Earticle

Indoor crop production is gaining importance under the growing pressures of climate change and food security. However, greenhouse horticulture that relies primarily on mechanical systems for indoor environmental control can substantially increase carbon emissions. This study employs a bibliometric approach to identify how research on indoor environmental control in South Korean greenhouse horticulture can support the integration of passive design strategies into controlled growing environments. Article abstracts related to protected greenhouse horticulture were retrieved from the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) using combinations of the keywords “facility horticulture,” “greenhouse,” “environment,” and “control.” Term frequency (TF), term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF–IDF), N-gram analysis, and CONCOR clustering were then applied to identify major research topics and relationships between equipment-based control methods and architectural elements. The results show that six environmental factors— humidity, ventilation, temperature, light, heat, and concentration—form the core focus of indoor environmental control research in South Korean greenhouse horticulture. The resulting keyword networks reveal a strong emphasis on equipment-based control and relatively weak connections to architectural and passive design terms. These findings identify current research gaps and provide a basis for incorporating passive design strategies into environmental control planning for protected greenhouse horticulture in South Korea.

This study focuses on Henri Ciriani’s theory of the "Urban Fragment" as an alternative to overcome the architectural uniformity and isolation from the street context in domestic collective housing, aiming to clarify its practical planning methodologies. Supplementing the limitations of previous studies, the "Four Components"—External Identity, An Interior, Green Preservation, and Clear Figure—are established as an integrated analytical framework, through which a diachronic review is conducted on five projects where these components are relatively well-implemented (Noisy II, Noisy III, Saint Denis, Chambéry, and Colombes). The analysis reveals that External Identity evolved into a permeable building, An Interior functioned as a core for capturing urban space, Green Preservation served as a flexible reserve for re-balancing with nature, and the Clear Figure operated as a mechanism for rationally controlling complex programs through linearity and dotted-line systems. Furthermore, the subjects were classified into New Town, Suburban, and Historic Center types based on site characteristics to derive contextual planning implications. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the theory of the Urban Fragment is a strategic catalyst that goes beyond simple building layouts to heal urban deficiencies, and it is expected to serve as a systematic design guideline for recovering the publicness of domestic collective housing and planning alternative housing complexes centered on the street context.

This study examines the characteristics of physical environment projects identified in annual implementation plans established under local age-friendly city ordinances in Korea, and compares them with GNAFCC action plans (long-term plans) analyzed in a previous study. Using the 36 checklist items of the WHO guidelines across three physical environment domains, this study analyzes 473 projects identified in the plans of 38 local governments, obtained through freedom of information requests. The findings show that annual implementation plans concentrate on projects executable within a single fiscal year and verifiable through quantitative outputs, resulting in considerable variation across checklist items. The comparison indicates that the two sets of planning documents place emphasis on different items, while for some items few corresponding projects were identified in the annual implementation plans. The institutional context of these low-frequency items differs: some are already governed by mandatory standards under existing legislation, others fall under separate statutory plans, and still others require reinterpretation in light of domestic urban conditions. These results suggest that age-friendly physical environment agendas are addressed across multiple statutory plans rather than within age-friendly city plans alone. On this basis, the study proposes clarifying the linkage and division of roles between annual implementation plans and related statutory plans.

This study analyzed how class organization and the supply of general classrooms responded to declining school-age population in all 13 public elementary schools in Donghae City, Gangwon State, by combining enrollment, class-count, and school-facility data for 2011–2026. Regular enrollment declined by 45.2% while the number of schools remained unchanged; regular classes and reported general classrooms decreased by only 13.1% and 4.8%, and students per regular class fell from 27.9 to 17.6. Excluding three schools with enrollment inflows, the remaining ten schools recorded declines of 60.5% in enrollment, 31.6% in regular classes, and 16.3% in general classrooms, and five schools had reached one class per grade by 2026. Type 1 (shrinking–oversupplied) schools (n=5) showed a mean vacancy rate of 25.4%, whereas Type 2 (shrinking–balanced) schools (n=4) remained at 2.4% with no net change in general classrooms; class-level capacity utilization was similar (45.4% vs. 43.2%) but building-level utilization differed (30.5% vs. 37.9%). Of 33 year-to-year changes in reported general-classroom counts, 15 reflected space reclassification rather than physical change. The adequacy of school facilities should therefore be assessed by the remaining scope for class-organization adjustment, vacancy rates, and classroom utilization together, and the potential for future space conversion should be considered from the initial stages of school construction and expansion.

This study empirically analyzed the structural relationship between program composition characteristics and residents' satisfaction with cultural and welfare facilities in rural hub areas, focusing on the Auditorium type and Mixed-use type, which account for the highest proportion of facilities supplied through the Rural Hub Revitalization Project in Jeolla Province. Based on a survey of 302 users, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were conducted using AMOS. The results confirmed that resident interaction satisfaction and resident participation satisfaction were the key determinants of overall user satisfaction in both facility types. In the Auditorium type, the Event and Function (D2) served as a core antecedent variable driving other functions, with the Multi-purpose Community Function (D1, β=.611) and the Sports and Health Function (D3, β=.273) showing significant effects on user satisfaction. In the Mixed-use type, only the Multi-purpose Community Function (D1, β=.404) had a direct effect on user satisfaction, while the path from the Sports and Health Function to the Community Function was not significant. In both types, the Economic Revitalization Function (D4) showed no direct connection to user satisfaction, highlighting the need for improvements in operational systems. This study is significant in that it identifies structural differences in user satisfaction according to the program composition of each facility type and provides refurbishment guidelines through which improvements in program composition can lead to higher user satisfaction, thereby offering foundational data for establishing customized supply and operational strategies for cultural and welfare facilities in rural hub areas.

This study proposes and validates a Rhino-Grasshopper-based integrated methodology for independently verifying the accuracy of 3D mesh data generated by RTK-UAV photogrammetry (SfM) and directly linking the verified data to architectural design practice. Using the Scenario B (70m) 3D mesh from the same site (Dukcheon-ri, Jeju Island, 132,922㎡) confirmed in preceding studies (Yang, 2026a; 2026b), independent verification was performed using 19 valid check points selected from 27 observed with a VRS-GNSS instrument (Trimble R12i); one additional point (D11) located at the center of a densely vegetated area was excluded as unmeasurable. The verification yielded a vertical RMSE of 0.0522m (5.22cm, 95% CI: 3.80~6.64cm), satisfying the 10cm architectural tolerance, with a difference of only 0.36cm from the DJI Terra internal value (4.86cm), confirming vertical accuracy equivalence across heterogeneous environments. The verified data was demonstrated to be directly applicable to architectural practice within the Rhino environment, including site analysis and terrain modeling.

This study analyzes the spatial inequality of the residential living environment between the new and old urban districts of Yeosu City, Jeollanam-do, using 15 quantitative indicators in four sectors: population, housing, green and open space, and road and transport. Yeosu's urban space is divided into a planned new urban district (Sijeon-dong, Yeocheon-dong) and a naturally formed old urban district (Dongmun-dong, Jungang-dong, Chungmu-dong, Seogang-dong). The analysis reveals consistent disparities across the four sectors: the new urban district shows advantages in housing supply, park provision, and arterial road accessibility, whereas the old urban district shows population aging, a concentration of aged buildings, fine-grained parcels, high building density, and a high share of narrow roads. This study interprets the observed inequality from an urban morphological perspective, identifying three formal variables of the naturally formed district—fine-grained parcel structure, irregular street network, and fragmented private land ownership —as the path-dependent conditions that have accumulated into the multi-dimensional disparity in residential living environments.

This article examines the relationship between formal irregularity and spatial experience in Steven Holl’s architecture through Jacques Lacan’s theory of visuality, extending previous phenomenological approaches from a Lacanian perspective. While previous studies, largely informed by Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, have interpreted Holl’s architecture in terms of bodily experience and the interplay of light, materiality, and temporality, this study focuses on the effects of Holl’s irregular architectural forms on the subject’s experience of space. Drawing on Lacan’s concept of the gaze and topological models such as the Möbius strip and the torus, it examines how architectural space destabilizes and inverts the boundaries between interior and exterior and between subject and object. Through analyses of the curved walls of the Kiasma Museum, the fissures of light in the Chapel of St. Ignatius, and the irregular tunnels of Simmons Hall, the study demonstrates that Holl’s irregularity functions not merely as a formal or aesthetic experiment, but as a spatial device that disrupts the subject’s perception and position and transforms spatial experience. Holl’s architectural irregularity can be understood as an attempt to articulate the relationship between the user’s spatial experience and the psychoanalytical concepts of lack and infinity.

This study evaluated the air content, flexural strength, compressive strength, and water absorption of ordinary Portland cement mortars and blast-furnace slag–circulating fluidized bed combustion ash mortars containing acrylic polymer emulsion. Polymer solids-to-binder ratios were set at 0, 5, 10, and 15%, and the water-to-binder ratio was adjusted to achieve a flow of 170±5 mm. Air content was highest at a polymer dosage of 5%. Polymer-containing mixtures exhibited higher flexural strength than their corresponding polymer-free mixtures, whereas compressive strength did not consistently increase with polymer dosage. Water absorption generally decreased with increasing polymer dosage and was lowest at 15% for all binder compositions. The measured properties reflect the combined effects of polymer incorporation, mixing water dosage, air content, and binder composition because these factors were not independently controlled. The findings identify performance trends under the tested mixture conditions.

Outdoor-exposed substrate concrete is susceptible to cracking and surface deterioration under combined environmental actions such as freeze–thaw cycles and deicing salts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of binder composition and latex content on the strength and durability of substrate concrete and to provide basic data for mix design under combined deterioration conditions. This study evaluates 30 mixtures using a ternary binder of cement, fly ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag with latex contents of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 %. Slump flow ranged from 570 to 650 mm, air content from 3.0 to 4.0 %, and 28-day compressive strength from 53.0 to 77.4 MPa. Increasing latex content reduced freeze–thaw damage and deicer scaling, indicating improved durability and applicability for quality-controlled mix design. These findings can provide basic data for selecting suitable mix proportions for substrate concrete exposed to combined deterioration environments.