Earticle

This study examines the architectural characteristics of the upper story of a castle gate with multi roofs which belongs to four of eight types of multi-storied wooden architecture and the results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. The upper story of a castle gate with multi roofs of Bugyegoju style showed that the internal story was divided into upper and lower stories and the rate of using the upper story was higher. In particular, for the security of view, there were many cases applying Gamju. Since the upper story of a castle gate which belongs to this type was mostly built on the stone castle wall Youkchook not the ground, it was really difficult to examine the trace of wooden architecture. Therefore, it was judged that some restored upper stories of a castle gate were standardized regionally under the influence of existing architectural types. 2. The upper story of a castle gate with multi-storied roof with Jeokchunggoju style put separate Pyungju on the upper of Toeryang which was connected by continuous Naejingoju on the upper and lower stories and Pyungju of Oejin on the lower story, showed the type which was composed with wider area in upper Oejin than Naejin Goju, and smaller scale of lower story compared to upper story suggested that it applied many of wooden structures with multi roofs of Dapogye built in early and middle period of the Joseon period. 3. In JeokCheungUGoJoo style, the location that four Woojus in upper story were erected was in the air and Goju was installed where Chegam length of upper story was identical to protruding corners of Korean eaves to reinforce it and then it was used as the Wooju of upper story. 4. JeokCheungJungAngKoJoo style has Goju of one row which was connected from the lower story to upper story toward purlin from the center of the corner and Pyungju including four Wooju on the upper story was stepdown toward Naejin as its length regardless of Oejinju on the lower story, and in the connection of lower and upper story, JeokCheung structure style of Toekan and continuous type of Naejinju were applied in complex way.

The purpose of this study was to analyze components, typical grouping and changes of the footstones on Korean Architecture. The footstone is composed of support part('b"), moulding(...), column mat('띆), pedestal('b땢) and support stone('b"먐). Components of footstone were changed over time. The biggest cause of the change was the change of the floor structure. From Three Kingdom period to Korea Dynasty, because of the standing floor structure, the footstone's height projected from the floor was very low. On the other hand, the height of the footstone on Joseon Dynasty was higher than one of earlier period with a change to sitting floor structure. In addition, the details of footstone were also changed over time. That is, from Three Kingdom period to Korea Dynastey, the number of moulding steps and and sculpture decoration were increased. On the other hand, in Joseon Dynasty, the moulding of footstone disappeared. These changes on the footstone reflect the architectural changes.

The results of studying architectural changes of Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon are as follows. First, it was judged that stupa of small scale and wooden pagoda is supported by the pillars of Four Devas, core pillar is aboveground core pillar method supporting the top of pagoda and it was developed to plane type to accept the Buddhist ideas of Zen sect. Second, according to "wDonggukyeojiji, Vol. 5"x recorded in the period of King Hyunjong of the Yi Dynasty (1660~1674), it has possibility that the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon before destruction by fire in 1984 was rebuilt in 1628 not in 1690. Third, as a result of Jangdae-Seok stylobate, chronicle of stonework on the back and excavation survey in 1984, it was found in light of discovery of the past stylobate Brick without a pattern underground that wooden pagoda built earlier than 1628 existed. Fourth, as a result of considering four corner stones which are inconsistent with the thickness of flat stone laid on another stone of stylobate used for the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon, different shapes of arched support cornerstone and frequent repair after rebuilding in 1628, it was assumed that arched support was not found in its youth, but was installed in the process of repair. It was also judged that the third floor roof was repaired in 1724 in that difference between eaves curve of the third floor hipped-and-gable roof of the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon and those of the first and second roofs, storage of ridge beam pattern in ridge pole and core pillar was installed in the inside of main building as recorded in "wJoseon Gojeokbodo"x. Fifth, the trace of Ha-ang (down pointing cantilever) applying the principle of lever to Gongpo type of the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon compared to Gongpo of the Hwaamsa temple's Gukrak-Jeon was observed. And handrail was confirmed as Ham in the poem of Kim Geuk Gi, writer of the Goryo period from"wSinjeungdonggukyeojiseungnam, vol.40"x and there was handrail in the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon earlier, but it might be decorative installation. This research is based on related literatures and materials on the Ssangbongsa Temple's Daeung-Jeon and it is expected that further researches on wooden pagodas built in the end of Unified Silla and the beginning of Goryo will be performed on the basis of more literature surveys and records.

In this study, the architectural effect of Acropolis in the architecture of Le Corbusier was examined. Acropolis is the utopia of the architects which still is a structure affecting the spiritual value of the architecture. In his writing 'Journey to the East' and 'Towards a New Architecture', Le Corbusier made it clear that his architectural experience with the Acropolis had an impact on his view of architecture. Le Corbusier was aware that the past is not something old to deny but is the source of solution to the current problems. Le Corbusier is appraised as an architect who criticized and denied as well as tried to overcome the architectural legacy of the past as a solution to the architectural problems caused by the situations in the modern ages. In particular, the Ronchamp Chapel indicates that it was directly affected by Acropolis as Le Corbusier recorded his impression on Acropolis in his book 'Ronchamp'. The Ronchamp Chapel is a work with various evaluations in the history of architecture, as characteristics of which is contrary to the trend of the architecture and is appraised an architecture different from Le Corbusier's previous architectural works. In this study, therefore, the significance of Acropolis is examined in the form and record of the Ronchamp Chapel of Le Corbusier.

In this study, the researcher conducted an analogical analysis of Norman Foster's high-tech architecture in the biological aspect and elicited its characteristics. Biological characteristics of Norman Foster's high-tech architecture are as follows: First, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Norman Foster's architecture have been developed based on the norms concerned with the expression of animal skeletal system, circulation structure of plant, and spiral structure of DNA. Second, as to ecological characteristics, architect Norman Foster focused on sunlight; therefore, natural sunlight was induced into his architecture. In the initial stage, this was purposed only for natural lightings, however, in the latter period, this enabled people to get more chances for plant appreciation and also contributed to drastic reduction in cooling and heating energy. Third, on evolutionary characteristics, the researcher confirmed that, in the early period, Norman Foster's high-tech architecture had achieved structural evolution in which classical value was reflected, and that, in the latter period, his architecture was evolved in a dynamic and flexible fashion having combined the mechanical structure with architectural surface.

Eaves in traditional Korean architecture plays the functional and symbolic roles in creating the appearance of building. Therefore, the length and angle of the eaves vary depending on the scales, characters and structures of building and it is considered that several factors may have influence on deciding the value of eaves. However, objectified construction-rule or laws on the eaves have passed the study on a simple correlation or structure rather than design of empirical research had been mainstreamed at the time. In this study approached the architectural design for estimating the dimensions in eaves on main Buddist halls, and examined the process that clarify determination of dimensions in eaves, using statistical analysis based on the measured data. As for this conclusion : Firstly, the dimension of eaves part is closely related to sectional element. Also estimation of dimension model can be set by based on this. Secondly, the ratio of Jang-yeun's('왊) and Bu-yeun's(왊) protrusion length 0.78:0.22 was most prequently and common. Finally, dimensions of the eaves part are decided in sequence by side length of the building - to the ends of the eaves from the center of side length of the building - the framework of whole outline, the height of the entire structure. And the detail dimensions like height of column or Gong-po(.) can be flexibly adjusted.

This study argues that a material image of the space represented in the contemporary architecture is not identified by the subjective and momentary results, but by the synthetic construction of the space and images. The images are read as a sign and meaning. Thus, they are currently revealed as the reality of the material itself. To identify the synthetic constructive process, this study is to describe the sign and meaning of images through the Dialectic cause system which Jameson argues. To Jameson, dramatic tension, openness, and fusion are major characteristics for the synthetic construction. These factors remove material characteristics through a synthesis of a space and image. In addition, they play a role in a medium converting into a non-material substance. The works of Herzog & de Meuron will be analyzed using Jameson's dialectical framework. Finally, this study suggests the possibility of the medium where the meaning of place is able to revealed through the synthetic construction structures of space and images.

The aim of this paper is to propose for the street environmental design improvement method which maintains the appropriate balance between the campus culture and the commercial street. The method of this study is the architectural and sociological research complex methods ; the basic theory study, the physical condition investigation and the user questionare surveys. Through a basic theory study of the papers which relates with a street environmental design, the research process and the analysis frame for this paper were concluded. As a results of physical analysis of the existing Daejeon city campus streets, the Jayang street in Dong-gu was selected the research site as a standard location in Dajeon city. The user questionary survey led to a campus street activation plan university culture contents activation and university brand marketing. The above three differnet analysis results were combined and concluded the goal of this research, the campus street environmental design improvement alternative. After the conformation of the above alternative applied to Jayang street, the improvement method of street environmental design the activation of campus street is proposed as the conclusion of this paper ; the first - the public financial support system must be prepared for a street environmental improvement, the second - the building elevation area have to be keep as a visual background which is not infringed sign advertisement, the three - the street environmental facilities' image have to be designed integratedly.

The purpose of this study is the efficiency of structural system and the construction method of the building to investigate the possibility of the form expression which is various leads the quality and a combination relation of structural element. The stress of the building with arrangement of structural system is influencing to stability continuously and the form which is constructed the technical expression is emphasized. The structural efficiency the stable method which is rational confronts in internal stress according to coupling scheme is a possibility of trying to divide with the structure for the slab and the roof. The construction expression of structure is classified with materials exposure , envelope regulation and stress wavelength. The structural efficiency which is used in construction is a architectural form and a connection, escapes from the technical intensive method where the structural system is simple could be recognized time with part of environment there to make be does.

This study is made to analyze the effective factors that have relation to the usage pattern of outdoor space in apartment complex. As the result of this research, it is found out that the resident's surveillance and territoriality should be taken into account to make the residents use the outdoor space more frequently. Besides the usage rate is high when the facilities are mixed with the primary uses. The outdoor facilities are classified into 11 categories: Rest, Athletics, Plaza, Playground for the young, Gates, Porch, Pilotis and so on. Road, Gates, Pedestrian way, Sub-Gates, Porch and Mixed primary uses are selected as effective factors. The survey, interview, photo shoots and obtaining data are made on 9 co-housings for this research. After that, correlation analysis is made between the amount of occupancy in outdoor space that are built since 2005 in Daejeon and the effective factors. It is figured out that roads are most important factor among others for the acctivation of outdoor space in apartment complex. This research aims for helping site designer to plan the outdoor space with activity and quality.

This study examines the feature of space composition in the apartment unit plan and residence satisfaction for each unit size. After that, it analyzes the factors which give impacts on meeting resident expectation by information discussed above. There is summary of the result from the analysis as follows. 1) It appears that the general evaluation on each unit size per the current unit was found that there is more dissatisfaction on public space than private space, such as inconvenience of inviting guest and doing chores. 2) There are major factors giving impacts on residence satisfaction about each unit size, especially the public factors called 'the family relation and guest reception', such as family gathering, watching television, or inviting guests see the highest contribution on meeting dweller's expectation. However, personal behavior factors like having rest, hobby, and study and entertainment for children see relatively lower contribution. 3) The requests on enhancing the unit size particularly on kitchen and dining room from residents appear in high demands for that fact that there are fewer spaces for the space doing chores, but also it can be assumed that public behaviors which used to be conducted only in living room have moved into kitchen and dining room.

This study aims to suggest architectural planning directions for restoring public library function as per the change of their social role. To resolve space planning problems found by analysing visibility and circularity of nine public libraries in Daegu City', the suggested planning directions follow: Firstly, consider proper distribution of visual depth and user's circularity activation at the areas of Information and Culture. Secondly, avoid generating visual intersection within Cultural Area to allow user's visual interaction to other users and provided environment. Thirdly, simplify circulation path at Support & Service Area to strengthen library staff services for visitors. Fourthly, allocate Support & Service Area to enable library staffs' natural surveillance toward facilities and users through the visual intercourse between library staffs and users. Fifthly, contrive users' spatial cognition from neighbor areas to Common Area by planning visual depth shallowly. Sixthly, avoid separated or segregated Common Area layout, which blocks visual interaction, to accomodate social intercourse activities, exhibition projects and special events at the area.

The aim of this study is to illuminate the potentials of the mixed use development based on the residential area at the urban level. The mixed use housing is eligible to be combined with other mixed use units at the level of block, plot and floor without coming into any conflicts with other uses in mixture. The mixed use housing can be also isolated from car traffic within a mixed use housing through keeping the optimal distance between the hybrid uses. The mixed use housing is specially to be achieved the urban functional, social and architectural objectives and under the current urban agenda <sustainability> the economical, social and ecological goals at the same time. Three key words for expanding of this study - sustainability, self-contained independence, visible territory were firstly extracted from the preconditions of the mixed use housing. Through the case study referring to german pilot projects the typological and structural characteristics of the mixed used housing were analysed and moreover five spatial compositive guidelines which are to be applicable to generate the hybrid fabric for the sustainable mixed use housing were suggested. Five guidelines are the creation of vibrant public quarter center, hybrid use zoning, differentiation of social spheres, typological variation of building units and finally hierarchy of circulation. Each of guidelines was developed into related rules and system plan as a design guideline for applying in actual practice of the mixed use housing.

The Green Building Certification Criteria of Korea which was started in 2002, and it used for apartment, complex building with residential facilities, schools, office building, commercial facilities and lodging facilities. The Green Building Certification Criteria for school implemented since March 2005. This paper is research on comparison and analysis of the 8 schools in the environment-friendly certificated schools on BTL project in Busan city. The purpose of research is to supply the categories for environment-friendly certificated schools by application technique of GBCC. As a result of analyzing the distribution chart of evaluation score, we selected high scored 32 evaluation main categories out of environmental 43 evaluation total categories assessments criteria. This study is to help understanding of the GBCC, developing for the classification system, evaluation categories and detailed standards to evaluate them more precisely by analysing environment-friendly planning features and data of the environment-friendly certificated schools. Furthermore, this study will be helpful for the next design works of certificate system.

This research is to understand the problems caused by increasing number of high-rise tower type in a residential area in downtown and find out the reasons why it became a main stream in korea to propose a middle-rise perimeter housing as an alternative. The results of this research are as follows, First, We need to recognize on public value of block housing for realization the vitality of living street in downtown. Second, We need a revision of rules that are unrealistic and flexible application of redevelopment rules considering characteristics of the area. Third. We need to relax regulation restricting to design of 4 unit space and to make sure of visual corridor on a deliberation, Forth. Evaluation criteria of housing environment needs to be variated to suppress evelopment uniformly Fifth. The preparation of given condition that can be design with diverse housing methodology that the urban housing structure can be cope social and cultural changing is very pressing. And also we need to get out of existing housing providing system is for a provider have priorite. On urban housing development, development which put emphasis only on economical profit should be reconsidered. Main purpose of urban housing development should be shifted from economical profit to building a sustainable infrastructure of urban space. This purpose also means that development should consider not only the residential in the area but also the people living in the city.

This study is aimed to analysis the mental capacity of the pedestrians on the streetscape in view of the environmental recognition and to explain the correlation-ship between the streetscape elements and the design construct concept. For this attempt, variables needed for the experiment to evaluate were extracted the landscape elements(total of 12factors from the urban, street, architectural scales) and planning concept(total of 29factors of adjective pairs). Each of the quantities and amount of psychological analysis. And this paper is to devoted to structure the relation matrix of the referential concepts of the design construct concept and the streetscape elements. The second part is to examine the mental capacity and the analysis the correlation-ship. (1) Urban design application must changed for urban streetscape component according to big and less of street width. Even if street width is equal, urban streetscape is difference perception and recognition, (2) Specially, it was analyzed that wide street have influence on environmental recognition according to sidewalk width more than design element and street width of architectural scale. (3) As the result of the analyzing of the connection, there are the difference between two street that is not only the mental reaction but also the physical dimension. Therefor the evaluation of process by the surrounding recognition of the street design factor as the street width is needed.

Han-ok has been reflected from the tradition, culture and socio-economic living style for a long time. Recently, this has been accentuated on the advantages in aspect of the sustainable society to make up the natural conservation. In addition, it has already been absorbed into the living style in floor plan in terms of behavioral style. Similar to conventional building, Han-ok has a life cycle in construction, maintenance and demolition. During the lifecycle, it requires of many material and components, energy and other resources, which resulted in environmental effect such as global warming, ozone depletion and so on. Many people recognize the advantages of Han-ok with qualitative points without any quantitative assessment. In this study, it aimed at comparing Han-ok with the single family housing and apartment in terms of the carbon-dioxide emission and energy consumption. Consequently, Han-ok required much more energy and carbon emission than other compared buildings, which are about 3 times higher than single family housing because the roof material uses much energy and emits carbon-dioxide. Therefore, Han-ok needs to be improved the main characteristic components into the environmental friendly.

Apartments that will build or already built recently must have ventilation facilities, and type 1 ventilation system is applied commonly. The space for ventilation ducts is needed in order to supply fresh air in the room. However, It's very difficult that the spaces ensured. This paper propose low static pressure ventilation duct system through Airflow Control Distributor Design and Flexible Air-hose Experiment by CFD simulation to develop ventilation duct system that is low static pressure and easily installed. The low static pressure ventilation duct system is expected wide application as ventilation duct system for apartment. Because The low static pressure ventilation duct system highly reduce pressure loss and can handily work when it is installed.

Metallurgical connection methods, such as stud weld and puddle weld, are used for a long time to attach a steel deck and shear connectors Recently, the mechanical connection method are used as an alternative to the metallurgical connection method. This method uses the explosive power of gunpowder to instantaneously drive a pin to combine a steel connector and a steel beam. This mechanical connection method has many advantages over metallurgical connection methods. First of all, a power supply is unnecessary and there are no concerns about an electrical accident. However, the handling of the mechanical connection method takes severs caution. Since the sound at the time of installation is loud, discretion is needed in a quiet place. We will consider a shear connectors using mechanical connection method instantaneously installed in a steel beam using the explosive power of gunpower. The shear tests on shear connectors, which is X-HVB80 shear connector(Hilti corporation), WT(Wide Type) shear connector, PBT(Perforbond Type) shear connector, and IT(Inclined Type) shear connector, are carried to evaluate structural behavior of shear connectors. However, the pushout test of Inclined Type shear connector are omitted because shear test results is not good. As a results of experimental tests, the initial stiffness and the maximum strength of suggested shear connectors are respectively 1.15~1.148 times and 1.20~1.36 times higher than those of original type(X-HVB80).

A cantilever beam of varying orientation with a tip mass at the free end can be used like a model of the many practical structures. This paper investigated the vibration analysis for the cantilever beam of varying orientation with tip mass by using Differential Transformation Method(DTM). The governing differential equation of the cantilever beam of varying orientation with tip mass is verified. The concepts of DTM were briefly introduced. Numerical calculations are carried out and compared with previous published results. The usefulness and the application of DTM are discussed.

Estimating nonlinear seismic response of structure is very important research tasks in the context of earthquake engineering, and it is necessary for performance-based seismic design. The most accurate method for computing nonlinear behavior of structure is nonlinear response history analysis, but it is time-consuming and necessitates more efforts. Therefore, approximate nonlinear methods have been studied to conveniently estimate nonlinear response of structure. Uncoupled pushover analysis among variety of approximate nonlinear methods, based on the assumption that responses of nonlinear system are uncoupled between any mode, combines each nonlinear mode response to evaluate total inelastic behavior. In this study, it is to estimate and compare nonlinear response of structure under earthquake load by both nonlinear response history analysis and uncoupled pushover analysis, and look over characteristics and reliability of nonlinear seismic response using uncoupled pushover analysis.

The main material of wooden structures is wood, can be obtained easily in nature and higher strength per unit weight as well as eco-friendly and process of the manufacture has been superb. A weak point is Knots, while, cross grain, vermin by insects, fire and strength degradation due to fatigue and corrosion by deterioration. especially the deterioration of the wooden structure must be accompanied by appropriate conservation measures, because it is most the cultural assets. Conservation of wooden structure as possible, reuse the original repair itself, the consideration of the cultural value of attending to the basic principle is to maintain a archetype. Accordingly, the physical and chemical combined methods using a synthetic resins is emerging. A study on conservation methods using synthetic resins is only a short time. So former studies was the aspect of pure science to conserve, it is not that improvement of capacity using synthetic resins in wooden structures. Therefore, this study will confirm the possibility of usability in practice and an effect of reinforcement in compressive element possessed rectangular section. The results of the experiment, the compressive element with rectangular section rather than the direction of radiation in the direction of tangent reinforcement is more effective and less ratio of reinforcement is more effective. It is also effective on the total length of the element and adequate reinforcement is more efficient than new element.

The estimation of construction duration is one of the most critical tasks in construction project planning, In the initial planning phase, however, estimating reliable project duration is an intractable problem. Since there are limited information and details in the preliminary planning, CBR(Case-Based Reasoning) can be considered as useful approach to solve this problem. Therefore this paper presents DEPOT(Duration Estimator for PrOjecT) as CBR-based construction duration estimating tool that is designed to estimate using available data at the early phase of project planning. DEPOT provides the similarity scatter diagram relating the similarity of past cases against the revised duration estimate and the list of similar cases to help retrieve a more optimal case for new construction project.

An Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) produced with ground granulated blast furnace slag was developed for the purpose of achieving moderately high composite strength while maintaining high ductility, represented by strain-hardening behavior in uniaxial tension. In the material development, single fiber pullout tests and matrix fracture tests were performed, followed by micromechanical analyses to properly select the range of mixture proportion. Subsequent direct tensile tests were employed to assess the strain-hardening behavior of the composite, which exhibited high ductility and strength with the addition of slag. High ductility is most likely due to enhanced workability and fiber dispersion performance which is attributed to the oxidized grain surface of slag, as verified by fiber dispersion tests. These results suggest that, within the limited slag dosage employed in the present study, the contribution of slag to fiber dispersion outweighs the side-effect of decreased potential for saturated multiple cracking, including a slight increase in matrix fracture toughness and fiber/matrix bond strength.

In constructing a concrete structure, one of the most important things to be considered is the construction period, because delay in the construction period makes construction costs more expensive. This paper investigated the effects of the kinds and replacement ratio of mineral admixtures as fine aggregate on the early strength properties of mortar and concrete mixtures. For this purpose, fly ash(FA) and blast furnace slag powder(BS) which are broadly used as mineral admixtures in concrete were selected in this investigation. In addition, another mineral admixtures such as meta kaolin(MK), zeolite(ZL) and diatomite(DM), which have an improvement effect of strength were used. The mineral admixtures were used to replace fine aggregate at replacement ratios of 0%, 2% and 4% by volume. The compressive strength of mortar and concrete were determined at various early ages. In addition, the batcher plant(B/P) test was performed for optimum mixture selected through previous tests. Test results indicated that the dosage of high-range water reducing agent of the mixture using the mineral admixture as fine aggregate increased relatively, in particular, the dosage of the mixture using DM as fine aggregate increased significantly about 4 to 6 times than other mixtures. The early-age compressive strength of mortar and concrete mixtures with mineral admixture as fine aggregate was higher than that of base mixtures. In addition, the compressive strength of concrete with BS showed higher early strength value than other mixtures. For B/P test results, the time for deforming of early-strength development concrete(ESC) which ranged from 20 to 38 hours, was shorter than the Plain mixture ranging from 30 to 72 hours.

A concrete filled steel tubes(CFST) has many merits such as a higher load-bearing capacity and a better fire resistance performance than the ordinary steel columns not equipped with another structural materials. But the recent steel based high building requires that the stronger and the higher performance in aspects of fire resistance because the higher the building is the more risk occur. At this paper, to get data for a CFST reinforced by steel bars, two kinds of tubes such as round, rectangular were used and the two sorts of concrete grades, 21MPa and 35MPa, were poured and SBD 24 deformed bar applied as a main bar, a stirrup and two load ratios. After fire tests with loading, the fire resistance of 180 minutes were shown through round section, 30% of load ratio and compressive strength 21MPa. The fire resistance from round section is higher than that of rectangular for its geometric shape. The temperature of steels embedded into the sections is guessed that it has a relationship among applied load ratio, limit temperature and fire resistance.