impact sound level in the apartment houses studied, a B apartment house satisfied the standard light weight impact sound level 58dB, but an A apartment house exceeded it. As for the heavy weight floor impact sound, both A and B satisfied the standard heavy weight impact sound level 50dB. As a result of analyzing the floor impact sound level by the thickness of floor slab, the B apartment house (slab thickness: 180mm) was 5～7dB lower in the light weight impact sound level and 0～3dB lower in the heavy weight impact sound level, than the A apartment house (slab thickness: 150mm). As a result of analyzing the characteristics of floor impact sound level in the wall column structure of the B apartment house and the rahmen structure of the C apartment house, both with the same slab thickness of 180mm, the C apartment house with the rahmen structure was better than the B apartment house with the wall column structure, in blocking the floor impact sound

The purpose of this study is to supply preliminary data of separated stored rainwater system using variable roof drain on flat roof. After 2000 year, the inundation damage in down town city is increased by localized heavy rainfall. The exiting stored rainwater system such as water-storage dam and dike has demerits that high construction cost and long-term construction periods. But the separated stored rainwater system using variable roof drain can be cut down construction cost about 1/10 compared with the construction cost of exiting stored rainwater system. As water temperature on roof top equipped with variable roof drain is lower than outdoor air temperature, the cooling road of roof top can be reduced. Therefore, the stored water on the flat roof can be occurred cooling effect such as roof pond type that can be reduced cooling road by evaporation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the bond characteristics between SD500 reinforcing bar and grout mortar in steel pipe splice. To accomplish this objective, totally 6 full-sized specimens were made and tested under the monotonic and cyclic loading. All specimens were instrumented with strain gauges at the strategic locations of sleeve and reinforcement. The experimental variables adopted in this study include development length of reinforcing bar, size of reinforcement and loading method, among others. The followings were found: 1) With the increase of load applied to the specimen, the overall change of bond characteristics between reinforcing bar and mortar was similar to the existing test result. For typical example, bond stress between i～(i+1) range increased suddenly and was highest when the reinforcement yielded in i location. 2) The bond stress between the sleeve end and the position 1.0d apart from the end appeared to be lower from low load stage, compared with the inner locations of the sleeve. 3) The bond stress between reinforcement and mortar appeared to increase with the decrease of the development length of reinforcing bar, when the load of specimen reached its highest level.