Earticle

Recently the construction industry needs to train human resources with the ability that future society needs for the rapid development of new construction production technology combining hyper-connection / super-intelligence by 4th industrial revolution. However, the domestic university's construction engineering course has a limit to train construction professionals with the 4th industrial revolution. Therefore, in this research, we aimed at reorganizing the new curriculum by calculating the importance of the subjects that make up the curriculum. Through the survey, we investigate the recognition of students who are university education users and are seeking development direction compared to the needs of industry. As a result, this study found that it is necessary to establish the subjects that are required by industry and to change the new educational system. Therefore, efforts of universities, industries and governments are necessary to secure the competitiveness of the construction industry in the future.

The purpose of this study is to present the types of elderly welfare facilities that can be expanded by utilizing the physical characteristics of closed schools owned by cities and counties in Gangwon-do. To this end, the minimum standards and detailed facility types of elderly welfare facilities, and the land area, floors, and area of closed schools owned by cities and counties in Gangwon-do were analyzed. As a result of the study, the types and sizes of elderly welfare facilities owned by cities and counties in Gangwon-do were different, indicating that insufficient facilities need to be expanded to provide equal elderly welfare services. Among the 48 closed schools in Gangwon-do, it was confirmed that 34 schools located in 11 cities and counties could be used as welfare facilities for the elderly. It was analyzed that there was no problem in recycling the accessibility, infrastructure, floor number, and land area of available closed schools as social welfare facilities and that some repairs were required. In addition, it was analyzed that various social welfare facilities could be expanded by utilizing location characteristics and building area size of the closed schools.

This study evaluated the fire spread prevention performance of a vertical fire screen-based fire response solution for EV fires in underground parking lots via full-scale experiments. The system integrates a fiber-glass screen deployed from a ceiling-mounted shutter box with sprinklers, forming a water film that blocks radiant heat to adjacent vehicles. Domestic regulations were found inadequate— particularly height restrictions preventing fire truck access. Initial thermal runaway occurred 14 min after off-gas observation, approximately 40% longer than the Cheongna incident (~10 min), confirming a conservative engineering scenario. Second and third runaways at 25 min 23 sec and 28 min 40 sec demonstrated EV re-ignition behavior. Adjacent vehicle surfaces were maintained at 26 – 42 °C with no post-test carbonization, verifying fire spread prevention. Limitations include sustained ceiling temperatures of 331– 521 °C (exceeding the 500°C structural threshold per Eurocode 2), a 33-second detector activation delay, and off-gas accumulation causing deflagration and flashover. These results highlight the need for early off-gas detection, ventilation integration, and structural thermal analysis for comprehensive EV fire safety.

The architectural industry is currently undergoing a paradigm shift in the planning phase, driven by the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. Traditional schematic design processes have faced limitations due to the fragmented nature of legal compliance reviews, feasibility analyses, and the generation of design alternatives, which lead to significant expenditures of time and cost in decision-making. This study proposes an integrated workflow that synergizes numerical optimization via AI-driven automated schematic design solutions with visual concretization through image generative AI. The objective is to investigate the potential for simultaneously performing data-driven profitability assessments and conceptual design in the early stages, thereby enhancing communication efficiency among architects, clients, and key stakeholders.

The present study explores how Olympic venue infrastructure development strategies evolved from 'Monumental Construction' to 'Adaptive Reuse' over the period from 1988 to 2024. The scope of the research is limited to four cities—Seoul (1988), Barcelona (1992), London (2012), and Paris (2024)—which represent key inflection points in the development paradigm, with a specific focus on comparing the 'Mode of Physical Intervention' and 'Spatial Configuration'. The analysis confirms that Olympic infrastructure development has evolved through the 'Cluster Expansion Phase' centered on large-scale new construction in Seoul, the 'Nodal Urban Regeneration Phase' in Barcelona, the 'Flexible Legacy Phase' introducing flexible design in London, and finally to the 'Adaptive Reuse Phase' maximizing existing resources in Paris. Quantitatively, the proportion of new construction plummeted from 43.3% in 1988 to 8.1% in 2024, whereas the utilization of temporary and existing facilities increased dramatically. Spatially, the study identifies an evolution from isolated 'Dots' on the periphery, through 'Lines' and 'Surfaces', to 'Layers' that permeate the urban context, demonstrating a qualitative sophistication in the methods of Urban Integration. Ultimately, this study characterizes this shift as a qualitative transition from the occupation of functional 'Space' to the utilization of contextual 'Place', holding significance in proposing the recovery of 'placeness' through sustainable adaptive reuse as a future direction for urban architecture.

Korea’s modern and contemporary history has been characterized by rapid social change and development, processes that have shaped distinctive features of the urban environment. In small and medium-sized cities, variations in underlying social drivers have played a decisive role in producing differentiated urban characteristics. The developmental trajectory of these cities—spanning from the early 1900s, through the Japanese colonial period, and into the present—illustrates how social, environmental, political, and economic factors have influenced transformations in urban form. This study draws upon cadastral maps, cadastral data, photographic records, and documentary sources. Field surveys and the lived experiences of local residents further enrich the analysis, offering a detailed perspective on physical environmental change. To classify historical stages, the research employs theories of spatial politics, dividing modern and contemporary history into three phases and examining the significance of each. In the first phase, the central area around Bongui Mountain developed into an administrative hub, with the Provincial Government Office serving as the nucleus for the city’s organizational system. During the second phase, the urban structure became more defined: architectural landmarks that once held local meaning were replaced by new buildings, signaling the city’s transition toward modernity. In the third phase, multi-family housing developments expanded across parts of the old downtown and its southern periphery, while certain public architecture preserved historical spatial traces. At the same time, the establishment of a ring road system around the old downtown underscored the city’s evolution into a self-contained city. The study also highlights the differentiated characteristics of the built environment that emerged throughout this historical process. Streets, land parcels, and architectural forms—particularly concentrated in the old downtown—demonstrate the historical layers of urban development. The documentation, preservation, and strategic utilization of Chuncheon’s diverse built environment are expected to provide a foundation for its future growth as a representative urban center of the Yeongseo region.

This study proposes planning directions for a multi-community center reflecting the regional characteristics and resident needs of Jeju Global Education City. To achieve this, previous studies on education cities and multi-community centers were reviewed, and an analytical framework was established and applied to case studies, population analysis, and resident surveys and interviews. The results show that Jeju Global Education City has a family-oriented population structure with a high proportion of households with school-aged children and high demand for library, educational, and sports and leisure spaces. Accordingly, the main functions of the multi-community center were organized around a library-centered structure integrating educational, cultural, and sports functions. A flexible spatial configuration combining specialized rooms, such as music rooms and media labs, with multipurpose spaces was proposed to accommodate diverse user activities, while indoor-oriented planning responsive to local climate conditions was also considered. In terms of operation, a resident participation-based public–private collaborative management model based on private outsourcing is proposed to enable flexible operating hours and diverse programs reflecting users’ daily life patterns. This study presents spatial and operational strategies for a multi-community center reflecting the characteristics of an education city and resident needs and provides policy implications for planning public community facilities in education-oriented cities.

As smart construction and digital twin technologies expand, the demand for high-precision 3D spatial information in architectural practice is increasing. This study empirically analyzes the impact of flight altitude variations on 3D reconstruction precision in complex terrains with dense vegetation using RTK-UAV photogrammetry. The experiment was conducted in Dukcheon-ri, Jeju (132,922㎡), utilizing an RTK-enabled UAV equipped with a mechanical shutter and high-precision ground GNSS (Trimble R12i) data for validation. The flight scenarios were categorized into 40m (Scenario A), the low-altitude threshold considering tree height and safety clearance, and 70m (Scenario B), the practical maximum altitude for maintaining ground point visibility. The analysis revealed vertical RMSE values of 0.0450m for Scenario A and 0.0486m for Scenario B. These results indicate that despite a 75% increase in flight altitude, the error increment was only 3.6mm, with both scenarios comfortably meeting the 10cm tolerance required by building acts and cadastral survey regulations. Notably, the 70m altitude scenario reduced data acquisition and processing time by approximately 50% compared to the 40m scenario, confirming it as a practical threshold that balances engineering reliability and economic efficiency. This study demonstrates that RTK-UAV surveying data serves as a highly reliable foundation for preliminary site analysis in architectural planning and design.

This study quantitatively compared and analysed the effects of alarm sounds from emergency bell (tone alarm) systems and voice alarm systems, in accordance with by NFPC 201 and 202, on occupant recognition time and pre-evacuation actions. A series of full-scale experiments were conducted within a building at P University, involving a total of 40 participants. The results demonstrated that the voice alarm system reduced mean recognition time by 13.7 seconds and mean action time by 20.4 seconds compared with the emergency bell (tone alarm) system. Analysis of pre-evacuation action revealed that 70% of participants exposed to the emergency bell exhibited behavioural inaction, whilst 25% attempted secondary information-seeking via smartphones, and only 5% undertook passive evacuation actions such as opening doors. By contrast, in the voice alarm group, only 25% exhibited behavioural inaction, and 30% undertook active pre-evacuation actions including door opening ― approximately six times the proportion observed in the emergency bell group. These findings indicate that voice-based guidance delivered through a voice alarm system provides significantly greater behavioural affordance in prompting occupant evacuation response.

This study investigated the effects of speaker gender and sound pressure level (SPL) of voice alarm messages on the pre-evacuation behaviour of building occupants, with the aim of providing foundational data for human-centred voice alarm signal design. A series of experiments were conducted in a fully anechoic chamber, in which voice alarm messages delivered by male and female speakers were presented at SPLs of 80, 85, 90, and 95 dB(A). Occupant responses were recorded and subsequently quantified through video analysis, whereby observed behaviours were categorised into three distinct phases: perception, interpretation, and action. The results indicated that, under the male voice condition, occupants predominantly exhibited no discernible response or engaged in information-seeking behaviour at SPLs of 80-85 dB(A), with the initiation of evacuation movement observed only at SPLs of 90 dB(A) and above. In contrast, under the female voice condition, attentive listening, information-seeking behaviour, and the initiation of evacuation movement were observed from 80 dB(A), demonstrating a behavioural prompting effect at comparatively lower SPLs. At equivalent SPLs, the female voice condition was associated with a lower proportion of non-response and a tendency towards more rapid initiation of evacuation movement compared with the male voice condition. These findings may contribute to the evidence base for the design of voice alarm signals and the refinement of associated standards that account for occupant recognition and behavioural response characteristics.