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This study aimed to develop a local revitalization strategy and formulate a master plan centered on the Happo Fortress Site, a historical and cultural asset in Masan, Gyeongnam. The primary objective was to highlight the region’s historical significance and creatively realize appropriate functions and facilities to change the perception that the Happo Fortress Site, which has long been neglected, is an obstacle to regional development. In response to broader regional challenges such as the dilapidation of the surrounding areas and the emergence of vacant housing, this study developed guidelines that prioritize urban regeneration, foster community awareness of the Happo Fortress Site’s heritage, and encourage local residents to engage with shaping the historical space to revitalize the area.. The master plan was crafted through efforts to symbolically restore the lost elements of the Happo Fortress Site. The plan establishes a network encompassing the target area and introduces tailored facilities that harmonize with the natural surroundings and the local context, serving as specialized plans for each specific region. Further, the plan reflects diverse perspectives on the Happo Fortress, based on actively sought input from local residents. Notably, the study’s significance lies in the fact that discussions and plans regarding the residential space adjacent to the fortress offer alternative solutions to address the original city center’s current state of decline.

The purpose of this study is to survey and analyze the trend of changes in the built environment with the focus on urban organization during the process of modern and contemporary development history with the subject of the Goseong-gun area that is located in the most northern edge of the Youngdong area of Gangwon-do in a way of proposing the perspectives. For this purpose, the attempt is made for classifying each period regarding the modern and contemporary development history based on the spatial politics concept, and the cadastral data based study following each period has been carried out. Mapping through facilitating the CAD program and Arc-GIS program and spatialization of data have been attempted. The conclusion drawing through the foregoing endeavors is shown as follows. First, for the case of Goseong-gun downtown, the residential environment having the spatial implication around the Eupseong area has been formulated, and for the case of Geojin Port, it has been affirmed that the downtown has been established on the background of geographical environment. Second, when considering the characteristics of built environment for each period of 1st, 2nd and 3rd period, its implication could be affirmed through the cadastral map and others, and it is further affirmed to display the today’s urban structure through the urban planning scheme that is presented for each period and type of residence that represents the residential environment. And third, the characteristics of representative public space could be affirmed through the traditional market and the change of built environment following the usability of residents could be demonstrated. Such characteristics could be described with the comprehensive analysis contents of the built environment based on history, location and others contained in Goseong-gun and it raises a need for urban planning scheme in the future based on the foregoing.

This study examines the expansion of public contributions in the Construction of Apartment Houses by the Housing Act in Gwangju Metropolitan City, South Korea. The city has a total of 443 district-unit planning areas, among these, there are 113 district unit planning areas according to the 「Housing Act」. The analysis showed that the average public contribution ratio when promoting apartment complex projects under the 「Housing Act」is 18.26%, which was the lowest among all development projects. Moreover, the types of public contribution facilities are heavily concentrated on roads (89.0%), indicating a need for diversification. In addition, the average land price increase in Gwangju Metropolitan City over the last 10 years was 6.54%, but in the case of projects developed under the Housing Act, the individual land price increase was 12.34%, which was the highest compared to other development projects, This suggests that the development gains generated by these projects should be appropriately retrieved.

In this study, we analyzed how refugees and workers have changed the small cowshed space into a space of life since the ceasefire and reached the present through spatial composition. It was confirmed that the Cowshed housing coexisted with the transformed spaces by preserving the traces and the original form of the initial unit plane. The expanded external space began to be used as a service space such as a kitchen during the evacuation period, but while occupying the space in earnest, it was used as a service space such as a kitchen, storage, and toilet in a multi-purpose space, and internalization gradually proceeded through the installation of rooms. In particular, despite the narrow residential area, a LV(living kitchen), or Toe-maru were installed and used as a buffer space. As a result, the existing expanded external space was almost internalized, and only 43.8% was maintained as a yard and multi-purpose space.

The importance of eco-friendly architectural design has become an essential design element along with the global climate crisis. Nevertheless, eco-friendly considerations are generally made in the mid to late stages of the architectural design process, and in particular, there is a high tendency to focus on consideration of architectural facilities or facade design rather than determining the overall shape, such as the layout, height, or orientation of the building. However, as mentioned above, the decisions made in the early design process often determine the actual performance of the building, so more advanced research is needed on ways to increase the energy performance of buildings in the early design stage. An algorithm was designed so that the eco-friendly design techniques derived through this study can be universally applied not only to specific sites but also to unspecified sites. Through the two proposed stages - placement, height and orientation - it was possible to derive an optimized building shape in the early design stage, and thus it can be said to be a technique that enables a high level of energy savings throughout the entire life cycle of the building.

This study sought to explore the direction of development of online education in domestic universities after COVID-19. To this end, we analyzed changes in online education at domestic universities before and after COVID-19. Compared to 2021, the proportion of online lectures in 2023 decreased from 66% to 12%, and the proportion of face-to-face lectures increased from 34% to 88%. Additionally, the needs for online education of learners who have experienced online education were analyzed. The response that online lectures were necessary was approximately 3.8 times higher than the response that online lectures were not necessary. Preferences by lecture method were in the following order: face-to-face lecture, online (lecture video), and online (real-time). It is analyzed that learners want to utilize online lectures appropriately.

This study proposes a novel seismic strengthening system of reinforced concrete (R/C) frame infilled using Precast Modular Reinforced Blocks (PMRB) to improve the drawbacks of conventional infilling techniques. The retrofitting system for R/C frame infilled with PMRB maximizes the advantages of factory-produced modular reinforced blocks, significantly improving the constructability and integrity of the connections between the existing frame and the reinforced blocks. This method does not significantly increase the weight of the structure due to seismic retrofitting and is a typical frame-infilling method to increase lateral-load capacity. A pseudo-dynamic test was accomplished using a full-scale two-story frame specimen based on an existing R/C building with non-seismic details to verify the strengthening effects of the PMRB frame-infilling system such as restoring force characteristics, strength increasing effects, and seismic response control capabilities. Under a design basis earthquake with a seismic intensity of 200 cm/s², the unreinforced R/C frame experienced shear failure, while the PMRB-reinforced frame was expected to sustain only minor earthquake damage. Even when considering a maximum considered earthquake of 300 cm/s² and a large-scale earthquake of 400 cm/s², only small or less damage was anticipated. Therefore, the seismic reinforcement effectiveness of the newly developed PMRB frame-infilling system has been verified in this study.

This study proposes a new concept called Precast Reinforced Block Wall (PRBW), which improves and complements the drawbacks of existing strength enhancement seismic reinforcement methods. The PRBW seismic reinforcement method allows residents to continue residing in buildings while seismic reinforcement construction is underway. It minimizes the increase in building weight due to reinforcement and exhibits excellent joint constructability. Especially suitable for R/C buildings with typical strength-enhancing seismic reinforcement requirements, which typically exhibit non-seismic details dominated by shear failure, PRBW serves as an easily implementable seismic reinforcement method. Using a physical two-story R/C frame specimen based on existing non-seismic R/C buildings, pseudo-dynamic experiments were conducted to verify restorability, stiffness enhancement, and seismic response displacement control capability of the externally attached PRBW reinforcement system. The research findings indicated that under Korea’s Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) level of 200 cm/s², the unreinforced R/C frame experienced shear failure, while the frame reinforced with PRBW seismic reinforcement suffered minor seismic damage. Even under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE) of 300 cm/s², only moderate seismic damage was expected. This study successfully validated the effectiveness of the newly developed PRBW seismic reinforcement method.

Traffic congestion, which has emerged as a representative urban problem caused by urban concentration of the population, is causing serious social problems such as energy and carbon emissions. To solve this problem, research and development of various smart transportation systems are expanding worldwide. Urban air mobility technology, which is being promoted as the most active research and demonstration project in recent years, is not only rapidly emerging as an alternative to solving urban traffic problems but is also being considered as an emergency medical and transportation alternative. In particular, Jeju Island plans to develop a Jeju-type urban air mobility service model and provide a tourism-type service model as well as medical and transportation types as representative tourist destinations in Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of vertiport type and spatial planning in Jeju urban air mobility operation and use it as basic research data for establishing a vertiport architecture plan for Jeju urban air mobility considering Jeju's natural scenery in the future.

The present study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of risk factors for the construction of general hospital. This work was particularly framed using the evaluation methodology of analytical hierarchical process (AHP). A careful literature review along with the experts’ opinions led to the development of a total of four risk factors, including planning phase, design phase, construction phase, and maintenance phase. Four specific indexes were developed from each of the four criteria by the assessment of survey data collected from a total of fifty-five respondents who participated in the first-round study. Furthermore, five risk factors were identified corresponding to the perspective of two stakeholders of contractor and constructor, respectively. A set of pairwise-comparison data were collected from forty-nine respondents who participated in the second-round study. The result from the AHP analysis indicated that, (1) the planning phase was found to be the most important risk factor for the construction of general hospital, (2) the risk index of project scale emerged as having the greatest score in global weight, follwed by location suitability and unreasonable construction period estimation, (3) construction duration forecast, construction scale and cost forecast error, capability of construction companies, selection of contractors and poor handover were found to be the most important risk index for the data set of contractor, and (4) occurrence of safety accidents during construction, construction period delays, unreasonable shortening of construction period, safety accidents during construction as well as demand for additional construction rank in the highest priority.

As K-pop has gained worldwide popularity, interest in Hangeul and Korean culture is increasing. From the perspective of education, language is most effective when it is learned with culture. To this end, a complex facility is needed to provide both Hangeul education and cultural experience at the same time. In this study, the current status of representative facilities for Hangeul education and cultural experiences in Korea was investigated. As a result, it was confirmed that educational facilities are only focused on educational functions, so they have little cultural experience function. Even in the case of cultural facilities, there was no educational function at all. In the results of a survey of Native Koreans and foreigners, there was also a demand for education and culture as a whole. Therefore, it was confirmed that it is important to combine Korean language education and cultural facilities. In promoting the complexation, it is reasonable that new facilities should be set to be complexed by themselves, but the previous facilities should be prioritized to link between facilities

Recently, high-rise apartments have been competitively built in large cities in Korea. As of 2023, there will be 3,459 apartment buildings over 30 stories and 60 apartment buildings over 50 stories nationwide. In the past, apartment complex layouts were generally structured to uniformly place general residential buildings and create public facilities or green spaces on the remaining land, but as apartments become ultra-high and landmarked, complex layouts based on the installation of various facilities within the complex are also emerging as a competitive factor. However, complex layouts are difficult to recognize visually because the main building and external space are mixed. Previous studies have focused on the amount of sunlight, ventilation, view, and energy efficiency, and there is insufficient research analyzing the relationship between the complex layout and the main building type of high-rise and ultra-high-rise apartments. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the relationship between the complex layout and the main building type by identifying the layout of the main buildings, layout with roads, and layout with external spaces of high-rise and super high-rise apartments that received building permits since the 2000s, and to compare and analyze high-rise and super high-rise apartments.