Earticle

This study aims to investigate and analyze the activation plan of the general neighborhood-type New Deal project, the most common type of urban regeneration New Deal project in Busan Metropolitan City since 2016, and establish evidence to refer to future activation plans. The study was intended to track the specificity of the plan by analyzing the current proposal for general neighborhood activation plan in Busan to derive general trends and analyzing projects that reflect environmental conditions for each project site. To this end, the proposed project type for each project type, the size of the project cost, and the contents of the composition were compared and analyzed. Through this, the contents considering regional characteristics were derived by overcoming the uniformity of the business plan prepared according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The contents such as conclusions are used as objective evidence that can be referred to in the establishment of future activation plans, and the meaning of the study is to be placed.

Due to the recent climate change and rapid urbanization, the city center is showing the micro-climate phenomenon which is different from the nearby suburbs. For last ten years(2011-2020), the annual mean temperature of Gwangju was increased by 0.8℃. Thus, this study comparatively analyzed the micro-climate characteristics by measuring the temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind velocity for a year according to the land use state of the city center of Gwangju. After dividing high-rise and park area, the temperature/humidity into total 19points, and the wind direction/wind velocity into total 2points, the measurement was conducted by using the real-time measurement equipment. As a result, in the temperature difference in the city center of meteorological observatory in each season, the biggest temperature difference was shown in the season with the highest temperature like winter<spring=autumn<summer, and the humidity in the city in each season was also shown higher than the meteorological observatory. This was showing that the heat generated in the city was stagnant without getting out. The daily maximum mean wind velocity was shown in the order of A1<A2<meteorological observatory, so the wind velocity in the city center was measured lower than the meteorological observatory. Such results of the measurement might be caused by an obstacle to air flow due to the increased newly-built buildings and high-rise buildings following the urban redevelopment, which was led to differences in wind velocity. Based on the results of actual measurement, there should be some researches on the wind environment and improvement measures for understanding the air flow in the city center and also relieving the heat island phenomenon.

This study aims to investigate the use, satisfaction, and satisfaction factors by classifying by type after identifying the current state of external public space through case analysis of small business facilities. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to prepare the basic data of the architectural plan considering the degree of use and satisfaction when planning the external public space of a small business facility. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in the case of the ground-type space located on the front road, the use of visitors was higher than that of the staff, and the satisfaction of the visitors was also high. The use of the balcony-type space was much higher when it was connected to the common space. Therefore, a space plan that considers the staff is necessary. The use of the rooftop space was high when an elevator was connected.

In collective housing, the view quality is considered important in the respect of dwelling quality, economic value, and so on. Due to the densification of collective housing, it is becoming more important to solve problems such as visual infringement caused by interference between adjacent buildings. The purpose of this study is to propose the quantitative analysis methodology the visual openness of individual units in collective housing, and to propose the visual optimization model that derives the optimized collective housing layout. Through the review of the preceding literature, the definition of the view and the standard of the viewing point were prepared, and the visual analysis methodology was established by applying the isovist theory to quantify visual openness. For optimization of view quality, the visual optimization model was established by applying the NSGA-II theory, a kind of genetic algorithm. In order to examine the effectiveness of the visual optimization model, the model was applied to an existing collective housing and alternative layouts were generated as visually optimized. Finally, suitability of the layouts was reviewed.

A tilted high-rise structure has eccentricity due to its tilted shape, and the deflection caused by gravity load increases the overturning moment. Therefore local damage to members and joints may occur. In this study, a 60-story straight structure and a structure with 12.7 degree-tilted mid-stories to X-axis were modeled to analyze the behavior of models. Linear static analysis was performed to investigate the story drift ratios and the member forces of column and core as the core of the tilted structure moves along the X-axis. The applied load combinations are equivalent static seismic load and gravity load. As a result of the analysis, in the tilted structure, the effect of gravity load was dominant rather than seismic load unlike the straight structure. In addition, as the core moved along the X-axis, the story drift ratio, the axial force of the column, and the area of the core under the tensile force decreased in the load combination including the gravity load. Therefore, it is judged that the core moves along the X-axis is advantageous for structure overturning. However, it is necessary that a detailed review of the stress of the column-beam joint where the load is concentrated.

A large spatial structure is a landmark and it is important to secure economic efficiency, usability, and stability. In this study, among the various large spatial structures in the world, the number of specimens was simplified into six shapes. The simplified model was classified into three groups according to the presence of braces, cross-sectional shape, and whether the roof structure was opened or closed. In addition, the span and total mass were set the same for each group to equalize economic efficiency according to the roof's self weight and material usage. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is widely used to reduce the seismic response of structures. Proper tuning of the TMD provides good control. TMD was applied to the analysis model and the displacement response was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the seismic response control performance of the lattice type, gable type, and elliptical analysis models was excellent.

Mid area of Andong has the most Ddeulzip in Andong cultural area. The occurrence progress of Ddeulzip can be divided into three periods, the early period(14~15C), the middle period(16~17C), and the late period(19~20C). There are mainly 9 families in mid area, starting with Jinseong Lee family settling into the village in the late Goryeo Dynasty. Among the 55 Ddeulzip within the area, Jinseong Lee Family built 20 Ddeulzips, followed by Andong Kwon Family, 7. The oldest Ddeulzip in the area was constructed by Jinseong Lee Family, though the house has gone though renovations, leaving the house in unoriginal form. Clans started to settle in the area by the academic relationship and the marriage relationship. These clan members soon became the members of the Toegye school. Duirng the early period, it showed many variations of Ddeulzip, but due to several warfares, there weren’t many constructions happened in the middle period. As it came to the late period, they built many Ddeulzip again in 19th century, but it started to dwindle down in 20th century.

The purpose of this study is to present a process for deriving core evaluation index for overall satisfaction on neighborhood facilities and to prove it through actual surveys. To this end, after establishing the categories and index of the survey through literature study, expert advice, and Delphi survey, Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) of 341 neighborhood facilities in which 401 residents of the Daegu area responded was conducted. Based on survey, Importance-Performance analysis (IPA) was performed to derive the matrix analysis and the ranking of the index. Additionally, one-way ANOVA on satisfaction by user type was performed to determine the statistical significance of the IPA results. The conclusion is as follows: First, Survey questions were prepared through literature study, expert consulting, and Delphi survey, and 4 categories-7 domain-54 index were established by categorizing the questions.Second, the main survey was conducted on POE. Prior index were extracted through IPA for this survey, and visualization was presented as a matrix. Third, in order to increase the validity of the reliability of the evaluation indicators and to identify more suitable index, a one-way ANOVA was conducted and compared with the IPA results, and 17 core evaluation indicators showing common points of intersection were extracted.

To protect school facilities that are exposed to multiple crimes, several countries are actively introducing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). School crime is a significant risk factor that threatens student safety and requires research on multiple aspects of crime prevention through environmental design. The purpose of this study was to identify the commonalities and differences between Korean and Chinese elementary school CPTED evaluation indexes. Accordingly, six Korean evaluation indexes and two Chinese evaluation indexes were selected to compare and analyze the evaluation indexes of both countries. The Korean evaluation index is characterized by simplifying and quantifying evaluation items for the sake of comprehensive school evaluation, while the Chinese evaluation index is characterized by comprehensive school evaluation based on students' school risk. Through a prior study, we observed the contents of the evaluation criteria for crime prevention design in Korean and Chinese elementary schools and comparatively analyzed the representative evaluation criteria of both countries. It is hoped that their comparative analysis will provide a basis for the unification of elementary school evaluation criteria in Korea and China.

This paper aims to experimentally evaluate the effect of the compressive strength of mortar on the tensile behavior of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) specimens applied the developed grid-type carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement (hereafter referred to as carbon grid), K-Carbon as reinforcement. The experimental results showed that the higher compressive strength of mortar could be effective for the tensile behavior of a TRC specimen reinforced with carbon grid in terms of crack formation and strength. The tensile performance of carbon grid was also revealed to be increased with increasing compressive strength of mortar, but the tensile strength of all carbon grids placed on the specimens was less than 0.5 times the tensile strength of the carbon grids because of the local stress concentration acting on the carbon grids and the silp with mortar. On the other hand, the tensile stress-strain relationship of TRC specimens was idealized as a simple bilinear curve with a bend-over point corresponding to the initial cracking point, and the idealized bilinear curve was revealed to generally illustrate the tensile stress-strain relationship of TRC specimens.

The building wind is a wind formed by the shape and arrangement of the building and the surrounding environment. As construction technology develops, the height of buildings tends to increase. High-rise buildings have expanded the area of architectural structure to intensively use urban resources. However, there have been reports of damage to the building wind damage caused in the high-rise and high-density urban areas, such as difficulty in walking and secondary damage to broken building accessories. It is necessary to devise measures to reduce the influence of building winds in areas where high-rise buildings are concentrated. In Korea, when designing a building, standards and measures to consider the wind environment of the target are insufficient. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction of high-rise buildings concentrated area formed around grid-type pedestrian walkways were observed on-site to evaluate the wind environment of the target area.

The complexity of laws and administrative procedures in the construction industry makes hard developers to make important decisions. Architectural reviews of the administrative phase are highly risky for inexperienced developers operating small and medium-sized apartment businesses, in particular. Keywords drawn from main opinions of the review were analyzed to help them minimizing those risks. The result concluded from the analysis on 25 representative projects from five districts in B city indicates ‘structure’, ‘planning’, and ‘utility’ are highly considered. It was also found that among the category of ‘structure’ and ‘facility’, four keywords were frequently mentioned, namely ‘Structural analysis’, ‘Temporary facilities’, ‘Lighting system’, and ‘Solar panel’. It is expected that the research result can be a reference to help the developers in the procedures minimize their risks and to be a validation for the later study analyzing massive, atypical data of architectural reviews.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the project feasibility of using prefabricated modular housing to respond to disasters with revitalizing local communities in normal. To achieve this aim, the researcher selected the project site first by using disaster risk and floating population data. The cost and benefits of an optimal units of relocatable modular construction were calculated during disaster and non-disaster period. And the economic feasibility was analyzed in three ways ; financial analysis, economic analysis and sensitivity analysis to confirm the conditions for project implementation. The conclusions are as follows: First, as a result of comparing the frequency of disasters across the country and the floating population in normal, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon City was selected as the project site, and short-term housing, offices, and commercial facilities were planned by using 16 units of relocatable modular houses. As a result of the feasibility analysis of the pilot project, it was advantageous to operate normally without vacancy. In this case, NPV, IRR, and B/C ratio showed better business feasibility. Therefore disaster housing needs to be utilized rather than normally stocked up.

In order to protect the lives and property of the people in the event of an earthquake and minimize social and economic damage, we have continuously established legal grounds for seismic design of buildings on a national level. In particular, under the Earthquake and Volcanic Disaster Countermeasures Law, existing buildings will be completed before the seismic design standards are established or strengthened. Therefore, it is judged that it is difficult to achieve the seismic performance level required by the current seismic design standards. Budget support for domestic public buildings is continuously expanding in order to further increase the seismic retrofitting rate by 17% by 2025 (the overall seismic retrofitting rate is equivalent to 62.6%), but compared to private buildings. Is an inadequate reality. Therefore, in order to establish a policy and institutional foundation for activating seismic retrofitting of existing buildings, we raised awareness of the need for seismic retrofitting of buildings to which seismic retrofitting has not been applied, and built buildings by implementing seismic retrofitting. Ensuring safety is required. Therefore, in this study, in order to activate seismic retrofitting of existing buildings in Japan in preparation for an earthquake, we will look at the current state of the seismic retrofitting support system for domestic buildings, and plan a support system for activating seismic retrofitting of existing buildings.

The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of the Building Energy Analysis Program ECO2. Energy prediction through building energy simulation in the design phase is becoming very important for building maintenance effectively and optimal energy use. The ECO2 program continues to raise controversy over the accuracy of the evaluation due to its interpretation using simple calculation methods. In this study, ECO2 is compared with a globally recognized detailed analysis program Design builder with the resulting impact difference of each input variable to improve the accuracy of the sensitivity. Design builder is assumed to be an accurate analytical value, and modeling is carried out in accordance with the Energy Saving Design Standard. Sensitivity analysis, which analyzes the change in analytical result values by varying one input variable, is conducted in two programs, respectively. The Air infiltration rate and lighting density showed an error interval in which the results did not change linearly, but changed rapidly.

The purpose of this study is to analyse characteristics in the tectonic of billboard architecture and to propose strategies for reusing it in order to revitalize the city. The article focus on tectonic elements of Jinhae Botaega billboard architecture in relation with the first urban and architectural planning rules made in 1905 and historic changes in architectural and urban planning guidelines during colonial period. The article argues that architectural layers of modern colonial architecture, added by series of historic events should be identified and valued, prior to any decision to physicla changes or even demolition. The field record, produced between 2019 and 2020, for dismantling and renovation work of Botaega, has been invaluable source for the study as well as various historic records related to the first urban development of Jinhae by for Japanese navy. The conclusion of the study reveals that the hybrid aspects of billboard architecture and potentials to create cultural contents and placemaking for Jinhae’s future.

The underground space is gradually expanding to cope with various problems of modern cities. In particular, due to the recent spread of deep railways, the underground space is rapidly increasing, but its use is limited to transportation-oriented infrastructure facilities. Advanced and complex approachs need to utilize the underground space for the its value of future resources. Understanding the public's perception of the current underground space helps to establish such a direction and lays the foundation for prioritizing planning elements for recreating underground city. Spatial planning elements that were mainly reviewed in previous domestic and foreign prior studies were derived, and their perceptions were identified through the survey of current users. By previous research analysis, spatial planning elements were divided into categories - evacuation and safety, traffic and movement, urban daily life, and spatial environment. Based on this, the relative importance and priority of space planning elements were analyzed by conducting an on-site survey of major underground space users with a large floating population and an online survey of architecture majors. As a result, the functionality of underground transportation facilities, the safety of closed spaces, and the expandability of complex spaces were derived as relative priorities. This would be an important direction in creating a future underground city.

Four reinforced concrete frame using advanced retrofitting system, which is designed by the conventional method, retrofitting of ALC panel, k-type steel bracing system with steel frame, and retrofitting of steel plate with vertical & horizontal stiffener in R/C frame, were tested under both vertical and cyclic loadings, Experimental programs were carried out to evaluate and improve the seismic performance of such test specimens, such as the hysteretic behavior, the maximum horizontal strength, energy dissipation capacity, and crack propagation etc. under load reversals. All the specimens were modeled in one-third scale size. Based on the test results reported in this study, the following conclusions can be made. The specimens(RFAR, RFKB-F, RFSR-G) designed by the advanced retrofitting system for standard specimen(SRF) were increased 1.46~4.61 times in comparison with the standard specimen(SRF). Energy dissipation capacity of specimens designed by the improving of seismic performance were increased 2.14~5.01 times in comparison with the standard specimen(SRF).

The increase in vacant houses is a nationwide phenomenon due to the expansion and hollowing out of the city along with the decrease in population and aging. In Jeollabuk-do, the decrease in the population is a more serious phenomenon, and the problem of vacant houses is intensifying in all 14 cities and counties. This study questioned the residents' perception of empty houses by 14 cities and counties, while the province conducted a survey to organize the distribution and status of empty houses and establish an empty house information system to revitalize future empty house transactions. In addition, the administrative officer in charge of the work of empty houses was questioned. The study was conducted as basic data to prepare systems and policies for vacant house management in the future by combining the opinions of empty house owners, general city and county residents, and administrative managers. It can be said that Jeollabuk-do residents' perception of empty houses is common, but base cities have lower perception than small and medium-sized cities or county areas. In some cases, empty houses are not recognized due to anonymity, which is the nature of the city, but once they are recognized as empty houses, they express concerns about crime or safety, and negative evaluation of empty houses is higher than in other cities and counties. In the case of small and medium-sized cities and counties, the negative factor for empty houses is the beauty, which is a landscape aspect rather than safety. In the case of base cities, it was difficult to identify the owner of empty houses in the neighborhood, and the intention to use empty houses in the future was lower than that of small and medium-sized cities. Based on this, in the case of base cities, empty houses are required to have an institutional device to induce demolition. In the Special Act on Empty Houses, compulsory demolition is possible, but it is difficult to actually apply it, so it is necessary to identify the owner of empty houses and prepare incentives for demolition first. As a way to do this, the vacant house information system is being established, but the disclosure of information for sale or use in the vacant house information system is very limited at a time when the response rate of interview surveys is low. Jeollabuk-do residents often gave positive answers to the public use of empty houses, and they hoped in the order of community facilities, park spaces, communal gardens, and parking lots. However, in the case of base cities, the demand for parking lots is higher than other facilities. Through the study, residents' perception of empty houses is that they recognize the problem of empty houses as a whole and demand countermeasures, but it is slightly different depending on base cities, small and medium-sized cities, and county areas, and flexible systems should be prepared first.