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The purpose of this study is to compare the designers and users' perception of the importance of planning factors that are considered when creating a school foodservice built environment. For purpose, the questionnaire were are broadly classified into 5 big level categories(Spaciality factors, Facility factors,Sensibility factors,Convenience factors, and Eco-Friendly factors) and divided into 27 mid level sub-contents. The questionnaire were distributed to domestic architects and dietitian working in elementary, middle and high schools in the Yeongnam region and data were analyzed using t-test and modified IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis). The result shows that dietitian consider the influence of planning factors that constitute the physical environment more important than architects. Both groups recognized the facility factors such as ventilation, indoor temperature and humidity control of the foodservice facilities and spatial factors such as space arrangement for smooth circulation and size of the space and number of seats as the important factors. On the other hand, emotional factors and eco-friendly design factors were recognized as relatively less important. Architects perceived the importance of noise prevention, the size and location of windows, and lighting equipment to be relatively lower than that of dietitian.

The purpose of this study is to examine the change process of spatial structure in Urban Fabric through the analysis of the Figure-Ground map of Typemorphologicla approach, and to understand the interrelationship between urban elements and the spatial change characteristics of buildings. Followings are the summary of the study results. First, town plan shows a small block, super block and complex block. The small block forms a human scale street, but the super block forms an automobile environment. Second, the land use pattern of the investigation site appeared as an individual city, large residential space and privateized, regardless of the urban context in the reclaimed and urban area. In addition, various open spaces inside the city showed low usability, also urban park along the water were not functional due to roads. Third, built up area in building fabric is maintains the urban context with continuity, but unlike the past, the new city’s appear individually without communication with surrounding. This pattern also affects the three-dimensional shape of urban space, creating a sharp gap in the urban skyline, and results in blocking the waterfront vies due to the Manhattanize residential buildings on the coast. So, the development of complex blocks structures of individual land associations and small-medium sized units should increase continuity to pedestrian-centered street rather than super scale street organizations, and through the creation of a complex use in new city, an integrated spatial organization with the existing urban context and skyline extended should be formed.

Grid-type FRP reinforcement has been used as reinforcement for cement composites instead of rebars mainly in offshore structures due to its corrosion-resistant properties. Recently, the structural application of grid-type FRP reinforcement has been expanded in order to reduce the weight of members and to improve eco-friendliness of the reinforced concrete (RC) structure. This paper experimentally investigated the effective depth of the section and the spacing of strands in the weft and warp direction on the flexural behavior of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) slabs applied the biaxial warp knitting structure grid-type CFRP reinforcement (hereafter referred to as carbon grid) with the narrow spacing of strands. As a result, it was found that the maximum load increased and the deflection at peak decreased as the effective depth increased. In addition, when the strand spacing was narrow, the load was gradually reduced as the load was transferred to the carbon grid after the peak. On the other hand, compared with the RC specimens, the stiffness of the TRC specimens was sharply lowered due to cracks, resulting in greater deflection at the same load. Although the maximum loads of the TRC specimens were larger than those of the RC specimens, the TRC specimens exhibited brittle behavior due to strand fracture after the peak. In this paper, based on the experimental results, the load-deflection relationship of the TRC structure was modeled as a bilinear curve in which the stiffness changes around the crack initiation point, and to calculate the stiffness after crack initiation, an equation that applied a reduction factor to the cracked transformed moment of inertia was proposed. The stiffness after cracking according to the proposed formula was larger than that to the experimental results, but the overall load-deflection relationship was shown to be able to be simulated.

The purpose of the study was to establish the basic data for continuous use and management of architectural assets from the perspective of regional revitalization by setting cases of regional revitalization using architectural assets according to the paradigm of conservation and utilization of architectural assets as research site and subject and seeking institutional improvements based on empirical research. For the purpose, individual on-site questionnaire survey was conducted in the operation personnel and visiting users, and the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was performed for each attribute using the collected data. The results are as follows: First, a 'Facade' management should be implemented to improve awareness of architectural assets. Second, a guideline serving as an institutional standard for implementation should be established in relation to pre-training in consideration of the building owner's age group attribute and differential payment of project costs when using architectural assets. Third, measures such as the specification of the 「Plans for Architectural Asset Value Enhancement Zones」through user awareness analysis, establishment of barrier-free space suggested as improvement items, and reinforcement measures of each building according to life cycle should be reviewed and supplement

The distance between the rafters of the anti-disaster greenhouse is 50~60cm, and the rafter distance of the single-span greenhouse is 80~90cm. The wider the gap between the rafters, the more vulnerable the greenhouse is to wind and snow loads. Therefore, in this paper, the structural safety of the single-span greenhouse according to the basic wind speed of 40m/s and the depth of snow of 50cm, which are the design standards for the anti-disaster greenhouse, was verified through computational analysis. It was confirmed that the single-pipe foundation of the single-span greenhouse, could be pulled out by wind load, also it should be buried at least 50cm in soft ground to avoid subsidence due to snow load. When the combined strength ratio was reviewed, it was confirmed that the design conditions were not satisfied in all cases except for some roof parts. Therefore, a feasible reinforcement design for single-span greenhouse is needed to prevent damage due to wind and heavy snow loads.

In this study, an analytical study was conducted on the seismic resistance through reinforcement of HPFRCC(High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites) masonry walls of standard school structure in the 1980s. The seismic reinforcement effect of structures under ground conditions from S1 to S4 was studied. The seismic reinforcing effect of the entire structure during out-of-plane reinforcement of full masonry walls and partial masonry walls was analyzed. As a result, when reinforcing the HPFRCC of a masonry wall, the ductility ability decreases due to the increase in strength and rigidity, and the torsional irregularity increases depending on the distribution of the full masonry wall and partial masonry wall in the building, which may adversely affect the overall structure. Therefore, it is judged that sufficient consideration is necessary when planning the earthquake-resistance reinforcement of buildings of the type of reinforcement to be blown off.

This study is an experimental study to investigate the performance of steel pipe flange joints, including theoretical yield and breaking strength formula, material test, and linear finite element analysis results. A total of 12 specimens with the various thickness of the flange plate and the number of joint bolts as variables (flange thickness: 3.2, 4.0, 4.5 mm, number of bolts: 4, 6) were prepared and a unidirectional tensile test was conducted. In order to investigate the performance of the joint, the plate thickness was designed to be thinner than the general case in order to induce flange fracture. When the flange thickness was the same, the yield strength and maximum strength increased as the number of bolts increased. However, when the flange thickness increased when the number of bolts was the same, the yield strength increased, but the joint stiffness increased and the maximum strength showed a tendency to decrease. Flange plate fracture was induced, but in the case of the specimen with 6 bolts, the steel pipe was fractured earlier than flage plate.

The purpose of this study is to explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of changes of shop business types in Myeong-dong commercial district from 2008 until 2021. Based upon the online road view provided by two representative internet portal sites of Korea, this study constructed primary data of shop business type of all ground floor shops in Myeong-dong, and analyzed the characteristics of business type changes according to the global economic impacts like 2008’s global financial crisis and 2020 Covid-19 pandemic as well as regional economic influences like foreign tourists’ increase and competitiveness between shops. By disclosing the temporal and spatial characteristics of shop business types for last 13 years, this study have found the transformation of the regionality and identity of Myeong-dong, the most traditional and famous downtown shopping district in Seoul and Korea.

The representation of users' intends in the early design stage is critical to practitioners including architects. The development of an apparatus to support users' decision making by the representation of their intends efficiently has been conducted. This paper presents the framework development to automatically create Building Information Models from sketched data using deep learning technique. The methodology for the framework development is to define processes, the systems required in the framework and the data to develop the systems, and to implement the systems. The framework development consists of the following steps: the process model development, the framework implementation, and the validation of the framework. The process model development is to identify the activities to represent the process of the framework. The framework implemention is to develop the system interfaces and user interfaces which converts the sketched data from users into a Building Information Model. The validation of the framework investigates whether the framework can accurately create Building Information Models from the sketched data. The findings present that the framework can automatically translate sketched strokes in the sketched data into building components and accurately create in BIM models.

According to data from the National Statistical Office, by 2022, Korea will enter a super-aged society, with the population aged 65 or older accounting for more than 20% of the total population. This global aging phenomenon requires deeper consideration of the physical environment along with inevitable social changes. Due to the corona pandemic, the isolation and social distancing of the elderly caused more difficulties in daily life by cutting off human and social relationships. Through this study, we seek to secure basic data to build a physical space that can increase the satisfaction of elderly people's life in their old age, and seek the direction of space creation accordingly. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 44 elderly people aged 65 or older residing in the Busan area. Through this study, the overall satisfaction with old age life was higher in the late elderly (75-85 years old) than in the early elderly (64-74 years old). The quality of life and satisfaction of the elderly were found to have the greatest impact on interpersonal and social relationships. In addition, it was confirmed once again that the basic requirement for creating a physical environment in which the elderly can increase their life satisfaction is interaction with people. Therefore, a physical environment such as a place where the elderly can comfortably interact with people and a space where they can participate in the community should be actively provided.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual condition of the external space at the boundary of the land of public buildings around the provincial government office in Gyeongsangnam-do. As can be seen in the case of the Gyeongnam Research Institute and the Gyeongsangnam-do Women's Competency Development Center, it was confirmed that the use of space and utilization rate increased for both off-site pedestrians and building users when some walls were opened. If mini trails, resting pagodas, and benches were properly placed adjacent to the site boundary, the awareness and walking accessibility of major entrances and intersections were very good, but there were many places like Changwon Office of Education and Gaya Cultural Research Institute that reduced space efficiency. The space between the sites was spaced 2 to 2.5m apart from each side of the site, with an average margin of 4 to 5m. However, more than half of the surveyed public buildings left outdoor units and piles in the space, and it was confirmed that if they were collectively maintained, the green area rate of the boundary could be increased and used as a walking passage or rest area. If the space between public buildings is planned to be combined from the beginning of development, as the size of the block increases, it is possible to create a pedestrian path through the site and to prevent the pedestrian path from being lengthened by bypassing the block. In particular, if a deck is built in the space between the sites to overcome the difference between the sites, it has been confirmed that a 4-5m wide walkway can be built that penetrates the block in about 10 of the 45 sites to be surveyed. In addition, it was investigated that reconstructing the boundary of the road behind the concentrated public buildings could specialize in the characteristics of the space for each street. To this end, sculptures, landscaping, fence removal, and step overcoming that interfere with walking on the nodular site must be preceded. Repeatedly providing environmental sculptures, spaces for pedestrians to rest, and open spaces in the secured space improves the street environment and creates a sense of direction, enabling specialized walking green areas.

Parallel movement of a building is moving an existing building from a specific location to a new location, and refers to the displacement of a building along a straight line or curve in the horizontal direction. Unlike foreign countries where parallel movement of buildings is actively carried out, there is a lack of construction and research on parallel movement of buildings in Korea. Therefore, in this study, we classify domestic and foreign building parallel building movement construction methods by type, and investigate and present construction cases according to the construction methods. In addition, we propose a construction method for parallel movement of buildings using jack piles and steel bars, and present examples of on-site application of parallel movement.

This study focuses not only on their similarity between J. Lyotard's ‘sublime’ and L. Kahn's idea ‘light’ but also on its architectural expression of the light as ‘time.’ For this purpose, the historical and philosophical backgrounds of ‘American sublime’ and significances of Kahn's architectural ideas are analyzed. Ultimately, this study finds that the ‘sublime’ is substituted to Kahn's ‘light’ as well as that their architectural characteristics such as 1) Structure - light that makes people realize existence, 2) Exposed Material – the light that reveals an essence, and 3) Relative Size – the light that forms hierarchy of space in Kahn's architecture. To sum up, Kahn's idea ‘light’ are summarized as follows. Firstly, through the structure, L. Kahn intends to catch the ‘time’ and evokes wonder and surprise of experiencing space by an indeterminacy of light. Secondly, Kahn exposes a material to find an essence which reveals an architectural existence, and natural light to catch time by different appearances of materials every moment. Finally, it is Relative Size – the light that forms hierarchy of space. Through the light varied in 'darkness-brightness' depending on relative size of space, L. Kahn creates a hierarchy between spaces and make to experience a changing space, and finally to feel an emotion of surprise and wonder. In conclusion, L. Khan realizes light as a medium for grasping time, and succeeded in restoring an essence of architecture, monumentality of architecture which had been lost in an existential sense.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal of an office building, as well as the external louver shade scheme suitable for windows in various directions of the building in different climate divisions in China. The results are as follows: In Lanzhou, dimming control has little effect on lighting energy consumption. Therefore, when the horizontal louver has a blade width of 120mm, the spacing 300mm, and the angle in the west is 30°-45°, the angle in the south is 75°-90° the energy saving effect is proved, and the building's discomfort glare of the building can be reduced. Due to the small energy savings in the east direction, it is not economically feasible to set fixed external louver for shading. Setting a fixed external shade is thought to be more appropriate. In Chongqing, the energy saving effect of cooling and heating load, the block effect of discomfort glare is good when horizontal louvers are set in the west direction with the blade width 500mm, the spacing 500mm, and the angle 15°-45°, as well as when horizontal louvers are set in the east and south directions with the blade width 300mm, the spacing 500mm, and the angle 15°-45°. However, the setting of louver shade in the set of dimming control will have a great impact on the lighting energy consumption demand, so the total energy saving effect of the building is relatively small. In Shenzhen, When horizontal louvers are set in the east, west and south directions, with the blade width 500mm, the spacing 500mm, the east angle 15°-45°, and the west and south angle 30°-45°, the energy saving effect is enhanced, and the discomfort glare can be effectively avoided. However, when the dimming control is activated, the louver shade consumes more lighting energy, resulting in an increase in the total energy consumption.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data that can be reflected in the new construction and remodeling design of the Protestant worship space by confirming the perception of Protestant believers, the main users of the worship space, through a survey. By the result, many users recognize that in order to create a bible-based worship space; additional spaces for hospitality and gatherings are needed inside and outside the church, individual chairs considering the mobility of the congregation, stair type and radial congregation seats without balconies for proclamation and submission, mobile communion tables and baptismal tables in front of the pulpit, choir seats in front of the chapel, Marriage and funeral services for a sense of belonging to the faith community. And, it was found that the most members recognize that the worship space, where metaphorical symbols such as God's love are revealed both outside and inside the worship space.