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Construction automation can be an effective alternative for the lack of skilled labor and loss of productivity. With such a background, Korean government has provided a lot of financial supports for the development of construction automation technology. However, despite of those efforts, automation systems at construction sites have rarely been employed. This is because the systems have not been developed with full consideration of the needs and environments on construction sites. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the critical success factors for efficient development of construction automation systems. This study compares and analyzes key factors for automated construction system(ACS) and construction information system(CIS). As a result, ‘stability and reliability’ in the ACS showed the highest importance while ‘manageability’ in the CIS was. Consequently, for the successful introduction of the ACS, technical capability and stability should be firstly considered to cope with dynamic construction environment, while the CIS should be built to enable efficient management and use of information. The result of this study can serve as an evaluation base for the current construction automation technologies and an index for more efficient technology development in the future as well.

The purpose of the study is to analyse and compare the area change of rural housing to predict the future space change of rural housing in Standard Rural House Design(S.R.H.D). The objects of the study was limited into 32 rural housing types developed from 2009 to 2014. The results are as follows : 1. The S.R.H.D was changing from a large area floor plan to a small area floor plan development. This showed S.R.H.D is developing in accordance with the decrease in the size of the family or household. 2.The decrease of floor plan area also affected the decrease in the number of bedrooms in the housing, and after 2010, two to three bedrooms became common. 3. The ration of D.K area was increasing in less than 20 pyeong with two bedrooms. This showed that the area of D.K. was increasing as in urban housing. 4. It was found that the ratio of bedroom area with floor plans of 21 to 30 pyeong was higher than that of a floor plan with a floor plan of less than 20 pyeong. 5. In the survey of area ratio by function, the private space was the highest. And the ratio of household labor space was increasing every year, such as urban housing, which meant the importance of domestic labor space was increasing. 6.The necessary space for rural housing such as the warehouse was disappearing and it was not even plan to have one in 2014. It was able to predict the management of harvest in rural area is changing from personal to communal management.

The aim of this study is to examine and analyse the characteristics and the correlation of critical planning factors and floor efficiency rates in office buildings, such as typical floorplate shapes, core types, leasing spans, floor-to-ceiling heights, HVAC systems and structure, in order so as to interpret how each planning factor has an effect on the efficiency of typical floors. For this study, the target buildings to be researched are confined to the city of Seoul and which have been constructed solely as an office building. The main reason for these conditions is that mixed-use buildings can be reflected differently in terms of planning factors to single use office buildings. In addition, the research area is confined to Seoul so as to avoid any influential factors from regional characteristics as different applications of local ordinance and review criteria. Furthermore, the office floor numbers are restricted to more than eleven floors based on the fire escape law applications in Korea. With these critical factors in place, forty four office buildings are to be examined and analysed respectively. Through this examination and analysation, this study will come to the conclusion that the main critical factors of an office building effecting its efficiency are an identical shape of ‘ ㅁ’ for the typical floorplate and core shape, 10-15m leasing span, a decentralised HVAC system and SRC structural system in order of priority.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of social economy in relation to the job creation and economic foundation that are important in sustainable urban regeneration in the region and to find out what kind of characteristics of the project related to the social economy. This study analyze the characteristics of each type of urban regeneration projects in Incheon Metropolitan City. Through this, Urban Economic Regeneration and Urban Center Regeneration promotes highly on jobs and profits creation but weakly on local employment and regional profit restoration and also detailed governance establishment. Neighborhood Regeneration covers considerably on the capacity building and group building but unclear on the local jobs and profits creation.

This study aims to establish Nammun-ro 2ga in Cheongju city in the 1960s as three-dimensional digital information data for the restoration of urban archetypes. For this purpose, referring to the existing restoration map and model of Cheongju urban area in the 1960s, and the results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the buildings that can be generally classified are prepared through the modeling of parametric families. Secondly, the untypical models(combined and broken roofs, atypical and large scale buildings) of them are simply performed through solid modeling. And then, these simplified models are simulated through a sky view, a walking sight, and information analysis. Through this study, it will be possible to visualize and regenerate the low and dense area of Cheongju city in the 1960s.

Drawings are the most basic element to carry out construction works. Managers and workers in the construction site build facilities like houses and offices with 2 dimensional (2D) printed drawings into 3 dimensional (3D) real world. If an error occurs in the process of recognizing 3D from 2D drawing, damage may occur in quality, cost, and time of building construction. Creating all the elements of a building as a 3D model through VR (virtual reality) or BIM (building information modeling) can reduce design and construction errors, but the time and cost of implementing them as 3D models are not small. This study proposes a method of supporting construction management by constructing 3D models only of necessary parts of 2D drawings and implementing 3D models on drawings through AR (augmented reality) in smart devices. A drawing used as an image marker and a 3D model made by SketchUp are connected in Vuforia included in Unity. And The function that temporarily hides unnecessary parts can be implemented in C# programming language. If an owner, an architect, or a contractor looks at a smart phone on a 2D drawing under construction, they can identify building elements such as 3D buildings or columns on a screen. The Android-based augmented reality application is helpful for communication between them.

The G-SEED has had an important role to improve the building condition since the agenda of Rio reached to guard the global climate and to mitigate the CO2 affection to Global Warming Potential. The building industry has changed the its economic aspect into the environmental affection. Among various policies and technologies of building industries, the G-SEED is a registration system to give the certification of the eco-friendly building level. The G-SEED has been an important role to lead the building industry direction and react the existing requirement of building. Therefore, it is important for the G-SEED to get the effect level of the application into the practice when it explains the expectation of G-SEED. This paper aimed at getting the level of the G-SEED application through the field survey which are collected in the G-SEED certification workers. It collected survey data sheets from the professionals who are working at the certification company and the number of samples is 40. The survey data sheets included the cost and benefit effect, comparing the 1st certification level with a general level. In addition, the effect of the benefit to cost is included. The analyzed area are energy & environmental pollution and Indoor environmental quality. Comparing the general level with 1st certification level, the benefits of the cost and benefits are much more than the general level. In addition, when we analyzed the effect of the benefit to cost, the benefit effect is much more than that of a general certification.

In recent years, interest in fires involving a number of casualties has increased, and the death toll ratio was 14% of all casualties in Seoul from 2009 to 2014, while the disabled accounted for 57% and about four times more people with disabilities died of fires than ordinary people. In addition, the major fires in the 2016 fire statistics analysis show that 203 cases (58%) of the fires occurred at the school, followed by other 78 cases (22%), 39 cases public offices (11%), and 22 cases public building (6%), and the this statistics results indirectly suggested that the most fires among the major fires except general fires are more susceptible to fires for students with disabilities than non-general students. Therefore, this study classifies the factors affecting the walking speed of students with disabilities of the significance of these walking speeds on the dependent factors is examined through correlation analysis, T-test, and ANOVA analysis. The importance and correlation of the factors between factors affecting walking speed are analyzed through statistical analysis. And based on this, the walking speed of students with disabilities is grouped and the evacuation completion times are analyzed with by Pathfinder simulation. Finally the basic data for evaluation evacuation stability in case of fire of students with disabilities is provided.

In Korea, there is a lack of adequate safety management for small-scale construction work, particularly when compared to large-scale construction projects. The number of construction disasters is also higher on small-scale construction sites. In this regard, this study aimed to develop the application prototype to support the safety management of small-scale construction projects. The major findings of the research are as follows. 1) About 60% of construction disasters and death occurred on small-scale construction sites over the last two years. In addition, institutional support and costs for safety management were found to be insufficient. 2) The items of the application for the small-scale construction safety management were constructed on the basis of the safety management of large-scale construction work. The contents of the application were confirmed based on a survey of small-scale construction project managers. 3) The application algorithm was developed with a focus on the roles of management subjects and information exchange. For transition from the application prototype presented in this study to a commercial product, further research needs to be conducted regarding the reflection of user requirements and application management subjects.

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction year of Shinhung-Dong Japanese Style House. For the purpose, this study analysis the former studies, old registries of building and land, land cadastre and land registration map. As a result, there are 3 possibilities of construction year of the house. First is the period between 1937 to 1940, based on the record of land cadastre and land registry. First period is most objective, because, according to the record of land cadastre, the lot of house was combined at 1937 and Hirotsu, the owner was moved to the house at 1940. Second is the period between 1931 to 1935, based on the grandson’s testimony of the house owner. Second period is persuasive. But it is not accord with the record of land cadastre. Third is the period around 1920’s, based on the analysis of land registration map and arrangement of house. The arrangement of house is more harmonious with the figure of lot around 1920’s than the other period’s. In spite of the analysis of the record of building and land, it is hard to specify the construction year of the house. Hereafter, the analysis of the style and the element of the house should be executed, relating to the construction year of the house.

The purpose of this study is to verify of an objective process for making architectural space information tangible. Research method is as follows. First, Present modelling techniques that reduce the dimensions of architectural spatial information. Second, Extract data from the observation group with dimensional reduction modelling techniques and then apply it to the cluster analysis method to demonstrate its validity. Third, Apply to the comparison data to verify its validity by comparing and aggregating it with the observation group. The results of the study are as follows. Dimensional reduction modelling techniques were proposed to enable cluster analysis, consisting of lightweight configuration and attribute information based on the physical elements of the building. Cluster analysis was applied so that the building could be clustered according to the characteristics of the building. In addition, the consistency of dimensional reduction modelling techniques was verified in comparison to the probability density function. In the future, studies should continue to be conducted on the types of large paper drawings provided by the National Archives of Korea.

This study is to suggest a context mining technique which making space convergence information tangible in architecture, to prove the reality of physical structure elements which are extracted by applying context mining technique through on-site inspection, and to verify the feasibility of context mining technique. This study uses a method superposing paper maps onto GIS-based electronic maps in order to organize space information into information spaces. The result is as follows. We presented a process superposing the paper maps at National Archives of Korea onto the electronic maps with space convergence information. Second, the physical structure elements which specify the time of making maps were extracted by applying context mining technique. Third, the feasibility of context mining technique was proved by conducting on-site inspection. The extraction of physical structures with historical continuity on a city scale is available in architectural planning only if it is concrete and real. This problem is solved by applying context mining technique which superposes papers maps onto electronic maps. Therefore, studies on applying this context mining technique to architectural planning based on publicity should continue in the future.

This research developed a survey (questionnaire) for the residents of three apartment complexes located in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to identify the factors that affect residents’ satisfaction with their apartment. This survey evaluated the preferred elements of inhabitants and analyzed the factors influencing resident’s satisfaction in each apartment complex where the aged apartment remodeling project is preparing. The survey result showed that the approval ratings in this case is greater than 98%. Herein, there were two reasons why remodeling projects are a necessity: increase of apartment asset’s values, and improvement of the energy performance of the old apartment. Also, the mitigation plan was considered as the most important purpose of the remodeling projects which became a great expectation to enhance the apartment’s asset value and improve the performance of the old apartments. Besides, the factor analysis was conducted to examine the difference in the satisfaction factors of remodeling projects according to the type of apartments. By that way, the significant remodeling design variables of resident’s satisfaction factor were explored in all three of the abovementioned cases. In the case of Jamwon H apartment is the complex of landscape area and pedestrian paths. In the case of Daechi H apartment is the convenience of parking space and amenities of life. And, in the case of Yeouido M apartment is the change in interior and the increase of the exclusive using area in apartment.

In the information age today, data are getting more and more important. While other industries achieve tangible improvement by applying cutting edge IT technology, the construction industry is still far from being enough. The imperfect methodology integrating cost and schedule data is the fundamental cause behind the times. The purpose of this research is to propose a new method to integrate cost and schedule data using big data technology, still remained as an unsolved assignment in the construction industry. The proposed method is designed to provide data integrity and flexibility in the integration process; considerable time reduction on building and changing database; and practical use in a construction site. It is expected that the proposed method can transform the current way that field engineers regard information management as one of the troublesome tasks into a data-friendly way.

The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of facade expression designed by Kim. Han-sup, a key architect in the regional modern architecture movement in Gwang-ju and Jeonnam from the 1950’s to 1960’s. The study begins with the architectural background and thoughts of Kim. Han-sup through literature reviews and introduces an interview with Han. chong-un, a former college student and employee of Kim, which explains the aesthetic architecture that appeared in his design of facades that was reasonably applied to materials, technology, structure and function in line with the economically tough period in Korea. Furthermore, in order to investigate the characteristics of his facade expression, detailed analysis items will be derived from precedent studies. This study will attempt to conclude with statements that his aesthetic architecture can be defined as an emphasis on formative mass by contrasting between basic rectangular forms, implementation with detailed three-dimensional facade by extruding differently vertical and horizontal structural lines and with the pursuit of decoration through compartmental faces on his 12 representative architectural works.

After promising to establish the country's greenhouse gas reduction target through the 15th UN Conference on Climate Change Convention (COP15), Korea set its national greenhouse gas reduction target in 2020 by 2020 BAU(776 million TCO2eq), 30% (233 million tons) was established. In January 2014, the 'Road Map to Achieve National 2020 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal' was drawn up. The national greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030 was set at 37% (315 million tons) compared to BAU (851 million tons) in 2030 and submitted to the UN. In the building sector, the Green Building Construction Act (enacted on February 22, 2012 and implemented on February 23, 2013) was implemented to save building energy and reduce carbon emissions. The governments of each municipality have been reorganized and various efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gases along with the implementation of the regional green building master plan, and it is time to examine the results of the greenhouse gas reduction. In this regard, this study aims to present related basic data for GHG reduction by analyzing the characteristics of changes in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the Korean building sector from 2011 to 2018, and examining the results and system problems.

The purpose of this study is to examine the architectural significance of the concept of ‘Seamless Journey’ in US Railway Station Planning Guidelines. This is an attempt to improve the Korean Railroad Planning Guidelines. To this end, this study examined the characteristics of the traffic space and the meaning of the continuous experience of railway architecture. And, looked at the concept of seamless journey used in the design guidelines of the American railway station and its application. The comparative analysis of the UK guidelines also identifies the significance of the sequential experience in railway station design. As a result, the architectural meaning of seamless journey in the US guidelines can be explained as follows. First, the railway station is recognized as a human-centered experience space. Second, railway station design should be part of the continual experience of the journey. Third, all environmental factors are the objects of design to architecturally reflect the value of continuous experience.

The purpose of this paper is to research the meaning of sense in Louis Kahn’s architectural works. This proves relation the human sense with the emphasis of tactile and visual sense in the mass shown in Kahn’s architecture in the view point of architecture experience. Kahn had revealed that architecture is based on the condition of reality by expressing specific time and place in process of giving form. The kahn’s architecture revealed as a sensual reality is interpreted as the recognition of architectural importance experienced through human’s sense, in the meaning that tactile sense is the way to feel their present physicality with the most primitive sense of humans. This means that Kahn intended to place human beings as the subject of experience through the sensory expression at the root of architecture. As a result, this study is to establish a possibility of expanding the horizon of architectural interpretation in Kahn’s works by seeing that the human and architecture through concept of existence in his architecture is related to his architectural experience.

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status and problems of the Preliminary Review of Public Building Projects and to propose alternatives. First, the problems of the preliminary review identified in this study can be summarized into three main categories. First, it is difficult to predict and reflect future changes in the plan due to the difficulty of forecasting the future. Second, it is difficult to reflect the demands of citizens as final consumers. Third, the cost and benefits of the project are not known. It is difficult to calculate the scope of the project budget and the hassle of having to re-evaluate the feasibility such as the existing preliminary feasibility study. This was confirmed through the survey results of public officials who prepare existing research and business plans. The alternative proposed by this study is preliminary research through the combination of scenario planning and non-market goods value estimation methodology. A scenario can be drawn up to take into account uncertain future changes, and a comprehensive analysis of the values, the reasons, the needs of citizens, and the scale of social benefits based on the proposed scenarios and public building plans. The alternatives analyzed in this way fit the intention of the preliminary review and will be a way to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the project.

In ancient Buddhist temples in East Asia, a lecture hall was the building for Buddhist sermons and the reading of Buddhist scriptures. Within the perimeter of a Buddhist temple, a lecture hall was a building of the highest hierarchy and grade following pagodas and Buddhist sanctums. Starting in the early 2000s, researchers began to make a presentation about their researches on the topic of lecture halls. There were recent active researches on the restoration and historical investigation of ancient Buddhist temples including the Hwangnyong-sa and Mireuk-sa Temples in the nation. There is a growing tendency of lecture hall researches since the excavation and investigation of many sites of Buddhist temples built in Goryeo. This study set out to put together the latest researches on lecture halls and shed light on the characteristics of their plans with a special focus on the two biggest questions in the lecture hall researches: one concerned the plan of "east and west rooms" found at the lecture hall sites of the Mireuk-sa and Neungsanri Temple site, and the other did a shift from the even number of bays in early days to the odd number of bays in the front of a lecture hall. The findings show that there were three major types of lecture hall plans including "front and rear toe" "east and west rooms" and "internal and external Jin" types. They reflected regional differences. Of them, the "east and west rooms" type was a new style unique to Baekje with Buddhist monk rooms and a lecture combined. The shift from the even number of bays to the odd number in a lecture hall happened to align the center of a building with the axis line in the process of a lecture hall building entering the central part of a Buddhist temple.

Art museums in Jeju are built more than four times better than the average in 17 cities and provinces across the country with 29.61 facilities per million people as of 2018. However, the satisfaction level for the art exhibition stands at 5.47, lower than the average 5.50 for 17 cities and provinces across the country, with the number of exhibitions per museum count at 2 percent, significantly lower than the figure. Jeju needs a strategy to improve citizens' satisfaction with the arts, but the Jeju art museum lacks substantial data. Thus, in this study, the characteristics of the exhibition rooms of Jeju Art museums were identified and sorted out by the person in charge of the museum's operation. As a result, public art museums had good operating conditions, floor-type composition ratios, marginal area ratios, and marginal volume ratios, except for the section type composition ratios, but private art museums had insufficient physical characteristics for the exhibition in multi-faceted analysis.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direction of development plan of 'sustainable eco-friendly district' based on the method of residents' democratic participation rather than state administration. A case study on the development plan of ZAC Clichy Batignoles (Paris) in Paris analyzed the design direction of residents as 'sustainable development city'. From the initial stage of the plan for the district development planning in Paris, experts in national institutions, architects, experts in various fields, and future residents coordinated opinions through regular meetings, advisory meetings and community meetings for a certain period of time and analyzed how the project has been carried out. This study is meaningful in that it is a study on sustainable eco-friendly district development direction through diverse types of residents' participation in metropolitan cities.

The purpose of this study is to estimate axial and flexural capacities of circular concrete columns confined by carbon sheet tube. Fourteen uni-axial loading specimens and six full scale column specimens were tested by dynamic actuators. The main variables of this experimental works are number of carbon sheets and wrapping angles of carbon tube. Stress – strain relation of confined specimens was estimated by axial loading tests. Six full scale specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic lateral load. An equivalent stress block parameter was used to estimate flexural capacity of columns. Through the non-linear analysis, behavior of confined concrete columns under the cyclic lateral load were predicted.

This paper purpose to study the characteristics of the wall from the relative point of view of the phenomenal world. As a method of research, in order to establish the standard of opening and closing of the wall, the figure extraction, the definition, type and role of the wall, and the differentiation of the plate were preceded. A study of the characteristics of the wall, it is classified into physical and spatial characteristics, which are the relative characteristics of the phenomenon system in order to grasp the identity of the wall, and their interrelationships are considered directional. In conclusion, the wall as a means of visually expressing the meaning of a place includes the relative meaning of opening and closing, since the structural liberation, it has been changed to the character of “plate” which identifies and expresses the character of decoration or space. In addition, since the wall has two surface characteristics, it is considered that the 'self-proliferative' planning method is possible through 'multilayered duplication' on the premise of unity centering on the wall of the system. In considering the characteristics of walls, they are largely classified into physical and spatial characteristics of walls, and in physical properties, ‘intangibility and tangibility, transparency and opacity’, spatial characteristics were considered in terms of 'open and closed, continuous (induced) and disconnected (blocked), non-boundary and boundary, external and internal.'

Modular system refers to the method of pre-configuring the building's base frame, plumbing, insulation and finishing materials in the factory and assembling them on site. In the field assembly, mainly bolted joints are used, and in the event of bolting problems, not only fade the advantages of the modular system, but also adversely affect the joint strength between the modular units. Therefore, in this paper, a system that can detect the manufacturing error of bolt arrangement and analyze the measurement error before the bolt fastening of the modular unit was conducted. An algorithm capable of analyzing image to measure bolt arrangement by receiving images in real time through a camera module that can photograph each modular column and a single board computer was developed. Bolt size, bolt distance, edge distance, modular frame size and perpendicularity were measured. The bolt distance was 0.46mm, 0.22%, and the bolt size was 0.15mm, which was almost accurate with 0.7% error.

According to the traffic laws, roads only for pedestrians prohibit other vehicles on it. Thus, these roads should provide a environment for pedestrians' safety for transportation, convenience, comfortability, continuity and places to rest in order to add vitality and enhance the image of a city as positive factors. In reality, these pedestrian roads in cities have over-sized horizontal facilities, outdoor units of air conditioners (including ventilators), transformers etc. that are installed illegally without any consideration. Various useless installations make walking difficult and visually stressful. In extreme cases, vandalist acts such as smoking, drinking and yelling are displayed, making them difficult access. Thus, this study is a theoretical study about the concept and types of roads only for pedestrians. A specific case of these roads in Gwangju Sangmu district was analyzed to identify the quality of these pedestrian roads. With these results, four main suggestions for improvement were established. The details are the following: First, installations on these roads such as the horizontal installation should be non-scaled and any dangerous installations should be prohibited. Second, the frontality of the architectures on these roads (facade design) should be reinforced. Third, safety when passing late at night should be assured alongside with maintaining specific intensity for accessibility. Fourth, there should be a system that constantly removes any illegal or dangerous installations or architecture beside these roads uninstalled at all times.