Earticle

The word Sublime was first used by Longinus to characterize the essential qualities of great oratory: a grandeur of noble phrasing with which to inspire passion. Kant proposed two categories for the Sublime: the dynamic and the mathematical. Thispaper is to restore the Sublimity based on Kant's definition and to bring the duality, the wholeness, and the subjectivity into the contemporary architecture. While the beautiful is a feeling of harmony of free play with imagination and understanding occasioned by the form of object, the sublime is a feeling of disharmony occasioned by formless object. Compared to the delight of the beautiful, the delight of the sublime represents subjective finality based on subject itself. The sublime is occasioned in front of the object which is represented to cause us a kind of horror. This very feeling of displeasure or pain causes a kind of high pleasure by making us conscious of the unlimited power of the subject. Interest in the notion of the sublime has recently been represented with the work of the contemporary architecture. This paper aims to identify how the idea of the sublime has been currently applied in architecture. I shall conclude that the concept of the sublime transformed into architecture--monuments, dramatic space, and ambiguity may serve as a valuable tool in understanding the contemporary architecture. Moreover, it proves the potentiality to restore sublimity.

The purpose of this study is to apprehend preference tendency of teachers based on the consciousness of preference about surplus classrooms occurred on the modernized elementary model schools in Chonnam area, and to pile up basic data for planning of classroom rearrangement. A usability pattern of physical facilities is investigated by interviews of teachers and managers concerned with utilization of surplus classrooms. A preference degree about management of surplus classrooms is analysed by questionnaire of teachers. By the analysis, student public living area ㆍ managemental area for supplement (F1), community learning area (F2), subject learning area (F3) and information area for learning (F4) factors are orderly influential to preference consciousness of teachers, and there is a certain difference of viewpoint with each factor. These results show that the consideration in relation with each factor is inadequate as before, and the long-term and systematic manual for utilization of surplus classrooms is required in the managemental and educational aspects.

This research understands an ubiquitous technology and space in terms of the convergence of the electronic space and the physical space. Accordingly, we analyzed the ubiquitous schoolroom space and introduced the space factors for the implement of actuality u-learning environment. Also, we developed the ubiquitous schoolroom design component based on proposed space factors, and presented the schoolroom space model by the actuality example. And, we presented u-learning properties based on 21th century modern space development for forecasting the future u-learning environment. The following is the analyzing contents and the result in this study. First, we analyzed the property of the physical space, the electronic space, and the ubiquitous space created by convergence of these space. We could know that ubiquitous schoolroom space have major property such as flexibility, softness, communication, simultaneity and also have space structure of neuron and rhizome. Additionally, we know that the ubiquitous schoolroom space becomes the optimization when these two structures exist simultaneously. Accordingly, a ubiquitous schoolroom space model based on neuron structure and rhizome structure has to be developed in the future. Second, the realizable ubiquitous schoolroom space is designed by teaching and learning models including ubiquitous technology. These factors are based on flexibility. Accordingly, we described the ubiquitous schoolroom space is reconstructed by teaching and learning models. Third, we represented the ubiquitous schoolroom space have to structure of communication. And structure of communication is enable to integrate private learning spaces and group learning spaces. Therefore, the developed ubiquitous schoolroom space design will be based on communication of variety learning spaces. Fourth, we analyzed the ubiquitous schoolroom space have a lot of learning resources and accesses without barriers. And also ubiquitous schoolroom space have social space enable to communication between teacher and leaner. Accordingly, the ubiquitous learning space have to multi communication spaces not only desk and chair arrangement but also soft spaces arrangements.

Owing to the continuous industrialization since 1970s, our country has coped with serious urbanization issues, particularly in the shortage of houses and lands, and has attempted to effectively solve this problem by developing high-rise and high-density multistory residences. Recently, the concern about developing residence on the mountainous areas and the sloping sites to meet the rising demand of new housing has been gradually growing. Once a slope developed to a residential site, it has various advantages over building a level site such as excellent view and sunlight, and diverse space layout. Hence, it will provide comfortable residential circumstances if more residences are developed on the sloping sites with their uniqueness and this will possibly solve those serious issues associated with scarcity of housing in our country's downtown area. In this context, this research analyzed the design characteristics applied in high-rise apartment housing built on the slopes, especially in relation to the gradient of slope.

In order to be required necessarily in play environment design, the purpose of this research is to analyze and achieve plan and design of standard play environment with focusing on safe zone standard of Playground Equipment. The analysis of play environmental was in progress by 3 method. 1) The analysis of the safety zone for Playground Equipment. 2) The analysis of the accessibility for play environment. 3) The analysis of the components of play area. With focus on the analysis of play environmental component, investigated the actual conditions of the design factors, such as access, safe, move, variety. There is play participations of children with disabilities in public play environment, that promotes social integration. Thereby makes a suggestion of planning & design standards as below for accessibility of playground equipment in play environment. First, Safe circulation paths will be installed in Playground Equipment space. Second, Swing, Roundabouts and Seesaw will be installed in play environment outside. Third, The slide entry & exit zone will be located in send from there to the places where the children are playing. Fourth, The Playground Equipment's layout design is placed in the Free zone. Fifth, The design of Playground Equipment and the scale should be clear from the user group. Sixth, The Fence to block visibility remove in Playground Equipment. The research, related to accessibility for Playground Equipment in planning & design standards, which follow-up research is in progress, in Inclusive play Environment, suggests planning and design standard including necessity of Free zone for Playground Equipment based on Safe zone of layout.

Houses in jeju city are divided into separated types and combination types of household affairs space. Other special types are separated-kitchen type. Separated household affairs space type were sitting room + Gopang separate type and separate sitting room type. Combination household affairs space type made from sitting room, kitchen, Gopang and Chabang(Dining room) put together as space differentiation, also into classes sitting room + kitchen + Gopang + Chabang type, sitting room + kitchen + Chabang type, sitting room + kitchen + Gopang, sitting room + kitchen type by combination household cares space type. Separated-kitchen type was one of the special type from separated-kitchen type of traditional housing, and type with continuous. Houses in jeju city were 3 kan type and 4 kan type. 4kan was mostly built. 5ryang structure has mugoju(無高柱) 5 rang. 2goju(高柱)7rang is traditional housing structure figure, that comes long time continues a way of build housing, further more ganisig or changed to 2goju7rang. Ganisig7rang is composed housing style from mugoju, and that housing style appear from during transformation of ganisig 2goju7rang, and generally used to common people.

The purpose of this study was to analyze visually the site planning design of the mountainous-district-temple-type temples among the early Avatamska Temples and find the similarity in stone platform design, site planning and path design of the rite offered before a statue of Buddha. As objects of investigation, the 3 inclined-site-located temples of Buseoksa, Hwaeomsa, Haeinsa are selected, which were designed by Uisang and his disciples and have the same background of the times politically and socially. It was studied on the base that design process of the architecture is systematic, goal-oriented and problem-solving, and Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa were composed of the 4 spacial parts of introduction, approaching, central and denouement. The selected similarities found in this study were as follows; 1) a dramatic natural scenery was a important factor in choosing the site location. 2) buildings of each temple were planned along a linear axis. 3) central part and denouement parts shows dramatic conversions, where high stone platform does critical role. 4) in case of Buseoksa temple, there is possibility that the composition of the 4 spacial parts was applied in the site planning design though no building in the denouement part exists.

This study attempts to evaluate the urbanism of the high-rise residential complex in downtown Busan. During the rapid urban regeneration of the downtown area, many high-rise residential complexes have been developed, but the outdoorscape, community and lifestyle has gradually been damaged. From such background, this study was undertaken with following purposes and contents. First, to review the concepts and types of the high-rise residential complexes after 1990's. Second, to analyse these cases in relation to urban design. Third, to survey the recognition of the residents in respect to the oudoorscape, community and lifestyle. The conclusions are as follows: First, regarding the outdoorscape we have to control the locations and site context and in order to establish urban design guidelines we have to improve the quality of public amenities, Second, in order to enhance the community welfare we have to expand the existing concept and to design the community spaces in relation to various open spaces and community facilities. Third, to improve the lifestyle we have to review the urban regeneration according to the life regeneration rather than the physical renewal.

This research analyzed commercial streets in the center of cities from the two different angles of the environmental elements of streets and users valuation. First, street users are expecting that the street functions as a center place in all fields such as leisure, culture, entertainment and rest, etc. of the region as business types of the roadside become more diverse than the present. Second, street users are demanding differentiated street environment and scenes through improvement and expansion of physical components of the street space, such as street installation design with identity and refinement and material quality improvement of the sidewalk, etc.

This study examines the characteristics of spatial distribution of commercial facilities located along streets in urban core region to provide useful data for better functions of street network. For this purpose, Daegu metropolitan city is selected as a study area. The main findings are follows. First, planning action for vitalization of urban street is required due to old and chaotic road network in the core region. Second, facilities that attract citizen to visit to the core are department stores, theater, large stores. Therefore, it may helpful to allocate small retail stores around large stores for vitalization of urban corridor. Third, there are many specialized alleys in the core region. Youngsters are main customers to dress shops and fusion-food stores while aged people are the main customers of home appliances and clothes. These location pattern determines the characteristics of street. By considering these characteristics, land use, building usages, and floors must be planned and managed accordingly.

This study examined the effect of green roof and respects the supply promotion of green roof from researched. The simulation make green roof in virtue building in followed in change roof area in seven city (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju Ulsan, Busan). The city total green roof examines an application effect in house space and commercial space. In seven city each city building coverage decides the application roof area in house space and commercial space. Applied a simulation program Energy plus v2.2 from resultant contents cooling load in heating load and energy consumption analyzes the effect of the green roof which follows. Method of research applied a simulation program at roof area(330㎡, 990㎡, 1650㎡, 3300㎡) four kind of case gives. Also, the ho use space and commercial space in city sets at applied simulation program in the one building. This study get the data of cooling load, heating load and energy change in two conditions, One is the data without green roof and another is the date with green roo f. As a result of the simulation, roof area affects the cooling load, heating load and energy consumption. cooling load, heating load and energy consumption is decreasing in the condition of broad green roof.

The reduction of running energy cost and fossil fuel pollutant is the big issue in the building industry, therefore the energy authority guide to the low room temperature in the heating season. However, the occupant feel unsatisfying TS(Thermal sensation) in actual condition that the room of low temperature as under 18℃. The heating on local body as sole and buttock is useful auxiliary way in the low temperature room in the heating season, but the papers on the human body response with the local body heating were no sufficient. This study aim is how to the human body responses as the change of CT(Core temperature) and MST(Mean skin temperature, ISO 9886 4 point), and TSV(Thermal sensation vote, ASHRAE 7 scale) of human body through the measures of CT, MST, PMV(Predicted mean vote, ISO 7730), the questionnaire TSV on three cases subjects in slightly cool ambient that the first is only heating the sole, the second is only heating the buttock, the third is the sole and buttock heating. And tow subjects participate in 6 days measuring in mid winter, the subjects sit in the half hour of each condition phases that the first is non heating corridor(Approximately ambient temperature 8±1℃, PMV is under -3.0), the second is in the room(16±1℃, PMV is approximately -1.5), the third is sole and buttock touching that the EHC(Electric heating cushions) in the room(16±1℃, PMV is same to second phase), the fourth is untouching the heating cushions in the comfort room(23±1℃, PMV is approximately 0.5). In conclusion, the CT of subjects were constant in every steps in all cases but the MST and TSV were slightly change that when local body heating. The change of MST were as follows; the first case Δt is 0.11℃, the second case Δt is 0.16℃, the third case Δt is 0.21℃. The difference of TSV were as follows; the first case is 0.75, the second case is 1.5, the third case is 2.0. According to this study, the heating of human local body as sole and/or buttock were a good auxiliary way of the heating in the slightly cool ambient in the winter season.

The member nations of European Union and some states levy the CT(Carbon tax) which approximately 3～150 US dollar per ton of CO2. A few years after, South Korea government will have to levy the CT to the fossil energy consumption fields for reduction of GHG because South Korea will not evade the Annex-Ⅰlevel at 2013. For the reduction of CO2 in the building, this paper were a preliminary study which the estimation on the CT influence of the energy cost in the use groups of building. It was using by the IPCC GHG estimation rule, the modification data of 2005 Energy Census in South Korea, and the consideration of the CT levy level of other nations. The influence of CT on the building energy cost was different level through the building use groups because each building use group consumes different level of the running energy and different energies as petroleum, city gas, electric power. In conclusion, if CT will be levied 10,000～15,000 won per ton of CO2 in South Korea, the annual building energy cost(Won/㎡year) will rise up as the follows; the average of all buildings is 841～12,622; the private office is 763～11,450; the public office is 816～12,242; the department is 1,965～29,469; the store is 1,806～27,090; the school is 592～8,876; the institute is 1,807～27,106; the hotel is 1,808～27,127; the hospital is 1,675～25,124; the telephone office is 2,102～31,532; the apartment is 437～6,558; the others building is 1,463～21,941.

The purpose of this study is to design auditoriums which are reflected in acoustic factors. And it focuses on making auditoriums acoustically excellent with specialized planning. Regarding the space designs for architectural acoustics, it considers all elements such as the size of space, seats, wall finish and etc, which have directly influence on sound quality. The results of this study are as follows; a) The differences between direct sound and reflected sound should be not exceed 17m for the prevention of echo phenomena. b) The sound focus has to be avoided for the even distribution of sound pressures. c) The analysis of reverberation time are required for the space to be able to sound richly. d) As the result of case study, reverberation time can be controled the scope in 1.31∼1.99 seconds by acoustic variable systems that are acoustic banners and hanging fiberglass beards. To carry out these effectively, acoustic designers make progress from the inception planning to examination of acoustic measurement after completing the construction work, maintaining the relationship closely between architects and constructors.

In regard of energy, Korea is poor country, which imports 97% of its energy from foreign countries. And energy saving problem is the national task because our country is recently suffering from the rise of oil price badly. In terms of this, it is important to take measures for energy saving in the buildings, which spend about 25% of national energy. Therefore, in this treatise, change of insulation standard in apartment and its effect are studied to provide basic data in taking measures for energy saving in the apartments, which use energy most among all buildings. The quantity of city gas consumed at 2,747 households of seven apartments complex in Gimhae was compared and analyzed for the study. The data source was provided through companies supplying city gas. As a result, it is found that in regard of insulation standard of Korea, the function of insulation has been improved through various revision so far, but the insulation standard about fittings(windows and doors) has been eased on the contrary. It is found that complement of insulation standard about fittings(windows and doors) is needed surely, because it is found that the apartments, built in 1990s, spent the city gas as much as the apartments, built after 2002, caused by above fact.

The evaluation of the joint rigidity is very important to design the space frames with ball joints. The structural characteristic of the joint is one of the critical factors to evaluate the structural behavior and strength. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose the reasonable evaluation method of the joint rigidity based on the proceeding studies. This method is the approximate evaluation method of rotational rigidity of joint, and it's case studies of the initial rotational rigidity are exercised. Also, the moments of inertia of the joints for the sectional shapes are evaluated and compared by the experimental results theoretical ones. The results of this paper are summerized as follows; The theoretical approach is needed to analyze the experimental results, the moments of inertia evaluated by introducing the simple assumption show a good agreement with ones obtained from the numerical method. It is regarded that the assumption used in theoretical approach is reasonable. The moments of inertia evaluated geometrically from the cross sections show the values which are higher than about 1.8 times that obtained by the experimental results. The plastic moments calculated by the theoretical approaches are 1.3 times that of yielding moment of experimental results. Eventually, these results should be a useful data to identify the structural behavior of the space frame and evaluate the buckling strength of the members and the systems.

The use of steel braced frames as a retrofit method has been broadly used due to its effectiveness in terms of both light weight and short construction periods. However, the steel braced frame retrofit method is difficult to apply to the inner frames of buildings. Consequently, there have been demands for a braced frame retrofit method that can be broadly and easily applied to both inner and outer frames of buildings. In this study, a retrofit method of steel braced frames having Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (DFRCCs) and steel bars at the mid-span of the steel brace member is proposed. Pre-fabricated upper and lower segments of the brace member are connected on-site with DPFRCCs, meaning that the proposed method is applicable to the inner frames of buildings as a seismic retrofit method with advantages of simple and rapid installation. The tension force is transmitted only through the steel bars and the compression force is transmitted by the prestressed bars to the DFRCCs of the joint which connect the three brace units. Results from cyclic tests of three specimens clearly showed that specimen with steel braces and suggested specimen using DFRCCs and steel bars ensure better strength and stable performance than pure RC frame. Improved construction efficiency can also be achieved with the proposed retrofit method.

RCS construction method is to take an advantage by applying reinforced concrete column and steel beam. RCS construction method has a complex structural analysis, compared with single structural system, due to interaction of different material, behavior of load distribution, diversity of joint detail and failure behavior. Therefore, this study aims to describe behavior of RCS joint as a simplified analysis model. The first, for understand behavior of RCS joint through test literatures related to RCS from the inside and outside of country and presented an analysis model, which to reflect each characteristic. So first of all, the researcher divided RCS specimen into four groups, according to its form and stress distribution element. The 'C' group, which is a flexural failure model, was explained properly using a factor in not order to generate stiffness reduction, strength reduction and pinching with polygonal model. The 'A', 'B' and 'D' groups, which are origin oriented models, were explained properly using smooth model and they had little bigger values in stiffness and strength reduction than general RC joint and a factor of pinching was explained through a combination among slip length, slip sharpness and moment level of slip in each group.

According to overall changing trends of domestic & foreign constructing environments, the introducing plan of ‘CM at Risk’ system is presented as construction part of global advanced constructing & producing system which is first subject of six main subjects for achieving international competitive power raising aim of the third construction industry promoting basic plan in construction industry. Therefore, this study, with the purpose of suggesting responding plan that accepting flexibly to periodical change by introducing of new construction business managing method and being developed as competitive construction company, provided responding plan of construction company according to the introduction of ‘CM at Risk’ system by grasping the degree of companies’ recognition to it with the subjects on large companies and small & middle companies, by drawing effective factor through SWOT analysis, and by conducting factor analysis. As a result, large companies suggested four plans such as plan/sales capability, reinforcing international cooperation, risk management ability, reinforcing abilities of constructing/project management, and small & middle companies also suggested four plans such as specialization, reinforcing order competitive power, creation of added value elements, and reinforcing international cooperation.

It analyzed and examined on the payment practice according to each type of factors causing recent difficulties of overall management of interior construction companies through actual construction cases and questionnaire survey. Through this, It produced the characteristics of the degree of reserves necessary for financial expenses and construction implementation that small and medium companies of interior construction business need to reflect in implementing projects in indexes. This study result is believed to contribute for business owners of interior construction industry to prepare the plan of countermeasure by recognizing the level of capital requirement burdens. The results produced in this study are as the follows. It is believed to be necessary to improve the existing practices of advance payment, payment time of accomplishment, recovery, and ratio in consideration of the characteristics of the processes of construction works of interior construction business and in order to realize this, it may be effective to have systematic improvement such as stipulation of this clause on standard agreement of speciality construction works.

These days the typical method that guarantees the efficiency of construction is the defect liability. Although the object and the period of defect liability has been stated in korean law, it is not the access method of which positive to attain the object agreement with use of a contract. It is also a positive work ethic concerning the circumstances surrounding rudimentary construction skills, to apply across the board to all constructions of a large calibre, but in the current circumstances concerned with developed construction skills that is requires the method guaranteeing efficiency of agreement with the demand of the contract rather than general standards. Therefore, this study considers the institutional character of defects liability that is becoming a problem in recent times, and presents basic data for the introduction of warranty contract opportunity as an improvement to the program.