Earticle

Artificial intelligence, the most important technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, causes many changes across industry, economy, and culture. Artificial intelligence is designed to imitate human intelligent behavior and currently provides us with convenience in our daily lives. As technology using artificial intelligence develops, research in various fields is being conducted. The purpose of this study is to analyze research papers in the field of architecture using artificial intelligence and derive key keywords to understand the research flow. In the field of architecture, three analysis results were derived: architectural planning convergence research, smart system convergence research, structural and facility convergence research, and artificial intelligence level. In addition, the level of artificial intelligence research was confirmed through the analysis of papers in the field of mechanical engineering, where research in the field of artificial intelligence is being actively conducted. As a result of the analysis, the level of artificial intelligence in the architectural field is the stage of accumulating data through convergence research. Convergence research can be conducted in various ways, but it takes a considerable amount of time to apply the data accumulation process and research. Beyond this data accumulation stage, it can help us derive the research direction for the next artificial intelligence stage.

This study is a reinterpretation about Le Corbusier's windows concept focusing on his first 5 points of modern architecture. Specifically, it is to research next 3 things. First, the relation of horizontal windows and curtain wall in his argument, secondly the reason for including Horizontal windows in his 5 points even though there is Façade. Lastly, the reason why he put Independent frames instead of Horizontal windows at his last presentation about them. It aims to provide new visions in the reading of Le Corbusier's architecture, rediscovering his perspectives for the windows. Method of study is to extract and analyze his theory about windows within the scope of the first presentation of 5 points. Contents and order are as follows. It starts from studying his early concept of windows and analyze the first 5 points manuscript which has hardly been studied. Then it focuses on discovering the window concept, showed up on 2 houses of Weissenhof siedlung because this project was the opportunity to present the 5 points theory for the first time by Le Corbusier. In summary, in chapter 2, it reveals there is a close relation of Independent frames and Horizontal windows and his curtain wall idea has already appeared in his early projects. In chapter 3, we figure out that his horizontal windows concept associates with his anthropocentrism and light concept through analyzing the first manuscript of 5 points. His main goal of 5 points is to show the Independent frame's new merits. He focused more on Horizontal windows in his 5 points manuscript because he considered only the window is able to reveal the value of Independent frame using the natural light. Ultimately, for Le Corbusier the windows are meaningful as an element which make humans utilize actual architectural liberty, cooperating with Independent frames as well as controling light. Afterwards, it is necessary to continue specific studies on the perspectives that became the background of this horizontal windows theory, such as his anthropocentrism and light concept.

As part of a study on the construction of a stone-built Catholic church, this study tried to find the architectural characteristics of the Archdiocese of Gwangju, and the conclusions are as follows. Korean Catholic Stone-built Churches began to be built on a small scale during the Japanese colonial period and appeared intensively in the 1950s, right after the Korean War. These Stone-built Churches were mainly concentrated in Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do, which are close to the armistice, in the central region, and in the southern region, there is a distinctive regional characteristic in the Jeonnam region under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Gwangju. It started in a simplified form in the early days and was built in the typical Gothic Church style with a bell tower placed in front, and rectangular planes with transept omitted or adding a ceremonial room instead of an apse appear, and the auditorium type without dividing the nave and the isle is the main one. accomplish It is suggested that the bay interval was applied in units of the ruler (1尺=0.303m) to feet (1ft=0.3048m), which is consistent with the fact that the bay interval of the Gwangju Archdiocese stone-built Church is a module of 3M. The Stone-built Church of the Archdiocese of Gwangju is simple compared to the Stone-built Churches of other parishes because it has a rectangular flat shape and does not have transepts and apse. With a simple configuration without protruding apse, the inner chamber was partitioned on both sides of the altar to create an app-like space. This spatial composition, which can be said to be an intended apse, stands out in the Gwangju Archdiocese Stone-built Church and can be viewed as a simplification of the apse. In the case of a single-story church, the structure is characterized by a horizontal twisting band, a point filling the inside of the wall with mortar, and a point finishing with an outer join. The transformation phenomenon is conspicuous in the bell tower and the front room, and in the case of the bell tower, there are cases of replacement type and addition type, and the case of the division type and addition type of the front room appears. The transformation phenomenon of changing the location of the sacristy can be related to the changed Mass liturgy after the Second Vatican Council.

In a pandemic-era society, modern people need psychological healing. Monet frequently used the instantaneous phenomena of nature and nature that are changed by light as the subject of landscape painting. These natural factors have healing effects, which can have a positive effect on human psychoactivity and solve the psychological problems experienced by modern people. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the colors that Monet used for natural factor expression and use them in biophilic design color planning in the building environment and ultimately provide a healing space. After analyzing the natural factors expressing the color, the use possibility of 5-color was identified through the exploring of a simulation image of the interior design application. The method of this study is as follows; Firstlly, for a general understanding of the landscape painting images used in the analysis, the themes covered in the landscape paintings of the Impressionists and Monet were examined and the characteristics of color that express natural elements were identified. In addition, by examining the chromatic expression characteristics of biophilic design, the relevance of color expression between natural elements and Earth-tone was examined. Secondly, the color series for the 5 colors extracted from each landscape painting image is classified, and the blackness and chromaticness are analyzed by calculating the average value of the nuance. NCS Basic 8 colors are analyzed, and the distribution ratio of each natural element is analyzed by creating a qualitative sheets for each color series that records natural elements based on the NCS Code. A nuance matrix was created based on the NCS Code and a nuance comprehensive analysis was performed while determining the association with Earth-tone. The NCS isochromatic triangle is used to analyze the nuances of the natural elements of the most extracted colors. Thirdly, a simulation of the application of natural elements of color expression is explored to examine usability. The results of analyzing the color expression characteristics of natural factors are as follows; In the analysis of the average blackness and average chromaticness(nuances average value) used in landscape painting, it was found to have characteristics of medium and low brightness, and midium saturation. The GY series was analyzed at 31%(165 times) and showed the most used color for natural factor expression. It was extracted most from grass, trees and mountains. In the nuance comprehensive analysis(nuance matrix), the composition of the medium brightness and low saturation, high brightness and medium saturation, high brightness and low saturation was shown in the nuance total analysis with high frequency. Blackness and Chromaticness characteristics were derived from the NCS isochromatic triangle analysis of G90Y. The use of qualitative sheets for natural factor analysis and analysis by introducing a nuance matrix is a discriminatory feature of this study.

Recently, urban redevelopment and reconstruction have been actively carried out due to the aging of existing buildings. As reconstruction increases, the number of buildings being demolished is increasing rapidly. The application of reasonable construction standards and safety specifications is necessary for on-site management of the increased demolition work, but the situation is not satisfactory. For this reason, safety accidents occur frequently due to loads exceeding the member strength between working floors, and construction plans are required to take countermeasures, but it is difficult to apply them due to insufficient criteria for structural safety evaluation. Therefore, this study analyzed variables of demolition work of reinforced concrete buildings to derive applicable working conditions and allowable loads to be applied to demolition work, and suggested a plan to review structural safety evaluation according to the load of demolition equipment and debris. The proposal of this study is expected to be used as useful data from the submission of safety construction plans by managers to supervision at the demolition of buildings.

In this study, an external reinforcement method was applied using a wire rope effective in emergency and earthquake-resistance construction methods on concrete piloti columns. To collect basic data to propose a detailed manual of this external reinforcement method using wire rope, a bearing capacity performance evaluation was conducted according to the transverse load movement of the externally reinforced RC column. A total of 7 RC column specimens were produced to comparatively examine the horizontal shear resistance of the transverse load by applying the same axial load on each specimen. Furthermore, experiments were conducted with the reinforcement method and damage state as the key variables. Based on the result of the experiment, a strength evaluation, as well as a comparison thereof to existing strength formulas, and the final fracture pattern, ductility, stiffness and deformation of the wire rope and main bars were evaluated.

In this study, a hybrid steel damper system using low-yield point steel and carbon steel was proposed in order to improve seismic performance of structure and prevent from out-of-plane buckling. Three cases of hybrid steel dampers were designed by setting the yield strength ratio of the low-yield point steel damper and carbon steel damper to 1, 1.5 and 2, respectively. Then, the hybrid steel damper with the minimum strength decrease ratio was selected using static loading test and finite element analysis. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed in evaluating the seismic performance of school building retrofitted with hybrid steel damper system. The school building retrofitted with a hybrid steel damper system showed an observable decrease in the interstory drift angle. And its top-level displacement response has reduced under three seismic waves. Finally, the hybrid steel damper system showed excellent energy dissipation capacity in terms of its stable hysteretic behavior and the seismic performance of school building was improved using hybrid steel damper system.