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This study is to provide the basic data in the area of Architectural plan in expanding the infrastructure of Gimhae International Airport in the future by analyzing the saturation time. The results are as follows. The runway saturation time is analyzed as the average of 2023 based on the annual operations of flights and as the average of 2021 based on the peak hour operations of flights. In addition, the saturation time of the domestic air demand is analyzed that the marginal capacity of air demand will not be reached within 20 years in which the domestic air demand will not increase sharply. However, it is analyzed that the saturation time of the international air demand has reached its marginal capacity in 2014 based on the annual number of the passengers and will reach it in 2016 based on the number of passengers in the peak hour. It is important to cope with an imbalance between the continuous increase in the international air demand and the domestic air demand at a relative standstill in the medium-and long-term plan of Gimhae airport. Moreover, it is advisable that more proactive consultation system with the military airport for the expansion of the slots of the runways should be established to be flexible in dealing with the air demand.

There is a tendency of considering architecture as experimental space with recognition of the body as the subject in the perception of space to understand the trend of variety and complexity appearing in contemporary architecture. It’s called phenomenological design approach. The purpose of this study is to provide the typical and common methods of phenomenological design in the contemporary architecture. The analysis on representative architects and theirs various projects and making the criteria of the analysis are necessary to suggest the practical and typical methods of design. In terms of the necessity of architectural experience by the body for the space perception, the primary criteria of the analysis is set up as the sense of body and the movement of body through the analysis on spatial concept of phenomenological design and the study on the precedent researches. And furthermore, the sub-criteria of the analysis is set up as the effect of lights, the effect of water, the effect of materiality, the variety of movement, the repetition and confliction of geometry as the primary characters of phenomenological design. The subjects of the analysis are chosen as the representative architects in phenomenological design paradigm such as Steven Holl, Ando Tadao, Peter Zumthor and their’s recent projects. The project analysis has been proceeded in a experimental method like visiting, videos, interviews and literatures to introduce practical and typical methods of phenomenological design. More introducing of the methods of design through the analysis on a large amount of phenomenological projects will work as the guidelines for architectural design in phenomenological approach.

Today’s hotel market has been experiencing a rapid growth; and hotel lobby must be designed as a space that could stimulate desire for consumption. Accordingly, the function and the role of space marketing have been emphasized; and lobbies have been extensively utilized as a part of strategy management in hotels. In order to analyze design elements that effect visual attention and traits of visual fixation by gender in regards to homepage images of 6 Special First Class Hotel lobbies, eye-tracking studies and surveys were conducted on 24 subjects. Based on the outcome, AIDMA formula was applied to deduce results. First, male subjects observed various areas as a whole for a long time while female subjects tended to observe broadly by forming smaller sections of lobbies. Second, the element in a hotel lobby with the highest visual attention level was decoration. Second, durations of observation were longer while observing furnishings in a concourse-style lobby and decorations in a hall-style lobby. Fourth, desires for practicality and sensibility in design elements were higher in female subjects compared to male subjects. Fifth, a hall-style lobby received positive evaluation in preference according to survey results. This study is meaningful in that it substantiated marketing strategies by utilizing study criteria through experiment.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the space organization characteristics of the senior citizen center, which is one of the welfare facilities for senior citizens, based on the typology of 68 the senior citizen centers (35 of them from country side and 33 of them from urban side) in Cheonan area, and to propose the better way for architectural planning of the senior citizen center. The typology of plans and 5 plan components which are vestibule, room for men and women, living room, kitchen, and bathroom is achieved by research and analysis about the drawings of 68 facilities. The drawings of 68 facilities have been turned into diagrams and plans have been categorized into 4 types which were E, EC, EL, and L. The characteristics of the space organization in each typology have been categorized according to regions which were country side and urban side. The analysis shows the space organization in facilities of each region had similar features, and there are lots of improvements under consideration. The space organization characteristics of the senior citizen center based on the region where the facility is located should be considered to maximize level of satisfaction of the facility user.

This study analyzed the case of mezzanine financing in urban regeneration projects in Japan, it was to present the application of mezzanine financing as one of the new financing plans to suit the situation of the urban regeneration of Korea. For these reasons, this is to suggest the application and method of Mezzanine by investigating Mezzanine's application and urban regeneration fund's role on the basis of urban regeneration projects such as Roppongi Hills, Akihabara UDX project, Minami-Aoyama 1 Chome among diverse cases applied with the mezzanine financing in Japan. Thus, we need and use financing techniques depending on policies for the public like urban generation fund in Japan to apply the mezzanine financing in urban regeneration after its feature should adapt efficiently to our market.

This research aims at analyzing the location and development characteristics of the urban-type housing in case of Busan, deducting implications, and being used as the data base for future location and supply policies of small-sized houses. As for the analysis methods, 2,703 cases of data in which licensing was applied in 16 districts from May, 2009, to the end of December, 2014, when the urban-type housing system was introduced were collected, and entered into Excel and GIS, and then the input data was separately categorized into the shape file of GIS, marked on the map, and analyzed in each case. As the analysis results into the location and development characteristics, first, the supply of the urban- type housing was analyzed to be the biggest in the second class of general residential area as for the number of application, and in the general commercial area as for the number of households, so it was proved that the supply was bigger in the center of employment with a high floor area ratio. Second, with regard to the accessibility, that is, ‘use of convenient public transportation’ and ‘proximity to workplace or school’, the number of supply in the stations sphere of influence was bigger than that in the areas around a college, but the concentration frequency of the areas around a college was found to be higher than that of the stations sphere of influence. Accordingly, it was verified that most of the cases fell under the location in the stations sphere of influence in general, and when the location in the stations sphere and the areas around a college were overlapped, it was proved that the location tendency was close to a college. On the other hand, different from the prediction that the shorter the distance was to a subway station in the stations sphere of influence, the bigger amount and size of supply would be, it was analyzed that the supply was biggest in the range of 300 to 400m in the stations sphere of influence. Third, regarding the supply for exclusive use, in spite of mitigation of the system, very small-sized houses smaller than 30㎡ were being provided intensively, the main target of supply was single-person households, and the policies to induce the enlargement of the size for exclusive use targeting two-person households were necessary. Fourth, the formation of high land prices in downtown caused development to be focused on the land smaller than 300㎡, and one piece of land. The microminiaturization of the land for exclusive use and excessive demand for small-sized houses should be prevented by suggesting the incentive policies to induce the development of the land whose size is bigger than 400㎡ and whose land for exclusive use is bigger than 30㎡ through combination of lots and etc.

The aim of this paper is to examine the planning characteristics and procedures in terms of the phased spatial planning of the New Islington district’s urban regeneration Project (Manchester, UK) as a case study. The paper also examines the roles and contributions of the stakeholders of the project. In particular, this paper analyzes the processes implemented and the results obtained in terms of the 'cooperative spatial planning' aspect of the project. The study discusses the characteristics of the regeneration strategies and the cooperative spatial planning as follows. First, the central government in the UK and the Manchester city council supported urban regeneration via the urban regeneration support program. The consistent and concrete administrative support enabled the success of the cooperative spatial planning project. Second, the public sector, the private sector and residents discussed the planning content of the urban regeneration, in which planning of the strategies, master plan, and design guidelines were considered. Third, the planning principle of the ‘cooperative spatial planning’ in the New Islington urban regeneration project is to restore and maintain the various communities. Following this principle, consultations with the stakeholders were used to develop the master plan for linking memories to the past and vision in the future, and to create spaces in the present. Forth, the public sector, the private sector and residents participated in the cooperative planning of the spaces by playing different roles and entering into relationships with one another. Finally, the architects offered optimal spatial planning by providing spaces the residents needed by understanding the residents' demands and applying this knowledge to the planning of the project.

The purpose of this study is to analyze an introduction process of the national emblem and its architectural application in the Korea of modernization period(1876∼1910). The national emblem as a symbol of the nation has been used in European imperial nations and Japan in those years. In order to establish a trade & communication treaty with these nations, the Korea need to introduce the national emblem. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. At first, as a symbol of the Korea, Taegukmun-emblem(太極紋章) was adopted into issuing stamps & coins in 1884, 1885. At later, Ihwamun-emblem(李花紋章) appeared as a symbol of the royal family. These emblems were used for ornamental symbol in diverse categories, as it were, formal wear, order, badges, daily articles, and building etc. The architectural application type of the Korean national emblem was similar to cases in European imperial nations and Japan.

Even not only in the pictorial concepts of Neoplasticism but also in De Stijl group in Nederland was exposed definitely the search for the universality as such a unity of the opposites in Russian Suprematism and Constructivism. That is to say, the quality of universal thoughts in Neoplasticism had a common ground with Russia, as well as had greatly influenced on the Neoplasticists and Destijl architects, particularly including such case as Van Doesburg in case of materialism. Thus, this study treats it in central these three issues; Orientalism, Universalism, and Froebelianism, which are intimate. Importantly here, through a research on the universal religious philosophy in all three objects, as keeping a quality not of Pantheism but of Panentheism, this study deepens the understanding on the adventure of Creativity-art in modernity. To sum up, when an abstract idea proceeded to take a form, the ideological consideration that Neoplasticists have was a dialectical, which interpretation of the individual and the universal makes the abstract idea progress at first into a representation of two-dimensional pictures, finally into the architecture of modernity as the existential ideas of four-dimensional space beyond three dimensions. In a word, although De Stijl‘s search for a new style as ideo-plastic unity is a process of the existential struggle toward the universal immanent in the individual, however, the universal that they found by deconstructing the particular is conversely come to be a new particular: namely, on such struggles is based the very religious philosophical thoughts of the existential panentheism.

This study presents the features and characteristics of Double-hung windows, which are major components in the Western Modern Architecture, based on 53 Modern Architectural Heritage of Korea focusing on their external design. The results are shown below. Firstly, as a result of analysis in the architectural features of the Double-hung window, the lintel and sill were installed at the same time due to the technical limitations of that time. Secondly, after analysing the width and height of the Double-hung window, the ratio of the horizontal and vertical was 1:1. This determines that the Double-hung windows had the square forms in general at that time. Furthermore, it had the ratio of 1:2.2 by the vertical arrangement. If the ratio were larger than 1.:2.2, the arch and upper window were added. Thirdly, by analysis the relationship between the floor and window height, it shows that the ratio between them are 1 : 0.4(Max)․ 1 : 0.8(Min)․1 : 0.6(Ave). Therefore, the floor height determines the Double-hung Window height. If the floor height changes its size, the window height will change accordingly. Fourthly, the numbers of mullion maintained the certain basic forms. From the subjects of this study showed 21 numbers of 2×2 mullions and 14 numbers of 3×3 mullions which showed that the equal division was preferred at the time. And lastly, in order to create the elevation with visual effect, the Double-hung window used various highlight techniques which are, particularly, increasing numbers of mullion, symmetry forms in upper and lower mullion and emphasising on its mouldings.

This study aims to verify the correlation between the change of bracket structure and changes in overall size focusing on the meaning of vertical expansion of Dapo style Buddhist hall’s bracket structure in Joseon era. At the same time, by analyzing the features and structuring method, it classifies styles. Then, verifies the root cause of changes through comparative analysis. 1. The study analyzed the different styles of Dapo style Buddhist halls by analyzing the cross section of bracket structure at top part of pillars. Classifying by time, it was found that it is not a specific trend in certain era but modifications were made when required. 2. From the observation into heights of each structure of each style, Sal-mi bracket arm type appeared to have the highest average height of bracket and this is likely to be coming from the difference in the number of Je-gong. 3. Looking into the size and Chulmok interval depending on number of Chulmok of ‘Dapo’ style Buddhist halls, different Chulmok intervals were observed even from the buildings with same number of Chulmok. This study, to clarify the features of Dapo style architecture in Joseon era, verifies the correlation between the change of bracket sets and changes in overall size focusing on the meaning of vertical expansion of bracket structure, and can be a basic data for reference when designing Dapo style Buddhist halls.

The Pritzker Prize, recognized as the highest award in the field of architecture, should be given to selected winners without any controversy. Laureates, that are not only recognized by juries, but also by architects in different countries, related professionals, and others, should be nominated. Therefore it is possible to say that nominated laureates represent architectural trends of the time. The purpose of this study, is largely divided into two. First is to understand the trends of architecture by analyzing the jury citation of each laureates. The second purpose is to easily analyze 38 jury citation by utilizing the natural language processing technology, and to present the possibility of applying this method to the field of architecture. This research has been carried out through the following process. Jury citation have been filtered and analyzed using the 'Stanford Parser’. Also previous studies have been reviewed to establish a suitable research method. Then, main contents of the citation, which can be divided into 9 categories, have been derived and reviewed to understand the trends of architecture. Change in architectural trends have been analyzed based on the categories of expression characteristics and architectural ideas, trends of times, inhabitant, surrounding environment, materials, technologies, light, space and function, and morphological specifics. This research has significance not only in terms of understanding value trends but also in terms of utilizing natural language processing technology, an unfamiliar tool in the field of architecture.

A new seismic retrofit technique by externally attaching steel reinforced concrete frames was developed for strengthening medium-to-low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Two types of bolting and welding methods for connecting between existing RC frame and external strengthening element were prepared in this study. The connections can be technically and practically selected by construction condition. The retrofit method developed in this research is capable of carrying out the seismic retrofitting construction while residents can live inside structures. The method is one of the strength design approach by retrofit which can easily increase the ultimate lateral-load capacity of RC buildings controlled by shear. The pseudo-dynamic test, designed using an existing school building in Korea, was carried out in order to verify the seismic retrofitting effects and earthquake response behavior of the proposed method in terms of the maximum load carrying capacity and response displacement. Test results revealed that the proposed external strengthening method installed in RC frame enhanced conspicuously the strength and displacement capacities, and the method can resist markedly under the large scaled earthquake intensity level.

Large spatial structures can not predict the dynamic behavior due to the lack of construction and design practices. The spatial structure are generally analyzed through the numerical simulation and experimental test in order to investigate the seismic response of large spatial structures. In the case of analysis for seismic response of large spatial structure, the many studies by the numerical analysis was carried out. However, researches by the shaking table test are very rare. In this study, a shaking table test of a small-scale arch structure was conducted and the dynamic characteristics of arch structure are analyzed. And the seismic response of arch structures are investigated according to the various column cross-section and length. It is found that the horizontal seismic responses are hardly affected by the column rigidity in the tests result of the small-scale arch structure. But, vertical seismic response has been heavily influenced by the column rigidity. And, arch structures with relatively large rigidity column were significantly greater seismic response. This is because the seismic response of the roof structure are affected by the column rigidity of the spatial structure.

Steel structure with long span and lightweight materials may have low structural stiffness, so floor vibration response of the structure may increase by such as walking or impact load. The floor vibration response should be reduced by taking effective method, rather than increasing stiffness that causes enlarging the size of structural members. Increasing stiffness is easy way to engineers, but it cause section enlarging and heavy weight of floor system. Therefore, to increase the damping may be beneficial. In this study, after installing constrained viscoelastic layer damper in the steel structure, the vibration experiments were conducted using various loads; heel drop, jumping, walking. It was verified experimentally that the constrained layer damper was effective method for vibration response reduction to any dynamic load in floor system of steel buildings.

The arched ancient tomb structures have occupied the most parts among the Korean ancient tomb types. It is important to analyze the structural behavior characteristics of composed members due to the upper loads and soil pressures for the preservation of these structures. But, it is not easy to find out exactly the internal structural shape such as the corved soil thickness and side wall width. Therefore, this study selects the representative ancient tomb model and presents the modified structural model, and then performs the discrete element analysis according to the various design variables. Also, this study evaluates the structural behavior characteristics of the arched ancient tomb structures through the analysis results.

Today, education offices of cities and provinces across the country are proceeding with large-scale constructions in many schools to extend, re-build and re-locate old school buildings. When re-building do re-location of the old school buildings begins due to the constructions, they need much time until completion and as they are constructed in the same places in which students would study, damage in learning environment and relevant disputes are frequently followed. Therefore, in order to minimize class cancellations caused by constructions, they enacted related systems and basic guidelines for learning environment protection in 2007. On the other hand, in terms of these troubles such as noise-occurrence caused by constructions in schools, traffic safety of students at school as well as decreases in indoor air quality and intensity of illumination by soundproof wall installations and window closing, they are invading learning environment for some inevitable, indispensable reasons. In the light of that, this study conducted a field research and a survey targeting these four schools that are currently working on constructing optimal-sized buildings, and extracted core damage factors out of these other several learning environment invasion hazards. The study looked into both occurrence frequency and degree of invasion of the core damage factors and offered ways to reduce lear ning environmental invasion focusing on technical methods and efficient construction supervision at a stage of construction planning.

Industrialization in building construction is divided into; Field method, Tilt-up method and Lift-up method depending on the applications. Tilt-up method, popular in the USA and Canada, has been developed primarily for low-rise structures such as factories, supermarkets, warehouses, churches, office buildings and town houses. Since its introduction to construction industry in the early 20th century, the Tilt-up method has been gaining acceptance through out the world. The advantages of Tilt-up over the other construction methods are; reduction of the construction period, fire prevention and cost savings. Even with these advantages, the application of Tilt-up in domestic construction industry is minimal. In this study, the wall panels for a detached house were designed and presented. Efforts were made to devide the building wall into proper sections and fabricate them in multi-layers on the building floor. Special considerations are given on panel layout to accommodate the maximum number of panels in this confined area and simplifying the erection sequences of the panels to fit the heavy lifting equipment used.

This study deals with the non-portland cement mortar made with ground granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash produced in combined heat power plant and paper sludge ash as binder. As a activator, gypsum (-CaSO4․1/2H2O) which is not strong alkali activator was used. As a result, mortar flow decreased as contents of paper sludge ash increased due to the water adsorption and the arching of paper sludge ash. The porosity of mortar was measured to evaluate the properties of crack and micro structure and the results showed that the porosity increased as water-mortar ratio and contents of paper sludge ash increased. Compressive strength of mortar used paper sludge ash was higher than that of others in early 3days but compressive strength was lower than that of others over 3 days. It was because CaO of paper sludge ash had the same hydration as type O expansion admixture and actual water-mortar ratio decreased due to the water adsorption of paper sludge ash. Also, the formation of Ca(OH)2, C-S-H (Ⅰ,Ⅱ ,Ⅲ), monosulphates and a large amount of ettringite as hydrates was observed.