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This study aims to measure the height of axis for the design of Dapo Style Buddhist Temples and explore alternatives to the practice that the height is determined by personal experience or analysis of similar cases for the design of Dapo Style Buddhist Temples. Although many factors may affect the height of Buddhist Temples, the study seeks to find answers from the inside of a Buddhist Temple, except for surroundings or social condition and thereby develop a regression model to generate an estimated height. The regression model as above may be significance in two aspects; firstly it expresses numbers of correlation between and among variables within a certain range of the given Buddhist Halls, and secondly, the model can provide a practical guideline for the design of Dapo Style Buddhist Halls.

Throughout tracing the design process of urban architecture E42, this study made an opportunity to reinterpret the modern italian urban architecture. Especially, in order to understand the urban architecture of E42, this study focus on analyzing the design processing of urban architecture of E42 and the main prizewinning works of design competitions. As a result, the urban architecture of E42 was redefined by the meaing of modernity with 'the spirit of the times', and it was not a classicism from ancient urban architecture of Rome's imitation and simplication. The results are as follows: 1. The planning of ideal urban architecture by Pagano that proposed functional highrise buildings on the sides in the middle of 'the road of an Emperor', was changed by an architect-coordiator, Piacentini who followed the classicism urban architecture during the construction work. 2. The E42 had been built as the monument of the classicism by Piacentini based on his experience of 'University city' in Rome in 1935. however, it was judged as the ideal and progressive city that was the hub of business district with the residence area nearby because of a lecture of Rome by Le Courbusier and an ideal urban plan of Pagano in his early stage. 3. However Pagano's ideal city in E42 was constructed by the Fascist administration with autocracy to revive 'the ancient Rome' and to have a power of the Mediterranean, E42 was reconstructed with the classicism architecture including the symbol of the ancient Rome architecture such as 'the Colosseum', 'Foro Romano' and 'Pantheon' by Piacentini.

From Beginning the Christentum to the epoch of Constantine the Great is a time of the christian liturgy and it's room structure. In this time the church building was transformed into a longitudinal building with a west-east axis. There were some facts, that essentially influenced by the developing such a form, for example, dividing the church from the Judaism, merging the liturgy of the word with the Eucharist and separating the Eucharist from agape. As the church was divided from the Judaism, they needed their own liturgy and liturgy room. They began to celebrate their liturgy in the same room, in that they had celebrated the Eucharist. And the liturgy of word was merged with the Eucharist not only spatially but also temporally. As the Lord Supper separated from the Agape, the liturgy became similar with today's liturgy. The church building faced in the beginning to east as the temple of Jerusalem. But it's facilities was reoriented, they putted the apse to the east and the position of the clergy and the altar were changed. View of the church building was also changed. In this paper, all these processes will be researched.

The folk villages have been supported with lots of policies by the government to conserve and to improve the environment since 2004. However, the villagers want some changes on the policies. This study is aiming for the analysis of the residential satisfaction of the Oeam folk villagers by surveying their opinion on the conservation policy and its defects. According to the survey, 78% of the village population have been living in Oeam folk village for more than 30 years and about 60% of the population is over 60 years-old. Also, about half of the villagers are occupied with agriculture. The residential satisfaction on the housing life(room, kitchen, toilet etc.) has shown an average value, however, younger generation showed a higher dissatisfaction rate. Also, the residential satisfaction on the supply policies is relatively lower than the average value. In conclusion, there could be a decline phenomenon in the village if the policies do not change. Therefore, the new policies should focus more on the villagers' convenience so that it invigorates the folk village and consequently conserve historical values of built environment.

Nowadays, window plays an immeasurable role in residential buildings. It is one of the main factor which influences the design of façade and function; it also represents the style and form of architecture. Beijing is not only the capital of China but also the cradle of traditional Chinese culture and modern civilization, with thousands of years history. But the traditional architecture with Chinese culture is becoming less and less. However, with the high-rise residential building’s development, the residential building which imbues with Chinese style began to be emerged in Beijing; it still continues the concept which is called ‘Si He(四合)’ style of the Chinese traditional residential buildings. For this study, the types, forms and materials of Chinese traditional window were studied. And then analyzed the use forms and materials of window in contemporary housing, and examines how the form of Chinese traditional window is followed and used in modern times. However, because the quality level of Chinese housing is improving and the policy is changing, the design elements of Chinese traditional window are incarnated by another form in contemporary residential housing. The Beijing Cathay View(北京觀唐) Housing is located on northeast part of the central residential area just near the Beijing Capital Airport Expressway. On the basis of old official house(清制官式住宅), the Cathay View impersonates the Chinese architectural language and culture, moreover, the traditional wood window is used in the housing. Formal characteristic and acceptant tendency the form and characteristics of traditional window in modern Chinese residential buildings is analized by the survey of Beijing Cathay View Housing as a case study.

Le Corbusier used the multifarious drawing types to grow his early stage ideas. His drawings are made up of sketch, freehand or hardline drawings. His drawings show the evidence to expose essential patterns in the drawing works of the Chapel at Ronchamp and the Carpenter Visual Arts Center. His sketch works constitute a collection of freehand drawings as references done from observation alluding to specific scenes, which could be reobserved and revitalized as visual source through the projects. The focus of his drawings shifts from plan to elevation, from plan to section, from elevation to plan, from section to plan in each project. His sketch works play an important contour role in the process of presenting the idea of building design. His drawings show the importance of the sketch works that the final solution in the stage of starting the project looks different but eventually same.

This study aims at exploring the remodeling methods of conserved and utilized foreign modern architecture. To achieve these purposes, the various remodeling examples which were conserved and utilized foreign countries had been investigated, and the construction methods in remodeling were reviewed. The results are as follows. (1) All the cases in this study show that the historicity and the meaning of the building are preserved through conserving their exterior and materials rather than being preserved as they were. Some cases are preserved through reinforcing existing structures for their new utilization. (2) The repurposing methods are classified into 2 types: continual, exclusive utilization. The continuous utilizations are mostly seen in educational facilities and public institutions and the exclusive utilizations are actively in various cases. (3) The remodeling methods are classified into according to cause: extension, renovation, improvement, rebuilding, and preservation. They are used jointly rather than individually. They are also more oriented towards the harmony of the old and the new through contrast with existing building rather than simple similarities in design.

This study of charge of the K location of the apartment complex in Yeo-su. Floors view of the landscape analysis of the cognitive attributes, and its results follows. Preference in each apartment, the 'normal' to be a place on the apartment, but natural increase view point advantage of the view that a 1 file(front) view the image in the apartment, located in showing a high affinity. However, the unfavorable view of the nature of the apartment or 2 file(back) to view the image in the apartment, less than the average rating has. For the specific rating scale is an attribute that has the highest rating of high-rise apartment is located on the 1 file edge of the image, and if you have a very positive assessment, analysis of its factors 'Harmony', factors 'Comfort', factor 'Openness' of appears to have a high persuasive, and the lowest rating of the image side of the apartment is located on the 1 file edge of an image factor analysis of its factors 'Harmony', factors 'Comfort', factor 'Openness' of appears to have a high persuasive. Therefore, in the future when a design of the apartment complex to share Block or Dwelling in the view of the shape, location or height are required to many changes.

This study aims to propose the improving system of construction and administration of agricultural facilities to reduce the impact of natural disasters. This study is particularly concerned with the vulnerability of vinyl covered greenhouses. To carry out this study the actual use of vinyl greenhouses, the existing administration system for agricultural facilities, standard drawings and guidelines, related laws, disaster compensation and insurance systems are investigated. The investigations are carried out to the farmers who use these facilities, the engineers who construct them, the public officials who guide, manage and inspect them. They have been doing from March to November in 2009. The districts of this study are mainly distributed in Jeonranamdo, Jeonrabukdo. As results : To improve the existing system, three methods will be proposed. One is that the existing part of government that guides, manages and controls the agricultural facilities should be consisted of an agricultural part, a stock part and an architectural part. The other is that the architectural public officials should participate in the agricultural and stock parts. Another is that the services those related the agricultural facilities will be carried in the part of architectural engineering and construction companies that majored agricultural facilities. And they should be prescribed guidelines and codes for their construction. Natural disaster compensation and insurance needs to be applied to agricultural facilities as well as the farm products and livestock.

Korea social housing policy was lately made as compared with the advanced welfare country. Even so, that has been focused the quantity of social housing stock, and then socio-spatial exclusion has provoked a controversy in social housing. So it is necessary to study on social mix, outdoor space and social exclusion in social housing. This paper is intended as an investigation of social exclusion on council housing in UK. It explores the relationship between council housing and social exclusion, both in history and policy in UK. Also this paper deals with the characteristics of social exclusion and public space policies in UK. The results are as follows; First, social exclusion mostly occur in massive social housing complex. That is compound, persistent, concentrated and resistant to traditional policy solutions. Second, social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process. Finally, the poor space is a visual indicator about local decline, decrease of life quality and social exclusion. So UK council improves the green and open space in existing residential area to prevent social exclusion

These days, the central government and countries build various cultural buildings in order to publicize the cultural activity and enlarge the cultural population, so that nearly all small cities build and manage their own culture & art center. But it is necessary to prevent from these reckless buildings and to establish new plan of building the culture & art center in accordance with typical condition of each local city. As a part of this study we have researched the scale per spacial function of Korean culture & art centers and want to suggest data of appropriate scale as a reference for the future building plan of culture & art center.

The purposes of this study are (1) to develop an analysis method and digital tool for finding Visibility characteristics on 3D terrains and (2) to examine their compatibility to actual analysis. Preceding research softwares for space analysis mostly focus on interior spaces and flat exterior areas though a substantial number of recent architectural projects in domestic land are planned at non-flat areas. This study is derived from the proposed incompatibility between the analysis condition and real environment. Theories and technologies of Isovist, NURBS DEM and Algorithmic Script supported the development process. The developed method and computer application measure Visibility Connection, Visibility Connection Ratio, Clustering Coefficient and Control especially essential for evaluating pedestrian circularity and surveillance potential. Also, T-shaped models arranged in various slope directions and a real topographical form were analyzed for testing the performance of the developed. The produced result appears that the analysis method and computer application are applicable to the Visibility Analysis of 3D terrain.

The object of urban planning is to induce us to develop consistent public facilities. The desire for a resting place in city is increasing lately. It is important to ensure green zones and parks in urban planning(design), so many studies have been progressing. This paper discusses the problems of Kwang-ju open-space and analyzes the users' behavioral patterns and consciousness, along with the plans and management system for open-space. Accordingly the purpose of this study is to find solutions to improve the plans and development for open-space in order to meet citizens' expectation. In the aspect of space structure, about 31.8% of respondents proves that it takes more than half or one hour to reach parks. It means that it is not easy for citizens to go to parks easily because many city parks are located only in specified areas or in the suburbs of the city. Considering actual conditions, it is very difficult to prepare or increase a many parks in the city. Therefore, people's playgrounds with in a zone of neighborhood life and odds land made by the road expansion or the land adjustment should be used as a small-scaled park in other words, a new pattern of open-space. In the aspect of the management of facilities, open-space hardly fulfill its enough function as a space for recreation, because of the lack of its facilities and the unclean circumstances. Therefore, the authorities concerned should set the recreation facilities in better condition and make active plans to lead various static and dynamic activities, along with continuous training of experts. Finally recreation of good quality by a steady rise in the standard of living is the public problem to be solved in relation to open-space. As recreation of good quality in creases the importance of the opportunity of social choice various specific and practical ones such as athletic or sculpture parks should be actively planned and developed in order to meet users' demands.

In the winter, the people who is moving between room and outdoor suffer from the cold stress because the thermal environments change significantly broad level. The researchers in the fields such as the building environment, the residential environment, the health care, the reports, the others has been performed the studies about the reducing of the cold stress as well as the establishment to the thermal comfort index in cold outdoor in the winter. For the extension of these studies, this work investigated the thermal responses of two subjects who was moving between room and outdoor in cold weather in winter evening. The subjects were one male and one female university student. This work investigated for the subject's Thermal Sensation Vote(TSV) and Mean Skin Temperature(MST) and the earlobe temperature, the physical thermal parameters at the indoor and the outdoor, it using by treadmill for setting of walking speed such as 4.3㎞ per hour, it focused three contents as follow; first, the time interval between the subject walking start in cold outdoor and the subject feeling cold sensation; second, the time interval between the subject returning in warm room and the subject feeling comfortable sensation; third, the subject's thermal responses with the physical thermal parameter such as Wind Chill Index(WCI). In conclusion, the time interval of first of above were 2~5 minutes(walking distance were approximately 140~360m), the time interval of second of above were 3~4 minutes. The result of this work will contribute to the research about the improvement of thermal comfort in the winter, the research fields of above.

The number of the healthcare facilities for the aged increased as the population of old people increased. But guidelines are inadequate to secure the performance of the healthcare facilities for the aged. So the database improving the indoor air quality related to a smell and thermal comfort of the healthcare facilities for the aged is needed. The survey content is a malaise about a smell and thermal comfort. Survey targets are the healthcare facilities for the aged which is located in Daegu and Gyunsan. The investigation result of the malaise about a smell, a plan of confidence security is needed. The investigation result of the thermal comfort, the worker feel thermal uncomfort in the summer and winter. Afterward, the research about HAVC system of the healthcare facilities for the aged should be more in progress based on this data.

Recently, underground spaces are developed to heighten the utilization rate of city. However, these spaces exist dangerous in fire situation. So it is necessary to study for evacuation safety design of the subway station. The purpose of this study is to compare on evacuation simulation tool of subway station disaster. The study carried out two different simulations on the subway station plan. The results were divided into two groups by using SIMULEX, EXODUS. According to result of (1) when SIMULEX and EXODUS were both in same condition, there wasn't really big difference. People used the shortest way to refuge. (2) Bottleneck effects occurred in same position in both programs and they were underground floor stairways and gates. Those are the positions where opening's width gets smaller. (3) In subway fire accidents, even though there are lots of people in the subway, people's reaction rate seems to not affect refuge rate much. It was all because of bottleneck effect. (4)EXODUS's Avoid Population Density function shows that simulation result is way more reliable than familiarity, wall proximity, reaction rate, loitering, incitement and variables. (5) Evacuation simulations are way more reliable when lots of different kinds of evacuation minds are used.

This paper summarizes the results of a comparative analysis for three solar models utilized to predict hourly solar radiation for korean sites as a series of research for developing korean typical meteorological weather. The three models include the Kasten model, Muneer model, and Zhang and Huang model. All three models require cloud cover and non-solar weather data to predict global horizontal solar radiation. The predictions from the models are compared against measured solar data obtained for meteorological stations in the five korean sites. The non-solar weather data for the same site are obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The results of the validation analysis indicate that Zhang and Huang model is suitable for predicting hourly solar radiation in korean cities. In addition, site-fitted model coefficients for five cities are developed and validated for future use of TMY weather data generation.

This study intends to get the basic data necessary for applying the SHFRP method that considers the economy and constructability to repair and strength RC structure. The research is performed by the tension test of materials and the loading test of RC beams. The variables of the tension test are the length and type of fiber, and the variables of the loading test of RC beams are the type of fiber and thickness of reinforcement. As the results of the tension test of materials and the loading test of RC beams, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) The results of the tension test of materials indicate that the sprayed method is shown the unstable characteristics because of no fiber direction, and the fiber length of 38mm is shown the most stable characteristics. 2) The results of the loading test of RC flexural beams indicate that the effect of reinforcement is 116% for the glass fiber, 120% for the hybrid fiber, and 129% for the carbon fiber to the standard specimen, and the average is 1.03 and the standard deviation is 7.5% for the ultimate flexural strength to the suggested design equation. 3) The results of the loading test of RC shear beams indicate that the effect of reinforcement is 156% for the glass fiber and 147.5% for the hybrid fiber to the standard specimen, and the average is 1.05 and the standard deviation is 13.7% for the ultimate shear strength to the suggested Zsutty equation.

The Korean Building Code was provided by the Ministry of Construction & Transportation in April, 2005. The earthquake resistant design criteria in this Korean Building Code has been improved. In this paper, such results as the lateral force and the story shear, etc. calculated by the equivalent static analysis procedures which were provided in the Korean Building Code, the ATC provisions and the UBC97 are compared with the results calculated by the dynamic analysis procedure provided in the Korean Building Code. And the differences between the lateral forces calculated by the equivalent static analysis procedures and those calculated by the dynamic analysis procedure have been examined. According to these examined differences, an improved method to calculate the lateral forces of the bearing wall-type building structures based on the equivalent lateral force procedure has been proposed.

Interoperability is possible to Architecture, Engineering and Construction(AEC) industry by building information modeling(BIM), owing to information and communication technologies(ICT). It is very bothering to build the connection details modeled one by one through the detail modeling software. To solve this problems, Vendor provide the system macro for the standardized connections type and that is very friendly to user. But the applicable scope is relatively limited. Therefore, it will be very useful, if user directly builds connections type with parameters. This paper aims to propose the approach to create the user-defined connections type called custom component. The connection macro consisted of system macro and custom component enable its productivity to be effective and great.

The Shear wall system which is the most popular structure for tall buildings, provides great structural efficiency when the core is located on the center of the plane. On the other hand, considering the environmental aspects, it is an advantage when the core is exposed to outdoor air. In addition, if restrictions of core location were reduced, it can have many benefits because it offers flexibility in interior layout. In this case, however, it is essential to consider torsional behavior and the research on enhancing structural performance is also required. The purpose of this study is to apprehend the behavior of tall buildings with an eccentric core. Increasing the slenderness ratio from 4 to 9, the change of lateral displacement and rotational angle were estimated. Also, the ability of controlling the lateral displacement and rotational angle were evaluated when the core-outrigger and offset-outrigger adopted in the tall building. Additionally, relationships between stiffness of the models and displacement by the wind load was compared.

Nowadays, as the construction industry is becoming larger and complicated, a vast amount of information in each step and field is created. Nonetheless, because these information and data aren't going through integrated management, identification and revision of information aren't sufficiently happening and many problems that increase the duration/cost of the project such as disagreement/omittance of information and redundant business operations are apparent. To deal with these issues, recently in the construction industry, an integrated management plan using BIM(Building Information System) which can create and manage data needed in the whole life cycle of buildings, from the conceptual design stage to the maintenance stage, has been started. Currently in the industry, there are numerous researches that are in progress to utilize BIM in construction projects. In particular in designing and constructing, researches seeking for a more efficient project using BIM are vigorously in process. However, in the case of pre-design phase, even though it is a stage where diverse important decisions for the whole project are created, research for efficient use of project information or maintenance are inadequate. Also, as the plan's characteristic varies by the purpose, the central body, and external factors of the construction project, and the far-reaching goal of construction planning makes it difficult to manualize the planning process into a preset. In this, this research assumed the limitation of the inability to organize the planning operation into an uniform set of planning stages, and proceeded the study of the usage of BIM in the construction industry only in the designing and constructing process to using the BIM process to aid the decision making of the ordering body and other participants of the project created in the pre-design phase.

Key issues for lifting planning are following four topics as location, type and numbers of lifting equipment, and lifting schedule. Among these issues, lifting schedule is considered more important but not fully covered by previous researches. In this research, lifting planning is analyzed by movement patterns of construction material in lifting schedule. The characteristics of lifting schedule for material types are classified by three patterns as concurrent, dependent, and free activity schedule. The lifting schedule is prepared for structure and finish stage works considering through case studies. This research propose a lift planning considering schedule characteristics. In future research, lifting planning needs to be analyzed by detailed schedule characteristics, more case study, easily applicable lifting planning with more credibility