Earticle

The main purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the plan shape of the ㄱ shape houses, which appeared from the 1940s to the 1980s, based on the characteristics of the planar shape seen in traditional houses in Jeju Island. The ㄱ shape houses were found in 3 and 4 kan types, and the projecting room were the main rooms and small rooms. The 3 kan type was common from the 1940s to the 1980s, but the 4 kan type house has not appeared since the 1960s. The existence of gopang and chatroom on the plan type of the ㄱ shape houses is an important material that shows the aspect of the traditional houses in Jeju Island, and houses without gopang and chatroom can also be understood as the aspect of the plan type of the houses of the corresponding period. In general, houses built in Jeju Island before the 1980s basically have a multi-roof on a 3 or 4 kan type. Some houses were built by government-supplied standard architectural design drawings in the 1960s and 1970s

The modern urbanization of Korea began in earnest from 1960. After almost 60 years, most cities in Korea are aging, and in particular, local cities are actively campaigning for urban regeneration due to the social problems of population decline and aging. From this point of view, this study conducted an empirical study to improve the environment around educational facilities in typical neighborhoods in local cities. By targeting the surrounding educational facilities that must exist in the urban neighborhood, it will be possible to derive results that can be applied to other neighborhoods. Considered environmental improvement plans will be derived. This study has the significance of deriving an optimal street environment design plan with a limited budget by advocating an empirical study that must be actually implemented. In this study, a follow-up study on the satisfaction of the study should be carried out through observation or questionnaire methods for citizens residing in the branch unit of neighborhood and users of educational facilities.

In order for a city to have international competitiveness, it needs to have an urban identity. The purpose of this study is to examine the urban policy development strategies of Paris, France after the 19th century, and to analyze the urban morphological evoltion accordingly to understand the factors that constitute the identity as a historical and cultural city. As a research method, first, the paradigm of today's historical and cultural city was examined, and the process of Paris formation before the 19th century was examined. Next, after the 19th century, urban policy development strategies for each period were divided into 3 stages, and the characteristics of urban morphological evolution were analyzed, focusing on the development of major axes. In addition, the strategic characteristics of the historical and cultural city of Paris are divided into ‘the subjective role’, ‘the change of the urban axes’, and ‘the sustainable development plan’, etc. and synthesized. In conclusion, this study synthesizes the process of morphological change according to the urban policy strategy that enabled Paris to have an identity as a historical and cultural city, and predicts the value of this study.

This study reflects the difference in community sentiment between the circulation system of the staircase-type apartment and the corridor-type apartment. For the study, two apartment complexes with similar conditions were selected in Yangpo-dong, Gumi-city. The research was carried out through theoretical research, field and existing data survey, questionnaire survey, and statistical analysis. The questionnaire consists of four main questions and the preliminary questions. As a result of the analysis on the survey, significant differences between two apartments were found in the number of neighbors (Question-1), the type of activities with the neighbors (Question-3), and the facilities for raising community sentiment (Question-4), and the regional scope of acquaintance(Question-5). On the other hand, it was found that there is no significant difference in the degree of intimacy with neighbors (Question-2). The analysis of the items with significant differences is as follows. 1) It was found that residents at the corridor-type apartment(apartment-A) have more neighbors and their relationship more extends over the outside of the complex than those in the staircase-type apartments(apartment-B). However that relationship did not develop into intimate friendships in the corridor-type apartment. 2) In both apartments, moderate social activities such as small talk and greetings occurred most. Between the two apartments, the corridor-type apartment had relatively more community activities. However, the number of community activities involving large numbers of people was significantly lower in both apartments. 3) Regarding a community activity space, both apartments had the highest demand for 'outside walkways in the complex' where light friendship activities are possible. It is noteworthy that the demand for public space on the floor was the second highest in the corridor-type apartment.

Since modern times, modern urban space has led to the problem of ‘Social Exclusion’ due to the reorganization of industrial structure and globalization of the economy. Exclusion is either a phenomenon of separation of residences between social classes or conflicts between income brackets that has been around since before the concept of a nation emerged. From an urban aspects, the meaning of inclusion has the characteristic of ended extreme poverty by investing manpower and resources intensively around metropolitans to evenly distribute the gains generated after uprising economic development. Based on this background, ‘Economic Inclusion’ as the main keyword of this study begins with the concept of an inclusive city in a broader sense. This suggests that as an alternative to social imbalances, the concept of economic inclusion has the potential to be applied. Especially in the case of housing, ‘Social Housing’ which applies the meaning of inclusion in terms of supply and demand, can be applied as a concrete architectural alternative to apply the concept of inclusion. In particular, through the types and examples of social housing with ‘Economic Inclusion’ applied, we would like to see if it can be established as a more active architectural alternative to the current residential environment and supply. To this end, this study aims to examine the relationship between social housing and inclusion, starting with the theoretical consideration of the meaning of inclusion. And it is conducted by analyzing the cases of social housing that are actually being applied in Europe as concrete examples.

In recent years, as construction work has become increasingly larger and more complex, the portion of the construction cost, amount and duration earthworks account for in the total construction work is on the increase. Therefore the selection of the construction method in earth works is getting more and more important. In this study, the experimental research was conducted on the two construction sites to practicalize the construction method on the construction site of sinking the underground structures in the underground direction after manufacturing them on the ground. As a result, it was analyzed that the proposed construction method of conducting the work by installing the guide wall instead of retaining wall. could reduce the time and cost required to install and dismantle the temporary facilities and the total construction duration was shortened and 10 percent of the construction cost was reduced. In addition, it was analyzed that the utility value of the land can be increased and the underground space can be used to the maximum, since it is possible to construct the underground structure up to the site boundary line without installing the earthen barrier.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the seismic performance assessments of elementary school buildings which constructed using 1980’s standard codes. The structural system of the considered school buildings has Reinforced Concrete(RC) moment frames with masonry walls. These school buildings were expected a poor performance for lateral force like earthquake forces because of masonry walls, specially partially masonry infilled (PMI) walls, that caused short-column effect, and need to be evaluated carefully. In this study, both Response Spectrum Analysis(RSA) without considering masonry walls and Linear Dynamic Procedure(LDP) Seismic Performance Evaluation with masonry walls were conducted. The results are as follows: By the analysis of RSA, Relative story displacements for all stories were satisfied but structural members like beams and columns didn't satisfied demanded performance criteria. However, results from the Tier.1 Seismic Performance Evaluation indicate that almost beams satisfied required performance criteria such as ‘IO (Immediate Occupancy Level)’ excepted G2 beams which seriously affected by torsion. From the results of RSA and Tier.1 Seismic Performance Evaluation, it is know that all columns of the investigated buildings needed to be strengthening about shear resistance due to the short-column effect.

In this study, In the Changwon City, is about the improvement ways of the Seniors welfare center construction plan that can improve the quality of life of the elderly reflecting the needs of users and managers. Many elderly people wish to live in the city center or near the city center, and they wish an Seniors welfare center is built close to their homes. Elderly people prefer the merging of job-related institutions and Seniors welfare centers, and hope to build a complex with public health centers or medical facilities. Also, the elderly are interested in volunteer activities, so they have a high desire to participate actively in society. On the other hand, the elderly hate the noisy and crowded atmosphere, and they like the independent construction of the Seniors welfare center. Therefore, it is necessary to seek measures such as separating the Seniors welfare center from the space or erecting it as a separate building. In addition, since the elderly have a lot of demands for cultural activities, it is necessary to find ways for the expansion of cultural space. In conclusion, prior to the construction of the Seniors welfare center, the needs of users (elderly) to be surveyed in advance and reflected in the construction plan can contribute to enhancing the satisfaction of the elderly's lives.

This paper conducted a numerical analysis of the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquakes in order to analyze the damage potential of eccentric short-period structures. First, an analysis of the earthquake records of the Pohang and Gyeongju earthquakes was conducted. Followed by deriving the equation of motion including torsion, the damage potential was analyzed through the response to each earthquake record. In this study, an exact solution related to the natural frequency of the short-period asymmetrical building was derived, and based on this, it was confirmed that the total response depends not only on the variable related to eccentricity, but also on the natural frequency ratio of the excitation direction and the non-excitation direction. Based on these results, the separation of the natural frequency from the parameters related to the eccentricity and the ratio of the frequency of the direction not excitation to the direction of excitation was confirmed through time history analysis.

The purpose of this study is to compare the evacuation performance of the ward's inmates in evacuation situations, such as fire, depending on the type of extension of the general hospital, and to present their opinions in the direction of the expansion plan. The research process was conducted after considering the prior research on the extension of medical facilities and the prior research on evacuation. Evacuation simulation was conducted in a total of 5 situations, with existing general hospitals and general hospitals that were expanded by type. The escape performance of single-sided and long-sided extensions is similar in the augmented situation where no additional steps are added as a result of the simulation. The evacuation performance of the extension of the short side and the extension of the long side were different, and the average evacuation time was the lowest in the extension of the short side. In the case of extension of the long side, the final evacuation time to the 7th floor was the least. It was derived that there is a difference in evacuation performance due to the movement line to the stairs of each type of extension and the distance between the stairs. Through the analysis, evacuation performance by type of extension was compared and basic data on evacuation performance during extension of medical facilities were presented.

The purposes of this study are: 1) to synthesize the composite silane-based water repellent by hibridization of perfluoroalkylsilane (PFAS) and organic alkoxysilane; 2) to evaluate durability of concrete coated by the water repellent. As a result of morphology observation after applying the water repellent to concrete, the spherical silane composite compounds penetrated deeply into the concrete caplillary pores to form a three-dimensional network structure. The composite silane-based penetrating water repellent improve the durability performance such as non-absorptive performance, permeability resistance, chloride ion penetration resistance, acid resistance, and scaling resistance at freezing. Also, the results of penetration depth, non-absorptive performance, and permeability resistance satisfy the quality standard of KS F 4930 and EXCS(2019).

Due to changes in the social structure, such as serious low birth rate, the school-age population is decreasing at a very rapid pace with the aging population. The school-age population is expected to decrease by 1.17 million and 26% to 3.32 million in 2030 compared to 4.49 million in 2020. In response, the government has set up a "Plan to improve the Utilization and Management of School Facilities"(Ministry of Education, 2018.2.1), which will first utilize empty classrooms in schools for their own functions, such as the necessary for the school curriculum and the establishment of kindergartens in schools, and then respond to local demand and user demands such as public daycare centers. In response, the study examines ways to utilize some of the unused classrooms in elementary schools, where the number of students has decreased, by converting them to public daycare centers. And the purpose of this study is to propose the results as basic data on the possibility of converting to daycare service facilities, which are significantly lacking by metropolitan and provincial education offices or local governments.

To evaluate fine dust amount occurring from a construction waste intermediate treatment plant and seek measures to control fine dust occurrence, this study analyzed the fine dust occurrence situations and characteristics. The analysis results are as follows: 1) As a result of measuring fine dust using a light scattering method, PM10 showed relatively higher values in the area where there was a lot of heavy equipment access/exit and the area where comminution work was carried out and the surrounding area in terms of boundary area of the plant. Therefore control to prevent external fine dust from scattering was necessary. PM2.5 was measured at the atmosphere concentration level, and so there was almost no effect of PM2.5. 2) Concerning PM10 whose fine dust scattering effects were on the surrounding areas during the operation of the plant, a trend of fine dust concentration decrease was shown, as separation distance increased, but the high values of PM10 were shown in the areas adjacent to roads or areas where vehicles traveled, despite far separation distance. As for PM2.5, constant values were shown, irrelevant of distance, and so the operation of the intermediate treatment plant hardly affected the concentration in the surrounding area. 3) Regarding the heavy metal analysis result, the concentration of Pb was measured at 25~40ng/m3, which revealed the concentration value similar to the Pb concentration revealed in the Monthly Report of Atmospheric Environment. 4) The analysis result of SEM-EDX showed no difference of components before and after the operation.

This study focuses not only on their similarity between I. Kant's ‘sublime’ and L. Kahn's idea ‘wonder’ but also on their architectural expressions. For this, the philosophical background of the ideas and significances of Kahn's architectural idea are discussed. Ultimately, this study finds that the ‘sublime’ is substituted to Kahn's ‘wonder’ and that the architectural characteristics such as 1) a large size, 2) a light as a natural light, 3) a resistance of construction clearly revealed, and 4) an exposure of material are strongly expressed in Kant's architecture. To sum up, his architectural meanings and properties are summarized as follows. Firstly, Kahn designs to make an observer encountering an unpredictable space feel ‘a wonder’ especially by emphasizing a space locating a relatively intended ‘Huge’ size and phase especially in central spaces. Secondly, he intends through his bring the natural ‘Light’ into the inner space in various ways such as skylights and side-top windows to capture the time infinite, ultimately to capture the changing of the time and seasons finally for a feeling of the ‘sublime-wonder’. Thirdly, he draws an emotion of ‘sublime’ out by using an unpredictable, evident, and simple structure as a resistance. Finally, he intends by revealing the nature of materiality to create an elevated feeling, and ultimately to feel its meaning of the existence. As a result, Khan successfully accomplishes again a restoration of the architectural essentiality as so-called ‘monumentality’ as well as showing the spirit of modernity so-called ‘creativity’.

This study specifies the needs of university students as main users of university libraries and suggests the orientation of space improvement of university library depending on the time changes and the needs. Hence, it confirmed related precedent literatures and case analysis in Korea and overseas to find spaces according to the functions of university library and extract the classification system with adding specialized university library space reflecting future values. It performed university students’ attitude survey for importance analysis of main space classification according to functions from above and suggested quantitative space improvement methods.

Decision making of Architectural, Culture Heritage is the starting point for the identification of heritage value and it is also regarded as a fundamentally critical part of heritage preservation and utilization in terms of a regional regeneration. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness of the value identification procedure of modern architectural assets in Korea by exploring the designation system of Planning (Listed buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 in the UK. As a part of the study of the decision making procedure of Heritage, this study will be explained with reference to the UK designation system of listed buildings, the Statutory criteria and Principles of Designation and then categorized with detailed relevant considerations for the purposes of decision making. The conclusion of this study will therefore be based on the interpretation of the UK designation system analysis. Architectural cultural assets in the UK are protected through the Planning Act 1990 and the organic administrative system of the ‘designation system’. The defined sequence of the system consists of application, assesment, final report and decision making through systematically organised listing process(F2). Also, hierarchical guidelines are applied to each sequence by Statutory Criteria, General Principles(F3) and the Listing selection guide. As a result It make efficient interpretation possible.

Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, online education from universities has shown significant growth in Korea. In this manner, educational innovation needs to be rapidly promoted to cope with the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In response to these changes and demands, there is a need for improvement in the learning management system of domestic universities. This study aimed to improve and develop a learning management system that supports the online education of domestic universities. To this end, the study suggested the development directions of the learning management system needed for team-based learning lectures. The major research findings are as follows. In comparison with general lectures, team-based learning lectures exhibited further increase in pre-class learning, team activities and learners’ participation activities. However, it was found that the learning management system currently used in domestic universities was inadequate for team-based learning lectures. Therefore, in this study, plans to improve the learning management system were presented to support the learning activities of team-based learning lectures. The details of the improvement plan were comprised of seven items, including the ‘sharing of learning materials’, ‘quizzes made by other students’, and ‘deep learning’. In order to apply the learning management system presented in this study to domestic universities, follow-up research should be undertaken to develop prototypes, apply these to lectures, and make the subsequent improvements. If the proposed learning management system is introduced to domestic universities, it can contribute to facilitating online education in Korea.

Korea has entered an aging society with an increase in the elderly population. The demand and interest in leisure welfare policies and facilities for the elderly are increasing. But, the utilization rate of related facilities and the number of facilities are very low. Welfare-developed countries are offering solutions by providing welfare spaces and programs for the elderly in local public facilities. Local public facilities are widely distributed in the local community, so they can provide high accessibility and program space. Therefore, this study aims to derive a spatial planning method that can provide leisure welfare services for the elderly in local public facilities. As a result of the public preference survey, public facilities such as social welfare centers, sports facilities, public government buildings, and local community centers were found to be local public facilities that can provide leisure and welfare spaces for the elderly. The adult group was found to prefer 22 spaces out of 38 unit spaces for the elderly. In addition, the elderly group was found to prefer 16 spaces. And it was found that all groups prefer 11 unit spaces. In this way, this study suggested a method of providing public facilities and unit spaces with high preference of the public in order to support the elderly leisure welfare service in a super aging society.

This study examines the recent trends in the development of the high-speed, railway centered station influence area, identifies the limitations of existing public transportation oriented development planning elements, and examines related reference literature to address them, by drawing up new planning elements. These recent trends are known as Green and Biophilic Urbansim, which are both forms of ecological-based urban development, and there are a total of five elements considered that fall under the urban, architectural, and transportation considerations. 1) establishing the placeability of a community space, 2) green infrastructure system, 3) eco-friendly building and district planning, 4) resource circulation system establishment, 5) ecological mobility plan. It was possible to see how these planned approaches were applied to the Stuttgart 21 project, which made it easier to analyze and outline the development process. First, an eco-friendly route system was established by utilizing public spaces. Second, the urban landscape was reorganized by adopting a diverse range of green space types. Third, energy hub systems were established for buildings and landscapes of various uses, so that zero-energy power sources could be implemented. Fourth, the whole city created a pleasant environment by introducing the concept of a wind path to maximize the effect of natural phenomena. Fifth, ways to experience nature in the city were combined with the routes of the means of transportation to make people more aware of their surroundings.

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the structural performance of the centrifugal shaped concrete column and steel beam joint members. A circular steel band was developed to improve the workability of centrifugal shaped concrete column and beam connection, and the steel frame band and centrifugal shaped concrete column were constructed in an integral manner. For the attachment of centrifugal shaped concrete columns and steel bands, steel bands were made by two attachment methods, stud bolts and ribbed shapes. Each experiment showed that the deformation rate of the steel band occurred about 0.0013 and 0.001 until the steel beams reached the fully plastic phase, indicating safe behavior in the range of elastic behavior. Based on this experiment, it was found that the steel band connection method was easy to construct and the structural performance of the joint was excellent.

The successful cases of designing and constructing buildings with BIM (Building Information Modeling) are increasing, and institutions like a university hospital with many facilities are trying to gain the benefits of using BIM for facility planning and management. However, the complexity and the absence of BIM experience have made them to hesitant to adopt, so it is necessary to develop the method of BIM adoption suitable for large facility organizations. This study set up a BIM adoption process, as the hypothesis to be tested, for a university hospital for facility management and planning based on the previous case studies and interview with management personnel and examined qualitatively its sufficiency in detail based on observation on the process and response of management personnel. Its sufficiency was tested in three stages, such as adoption decision, implementation, and confirmation stage using 4 factors that influenced the decision-making process of BIM adoption. During the process, a few alternative methods such as 3D scanning of exiting a building and parametric algorithms were introduced and tested. This study confirms the initial courageous investment decision by the management group, personnel’s motivation to learn, and the visualization feature of BIM are important factors in BIM adoption when its previous cases for the reference are rare and not available. The visualization feature of BIM was not only played an important role in the adoption decision stage but also in the other stages. The lack of a unified data system between departments hindered the integration process of the equipment data and the space data and it was expected to be a serious challenge to utilize BIM for facility management even after the adoption.

According to the statistical data in the skyscraper, the number of skyscraper in the world has increased rapidly. Therefore, the research related to the facility management of skyscraper is the most important factor and the volume of needs has increased. However, those researches still are not able to suggest an effective resolution to the problem of high demand for time, cost, and manpower for management. Moreover, the safety cannot be guaranteed in the case of high-rise buildings. On top of that, the research has limitations to apply to the current deteriorated facilities maintenance system since it is difficult to detect the errors and acquire the rate of accuracy with detailed information particularly in skyscrapers. Therefore, this paper will suggest the new approach for the management of skyscraper by 4D maps using a UAV(an unmanned aerial vehicle) and the other programs. Consequently, it will help inspectors to gain the information of the skyscraper in a safe and reasonable way.