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In general, there is a heterogeneity and distance between an architecture concept and design outputs by two original differences of language and image. The distance is not narrowed. Also, when architects explain a form or image of the work through their architectural thought, they explain the form and image of the work only with the linguistic tool of ‘Concept’. However, architects do not make a creative thinking only with the concept, but progress with many images related to the shape. The shape and image are exposed through the ‘Architectural-schema’ of architects. In this study, the meaning of schema was re-interpreted through the schema theory of Kant, Bergson and Gombrich, and the schema applied to the artistic creation process. Also, Architectural-schema to be used for the architecture, one part of the art was defined and the meaning of it was analyzed in the architectural design process. Moreover, the role and characteristics of Architectural-schema which was distinguished from the schema of general recognition process was explained in the design creation process of architecture. Architectural-schema became one clue of explaining various forms and image origin in the architecture, and will be helpful in understanding the architectural thinking of architects who make various forms and image's structural origin and its image of architecture.

This study aims to research for a historical transition of philosophical thoughts related to the ‘modern’ aesthetics, so called ‘Universalism’ such as Transcendentalism, and Theosophy, etc. or ‘Universal wisdom movement’ at the turn of the 20th century. And it revealed the characteristics as well as historical connections of the idea on ‘from being into becoming’ with which Avant-garde artists made entirely new representation in their work focused on the case of De Stijl's form-space by the ‘ideoplastic’ way of from innerness outward. In result, this study found the fact that there was a strong philosophical stream recognized as Romantic idealism and Naturphilosophie in German which had been developed through Schelling's concept of ‘a unified organic system’ caused from the mystic transcendental idealism including Kant's and Hegel's. And more importantly in the realm of art, Froebel's thoughts and his educational training influenced on a lot of modern ‘Avant-garde’ artists such as Mondrian in De Stijl, Kandinsky in Bauhaus and Malevich in Constructivism in Europe including F. L. Wright in America, and furthermore, the influence of Oriental thoughts also was inevitable in these processes towards the ‘Modernity.'

This research analyzes the process of realization on the recovery of urban identity and the reservation of historical urban continuity. The cities for analysis are Firenze, Siena, Como in Italy, and Ulm, Nimes in Germany and france. The selection criterion of cities isn't on the correlation of appearance time, since the intention of the research is to analyze the characteristics of the urban transition process. The transition process of urban central form by time and the correlation of urban tissue were analyzed with Firenze, Siena. The specific process of realization in the urban nucleus transition process was analyzed with Como, Ulm, Nimes. This research will contribute to offer the theoretical methodology and the new recognition for the recovery of urban identity and the reservation of historical urban continuity in domestic cities.

Ancient Christian Relics is much scattered to the east seashore inland of Aegean Sea, but it is administration or real condition that is allowed being not preserved. This area does that recordings for the house of Maria who´s Jesus´ mother and St. John and his action remain completely. Was polytheism society which here worship historically several Gods, the object of worship can know is different locally. To Christian religion occupy as religion within these aboriginal religions, much confusions and traces of trial remain. To Constantinople that Christian religion is recognized by a state religion Rome era 313 years time that can behave living through church building properly next capital by constructed on the historic recordings present churches in 4th century after way of Heaven realize. As record and arrange churches which scattered on its each region, decided to the extent of research about the floor plan of church buildings. Can know that the floor plan style of seven church conform and its origin is what and it is subject must find in where. This study is holy place that Zion appropriates 486 years as many as until 959 year Solomon sacred shrine builds building in B.C.1445, church because do comparative analysis by recent publication conclusion draw. Here J-birds lived residing permanently since early time and they reappear relation church and tabernacles accordantly to Sade and it can presume that derivative Christian consciousness space is been point in Judaism that used.

This study is intended to present the aesthetic value of 'Golden Section'. Many architectural writings about 'Golden Section' has been existed since 19th century, but they have dealed with the making of 'Golden Section' and the examples which they believed have been conceived by the application of 'Golden Section'. And they have given 'Golden Section' a proiori aesthetic value. So by analysing precedent studies, especially formal perception theory this study has been carried to establish the ground of thinking 'Golden Section' differently from contemporary formal theory.

This study attempts to compare the difference of the satisfaction of two dormitories(L, H Dong) in A-university, according to the resident's (students) needs. In the present work, SPSS window version12.0 program‘s Anova(t-test. etc.) was used for analysis of statistical data which obtained from survey. The field surveys carried out for a total samples of 118 residents such as male(61), female(57), in the A-university dormitory. As the conclusion, the residents' satisfaction would be increased when the adequate area with secured privacy is provided in personal space allocation aspect. In the other hand, assuring a person’s behavioral province and locating facilities considering the number of users contributes to the residents' satisfaction. In addition, it was found that providing sleeping room as well as other facilities that accommodate diverse activities is major contributor to resident satisfaction. And the satisfaction of H Dong is higher than the satisfaction of L Dong in the total evaluation factors. Many residents need that the space of reading room and sports facilities.

By researching and analyzing the changes in actual area ratio of the apartment unit plans supplied in Busan from 1970 to 2006, this study can offer the preliminary data which can be the direction for future apartment plans. As a result of the study, gap of structural rate between each room has grown after 2000s. Meanwhile, unit plane becomes more simple to two or three types. Thus, more specific and various type of plans are required in the future.

This study examines the relation between architectural planning factors and principles which are the foundation of satisfaction with residential environment from the view of architectural planning of external space in apartment houses representing the residence in Korea and aims to suggest architectural planning model for improving the external space environment of apartment houses. It establishes structural equation model for satisfaction analysis of the whole residential environment using co-variance structure analysis to analyze decisive factors of residential environment satisfaction with SPSS and AMOS necessary for confirming influential factors on residential environment satisfaction of external space of apartment houses and then analyzes decisive factors of satisfaction. Apartment houses showed relatively higher causation coefficient in walking and vehicle space, which had a great influence on residential satisfaction, followed by vehicle space, attached facilities and green zone. Detailed walking space with comfort of circumferential environment walking space and rest space of the course which is various accessibility and greens space and connectedness of playing/motion worker overlooking, the vehicle space the accessibility which is various in parking space, case of the command installation flexibility of location and accessibility and space, greens space the connectedness which walking space and rest worker overlooking is appropriate and landscape architecture area etc. were grasped with a consideration.

Due to the development of medical technology and advancement of lifestyle, it has increased in senior citizens in the world. It's a same situation in Korea. Especially, it's resided apartment complex more than half of the people in korea. But it's not easy that searching a physical environment for the elderly except a hall for the aged and some rest area in apartment complex. So the purpose of this study is to suggest fundamental data for leisure activity of the elderly in apartment complex through the survey of physical environment and comparing of the owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex. The result of this study is as follow. 1) Most of the elderly enjoys conversation and rest with friends without owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex. Also, it has increased in their's interest of recreation and education. 2) As a result of comparing of owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex, it's different from coefficient of utilization and satisfaction rate. But, in general, rental housing and multiplex apartment complex are active in leisure activity of the elderly. 3) There is a deep connection between landscape in apartment complex and senior's satisfaction.

This study analyzes color characteristics of saw cut colors on Hwangto masonry brick wall based on theoretical investigations of characteristics of Hwangto, Hwangto brick and chromatology and degree of users' recognition. Changes of color image by Exposed Joint of Hwangto masonry brick wall cause contrast effect seen in close proximity, but it causes assimilation effect seen from a distance and it can be found that even same color match shows differences in image satisfaction and evaluation and Exposed Joint of currently used Hwangto masonry brick wall is used as joint of existing red brick and it is urgent to develop the color of Exposed Joint newly which is appropriate to Hwangto masonry brick wall. And it is considered that colors of Exposed Joint of Hwangto masonry brick wall should be used selectively depending on the use of buildings and surroundings.

The roles of public Library have been changed to meet the user's variety needs and social requests along with economic growing. Also the space scale(establishment) of public library has been continuously increased to achieve these various needs and requests. This study presents an investigation on the space size of public libraries in Young-ju city including facilities. Three public libraries in Young-ju city, provincial library, detached library, municipal library, were investigated in the current study, and compared with public libraries in other cities. The obtained results are as follow; 1) The public library space in Young-ju city is relatively smaller than other cities, but they have enough site area to expand their space, 2) Total Service personnel per library is better, but the unit public library space (per person) is less than it of compared cities, 3) The average number of Service personnel per seat in Young is small than the numbers of Kyungsang pook do and nation.

Recently, symbols are used frequently in inside and outside space of Korean church architecture. However, there are some problems in current situation. Firstly, symbols are used as only decorative meaning. Secondly, misunderstood symbols are used. Thirdly, users are not trained sufficiently to get spiritual meaning and feel the holiness through symbols. For these reasons, the plan of symbols in church architecture is very important. After the defeat of World War 1, many studies on church architecture were done to rescue uncertainty in German. Therefore, expressive characteristics of aesthetical symbols can be easily found in Modern German church architecture. This paper studied on the meaning of symbols by analyzing the meaning and characteristics of colors represented in German church architecture.

Recently, general hospital being continuously increased in building size, spatial composition in general hospital is complicated more. Also, design tendency in hospital is supposed to various form and spatial layout in qualitative aspect quantitative growth, and it is applied to method considered in user-convenience and rest. In this study, spatial analysis is deduced to effectiveness of spatial layout, which analyzing objects are selected to general hospitals above 500 sick bed constructed after 1970. Analyzed to spatial structure and plan type, this study is understood on spatial character and type according to analyzing space syntax and visual perception method. Therefore for the future, the study on spatial structure and layout in general hospital is deeply proceeded on results of this study, which is considered efficiently on spatial structure and layout in user-convenience and rest.

The quality of university education is influenced by the level of the educational facilities, and the expenditure on education can not be considered a different one with its own quality. Accordingly, to seek out of good education and study circumstances is an instinctive purpose, and this constantly generates demand of new facilities. On this view, this study aims to catch a thorough grasp of problems in across all the facility management and find a solution by researching on the actual condition of the campus facility management based on which way of the current information-oriented of universities. Standardizing the management business for the space which is called a typical type of campus equipment, developing the space management business model for constructing the management system, and systemizing the management techniques by introducing the concept of campus space demand expectation and demand management, the result of this study presents developable ways, with the effects as might be expected, as university management support system by being applied to concrete buildings.

The paper is to study the outstanding issues when we are introducing Building Agreement. The study analyzed the mainly following documents,「Proposal for Revision of Architectural Code (200. 5, 2005. 4)」, 「The 2nd and 3rd meeting minutes of 256th Committee of Construction & Transportation in the National Assembly」, 「Evaluation report of Proposal for Partial Revision in Architectural Code」, and also the press releases were referenced in addition to those. As the result of this research several issues were showed up as follows; Firstly, it turned out to be caused misunderstanding about the citizen rights and permissible building types when we introduced Building Agreement without doing fully public relations. Secondly, the limited time to be completed for the system resulted in difficulties for citizen participation due to lacking of consensus. Thirdly, most of people were reluctant to accept the new system when they thought of it as a restriction. Through these analyses, we need to consider the following factors for retrying Building Agreement afterward; 1. fully public relations to be understood by people what the system really intends; 2. reasonable period to be completed; 3. links with its local district unit plan because it controls the local urban planning for the architectural environmental restriction as well as it is familiar system.

The purpose of this study is to address what Ken Yeang's void space is, which has direct connection between inside and outside place of the buildings, means in the process of planning skyscraper, how it has architectural significance in the viewpoint of eco-friendly structures, and what is the definite function of those. The reason why his works has been chosen is that he had shown distinctive and experimental void space making skyscrapers have more eco-friendly factors. Selections of his works in this study are buildings showing significant utilization of voids as the ecological factor constructed after 1990 which is the very time that the notion of ecological architecture arise. The result of this study should be a proposal to built eco-friendly skyscraper which is essential in compact domestic city.

It was the most important cardinal virtues because filial piety taking a serious views as human's basis moral principle worldwide, loyalty being to keep the country. Does and encouraged love token to a person who encouraged loyalty and the filial piety from ancient times in our country and fulfils well this. Among them Jeong-Rueo remains to important facilities of village until present by physical facility which is materialistic different prize. Therefore, in this study, of Jeong-Rueo architecture in Chungchong-namdo Dangjin, I did by purpose to deduce characteristic. As a result, Dangjin's Jeong-Rueo was built since In-Jo, it was built most Ko-Jong Dynasty and Japanese Empire. Dangjin's Jeong-Rueo was distributed more in east than west, was built much in entrance and center of profitable village entrance lane surrounding visually. Dangjin's Jeong-Rueo was composed has prototype and is small and is simple, decorative personality is distinctive in Kong-po and eaves, it is mainly Morodancheong.

City center has concentrated the activity of city. but it turned into slums to be decentralized the functions of city center into countryside. and then the local governments are promoting the diverse policies to live city center. As example, 'walkable street', 'street without vehicles', 'cultural street', 'rodeo street' etc. City center is the birth place of history-culture and urban formation. Therefore, it is a difficulty to discuss the identity to the exclusion of city center. These are reason that the local governments are thoroughly concerned about the promotion of the activity in city center. Recently, Wonju City Hall has moved, and will plan to move the public institutes as Wonju Rail Station and District Court etc. This paper seeks to the actual conditions of pedestrian environment and urban space structure to be intended for Juangangro, and analyzes the conceptual elements showed at the cases of pedestrian environment improvement. The goal for this study reviews the identity of pedestrian space, history culture, and community as open space overlooking at proceeding studies. Based on the research finding, this paper proposes the conceptual elements over physical aspects of pedestrian space. The results of this paper could seek a meaningful elements like attraction, sensitivity, aesthetics sense, play, and usuallity, and these elements must be reflected in the process of pedestrian environment improvement in wonju city center.

This study is aimed to analyze the spatial configuration by applying space syntax to Bukhang redevelopment project and Busan station area development project so as to ultimately review the changes of the urban spatial configuration in the post-redevelopment of Bukang. And the space syntax is classified into the two categories; a visual continuity and a mobile continuity, which were then modularized for evaluating the characteristics and changes of the urban spatial configuration. As aforementioned, the space syntax provides the objective and predictable approaches, but there might be a limit in defining the space with the characters of the spatial configuration alone. Therefore, more specific explanation on a space would be realizable when a diverse values contained in the space are introduced. And since the scope of the study was limited to the connection of the streets with an axial map, it might have its own limit to identifying the specific details in the inside of the buildings and the district or region.

As the coastal sightseeing resources of objective acquaintance Yosu and Mokp'o area of the research which sees for a thorn volume security first American value of coastal view, referring becomes accomplished about element and the preference which influence in coastal view comes but the presentation which is concrete and fixed quantity is insufficient about the viewable element which affects in coastal view. First, physical integral part and the evaluation element which is psychological the satisfaction against in standard each view point by evaluation more about the items which show the reaction evaluation which negative means the protections and the managements which are thorougher must become accomplished about the items which show the reaction evaluation which is affirmative in standard, is in compliance with a coastal viewable plan at the time of improvement necessary degree the improvement which comes to be extracted in compliance with a priority comes to judge with the fact that must become accomplished. Second, the improvement in compliance with an improvement necessary degree size of the building, was evaluated in the item where as presentation, middle of the integral part evaluation item et cetera which is physical the improvement necessity most frequency appears about of the priority, that the crowd form of the building respectively improvement is necessary from type 6 and type 4, if in afterwords height of the building and the mouth of the building with the fact that from item of form and transversal facility etc. the improvement is necessary from type 3 appeared. Tries to synthesize this, each view point by the somewhat of the integral part which is physical is but that whole the improvements are coming to be plentifully demanded about size of the building and crowd form of the building, will be able to interpret.

This study aims at analysing the situation of the shielding of daylight in the residential zone due to the construction of the apartment in the south and proving that the new method of sun shade theory is efficient also in the residential zone in the matter of shielding of daylight. It is obvious that the application of the new layout method based on the sun shade to the apartment complex can make complex satisfying in daylight condition. But it is normally thought that the apartment complex designed by the new method have a tendency to affect the shielding of daylight. So we need to make clear that the new method is efficient for the shielding of daylight in the residential zone. In this study it is revealed that the new method works for the various azimuth angle and make almost same as conventional layout method in the matter the shielding of daylight.

Recently, the company developed the cooling vest with forced fan(CVFF) for the reduction of heat stress of the worker who working in the hot climate. This CVFF made by the fabric of poly propylene that non reflection material, and it used by the micro air forcing fans and the batteries for there fans. The cooling fan made air movement between human body skin and the cloth, as a result of it made effect of down on skin temperature. But, the cooling effect of CVFF with non reflection material were insufficiency in the outdoor environment because the vest absorb the solar radiation in the day time. This study propose which the reflection material of the aluminum film coat on the CVFF. And this study experiment to the cooling effect of reflection material coating in the CVFF through the temperature measure to the two subjects who the one is the reflection material and the other one is the non reflection material in the outdoor place in hot and humid region(Summer time in the korea). In conclusion, the outside surface temperature of the reflection material coating CVFF was 4.31℃ lower than non reflection material, and the body skin temperature of the subject dressed with the reflection material coating CVFF was approximately 2.01℃ lower than non reflection material. The each subjects evaluated average thermal comfort during the experiment through the ASHRAE 7scale that reflection subject is 1.3 and non reflection subject is 1.9.

The purpose of this study is to confirm and compare the inelastic behavior of the existing school buildings considering infilled masonry walls. Pushover analysis method is used to evaluate the elastic and inelastic response of standard school building. Infilled masonry walls are usually considered as non-structural elements in structural analysis and design, but the behavior of school building considering infilled masonry walls is quite different and the influence of the masonry wall should be included. The results show that the seismic capacity of pure frame building is 0.76 times design base shear of KBC2005 but considering infilled masonry wall the same building has the overstrength factor of 2.82～5.10 according to infilled wall shear strength in short direction and of 1.62 regardless of infilled wall shear strength in long direction.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate experimentally on the shear strength both of horizontal joint and vertical one for light-weight hybrid panel infilled with the light-weight foamed mortar. Horizontal joints consist of light-weight hybrid panel and composite slab. The experimental investigations are included the ultimate strength, yield strength, initial stiffness. As increasing the ratio of axial load, both the shear strength and the stiffness of the horizontal joint are enhanced as follows; 1.29 times in slip load, 1.36 times in ultimate strength, 1.61 times in initial stiffness. The friction factor of horizontal joints obtained by test result appears to be higher than 0.6, which is criterion value according to the Korean Standard. Shear tests for vertical joint are carried out both the shape of T-type and that of X-type being assembled with light-weight hybrid panel. As the test results, it is found that the density of light-weight formed mortar and the shape of joints are primely having an influence on both shear strength and failure mode for the vertical joint. It is obviously useful to making a specification for hybrid panel joint.

The purpose of this study was to analyze flexural-torsional buckling capacity for columns having asymmetric cross section. This paper presents classical theory and develops instability analysis of thin-walled structures. The linear and geometric stiffness matrix for an element of a general asymmetric thin-walled open-section is formulated, and the bracing stiffness for an element in addition to linear stiffness assembles into global stiffness matrix. An approximate non-linear analysis has achieved by load incremental solution. The results of example are in reasonable agreements with previous theory expression suggested by Timoshenko and Gere, and with previous approximate method suggested by Paavola and Salonen.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the flow of force between the bracket system and roof structure in the korean traditional wooden buildings. The bracket and roof systems are one of the characteristics in korean traditional architecture. They are very important parts of structural components and normally understood as one system. The bracket systems considered are Dapogye and Chusimpogye and the roof systems are gable roof and hipped-and-gable roof. Generally the hipped-and-gable roof system is used with Dapogye bracket system and gable roof system with Chusimpogye. The full structures with roof, bracket and columns are analyzed with Finite Element Method(FEM). In this study, the connection of timber members is considered hinges and fully restrained for the simplicity of structural analysis. The four cases from the combination of two roof systems and two bracket systems are analyzed. From the strcutural analysis of those roof-bracket structures, the difference to two systems can be explained. The force flow shows the traditional assembly of roof and bracket system is much reasonable structures.

The optimum design of T-stub connection is presented in this research. T-stub can show semi-rigid or rigid behavior, making it possible to adjust the ultimate load and deformation ability. The design variables are assumed to the size and thickness of plate and diameter and number of bolts, while the objective function is the cost function of connection. Probabilistic analysis is rapidly developing into a desirable tool to improve design processes. Incorporating probabilistic with optimization of structures is a step towards improving many current deterministic design systems. This paper deals with applications of two optimization techniques to solve reliability based optimization problems of structures. The constraints are formulated based on the LRFD criteria of AISC specifications. The analytical processes of structural optimization are performed by SQP(i. e. Sequential Quadratic Programming) method which is so superior to solve the nonlinear problem. The reliability based optimization problem is formulated as minimization of structural volume subject to the constraints on the values of componential reliability indices determined by AFOSM approach.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the carbonation resistance of concrete using crushed clay bricks as coarse aggregate. In the experiment, crushed clay bricks is substitute for natural aggregate the rate of 0, 15, 30, 50% each. In order to find the effect of pozzolanic reactions as a subject of investigtion, the replacement rate of crushed clay bricks and compressive strength and carbonation depth after admixture have been investigated and analyzed by mixing 20% of blast-furnace slag and 10% of silica fume. As a result, it has been found that compressive strength in terms of physical performance decreases as the replacement rate of crushed clay bricks increases. However, at the case of replacement of mineral admixture and 30% of crushed clay bricks attained above compressive strength of OPC. As the replacement rate of crushed clay bricks increases, carbonation depth increases, and, for mineral admixture, the carbonation depth relatively increases with mixing than without.

The purpose of this study is showing the theory of the disassembly design for complete recycling of concrete which will be constructed from now which is based on the theory of the product design for resources circulation and recycling of concrete. For this study, analyzing the problem of trade-off in ‘Traditional Manufacturing System’ which is based on the input energy and performance of the recycling of the concrete that various disassembly process. The results are as flows. For a sustainable model scenario of the building, disassembly design of the product is essential for ‘Long Life Model’ and ‘Recycle Model’. However, the recycled aggregate and recycled cement by the waste concrete which is not considered DfDA(Design for Disassembly) is shows the typical problem of trade-off for energy consumption is big so as to become the high quality because of strong bonding strength which is demanded for concrete. The modeling of recycle process of ‘Traditional Manufacturing System’ and ‘Inverse Manufacturing System’ was possible in this research and was able to derive necessity of DfDA through this at time of the product design.

The corrosion of reinforcing bar induced by chloride ingress is the main deterioration cause of coastal reinforced concrete structures. Pozzolanic materials are main subjects for increasing such resistance of chloride migration, and recently more attention is paid to metakaolin as a new pozzolanic material. Metakaolin is a cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete. The purpose of this study is to investigate chloride migration of ternary concrete containing metakaolin by chloride migration coefficient. In order to achieve the study objective, test of chloride migration coefficient, compressive strength, XRD and SEM, etc. have been conducted by selecting factors such as W/B, replacement content of pozzolanic materials, curing period, etc. As a result, it has been confirmed that ternary concrete containing metakaolin shows a lower chloride migration coefficient than plain and binary concrete. And as the replacement ratio of metakaolin becomes increasing, resistance of chloride migration enhances, and a high level of synergy effect has been confirmed as the case of mixture of metakaolin and blast-furnace slag. These test results show dominant effects of metakaolin in ternary concrete, and thus, it can be stated that ternary concrete containing metakaolin is very effective for resistance of chloride migration.