Earticle

Cities are an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, extremely vulnerable to the impact of climate change, and are a key place to deal with climate. Street, as one of the most basic and important space of urban functions and daily life, is a main component of city master plan related to organic activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze street microclimate environment and thermal comfort environment using ENVI-met program(V4.4.6 Summer 21), through changing street direction including North-South(N-S), Northeast-Southwest(NE-SW), East-West(E-W) and Southeast-Northwest(SE-NW) based on field measurement results. The results of this study were as follows: Mutual shading from adjacent buildings have a greater impact on outdoor thermal environment especially in day time. At 13:00, the values of air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed and comfort index in N-S and NE-SW street are greater than other two directions due to a lack of shading area. In addition, mean radiant temperature and comfort index of E-W street are more sensitive after sunrise and before sunset, but it shows less obvious on air temperature and wind speed. All of streets are "Very hot" level from 10:00 to 16:00, time duration of E-W street is longer than other three directions, and the highest mean radiant temperature and comfort index of NE-SW street are appeared at 14:00 that one hour later than other three directions. Shading of trees for microclimate environment is weaker than mutual shading from buildings. It is recommended that the main streets are more consistent with the prevailing wind direction in planning of new city.

This study was conducted to determine an economically viable and workable method of bolting the longitudinal double angle to the web of the H-beam. Experiments and FEM analysis were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the reinforcement method. Experiments and analysis demonstrated that the reinforced beams outperformed the standard H-shaped steel beams in terms of strength. It was also demonstrated that the specimen reinforced with the beam web retained its strength even when loaded to a large end rotation angle of approximately 6%, exceeding the yield flexural strength measured. It was determined that angle reinforcement could increase the strength by at least 14%. The experiment was simulated using finite element analysis, and the resulting stress distribution and equivalent plastic strain distribution confirmed that the web reinforcement angle contributed to the stiffness and strength of the structure.

Quality control is difficult to secure objectivity because the quality management of reinforced concrete construction is made by the subjective judgment by experts through a checklist. This study aims to establish an automation process for quality management of reinforced concrete frameworks through a Deep Learning algorithm based on object recognition. Through this, it is possible to save time more objectively than before, and the purpose is to provide intuitive judgment through visualization. This study proposed a quality control process through the learning and verification process with the image data set obtained from AI Hub, and mAP was derived with an accuracy of 0.687. The drone image data of the actual site was determined using the derived algorithm. 3D modeling is performed through the determined drone image to ensure the safety of the inspector and intuitive judgment. The proposed process cannot be confirmed the determined line when matched with a 3D model using PIX4D, but it is judged that it will be applicable to additional processes through the replacement of modeling programs and improvement of Deep-Learning algorithms.

The study is to clarify the reason for selecting a festival field for festival events. For analyzing the determinants in selecting the festival field, it is necessary to classify the currently used festival field according to the physical form. Local festival fields are classified into four categories: independence, village, green field, and waterfront. These four types of festival fields will be selected by the local governments and festival organization. The determinant factors of festival field selection were analyzed through two processes. First, the study analyzed how the regional property affect the selection of festival fields. Second is the analysis of the relationship between the festival fields and the festival management. Using the regional property statics including population, GRDP, per capital income, and regional location factors, significance of the determinant factors on selecting festival field are analyzed. The study analyzed also that the festival management including the festival's hosting season, period, participation target, and contents has influence on the selection determinant of the festival field.

Safety indices of domestic construction industry are staggering inspite of various govermental efforts including lagislative enforcement. The purpose of this study is to sugggest effective ways to prevent consrtuction accidents through introducing the advanteges of the critical elements built in CDM(Construction Design Management Regulations) in UK. The suggestions are deprived by the progressive approach as follows; 1) Establishing of accident prevention principles and identifying root causes of construction accidents and reviewing of prior materials, 2) Defining problems of current domestic legislations, 3) Analyzing the mechanisms of CDM, 4) Suggesting the ways of applying those mechanisms to improving the domestic legislations. In conclusion, clarifications and enforcement of roles and responsibilities among stake holders, rationalization of the names, roles and positions of safety coordinators, imposing the declaration duty on clients about self-awareness of their legal duties and establishing effective monitoring channel through safety coordinators etc. are suggested.

In the previous study, the seismic performance was evaluated by performing the shake table test with or without of the special seismic load as a variable on the piloti RC building with horizontal irregularity. However, it is necessary to evaluate the various factors affecting seismic performance of the piloti RC building through additional analysis studies. For this, it is necessary to use appropriate analysis methods and to verify the applicability of the using seismic response analysis. In this study, we are evaluated to verify the analysis methods applied in this study by modeling the shaking table specimens of the previous study, performing nonlinear seismic response analysis to the input earthquake, and comparing the analysis results with the test results. The analysis results showed generally similar to the test results, and the analysis modeling applied in this study was judged to be relatively valid for simulating the dynamic behavior of the specimen. In addition, it was confirmed that the torsional behavior was properly controlled even if only the special seismic load was applied

Due to the enhancement in security and quarantine during the ongoing pandemic, passenger bottlenecks are occurring in the unit space of passenger facilities in railway station. This study analyzed the pedestrian space module and density of passenger facilities for the floating population using Iksan Railway Station based on communications network. A pedestrian module for each unit space was derived by conducting a walking pattern simulation based on peak hours during the morning on weekdays with a high floating population distribution. The passenger facilities of Iksan Railway Station are divided into pedestrian path and waiting area and consist of concourse, on-board foot-crossing between platforms, security area, ticket office, open waiting room, event space, and tourist information center. The security area, which was previously defined as a passageway, was changed into waiting space as a quarantine area during this pandemic, resulting in intensive bottlenecks in the connection space of concourse and foot-crossing between platforms. The bottleneck is caused by the difference in walking speed and waiting time due to the events of tourists according to the unit space of railway station. On the basis of the analysis results, the possibility of a design methodology for new pedestrian space module plan for the unit space of railway station was presented.

Evaluation or assessment is important to understand the policy fulfillment and system improvement. The evaluation process would include the objective judgment and a yardstick for judgment. This process meets the system and policy fulfillment, guaranteeing that the decision-making is good and understandable. Recently, the environmental affect to global area is has become urgently serious for global warming, acidification, ozone depletion, eutrophication and so on. Building industries try to mitigate the global affect with the development of the environmental friendly materials and components, by implementing the policy to protect the nature. Among these, the G-SEED would carry a role to evaluate the building level for the environment. The G-SEED would obviously execute an important role to provide the environmental oriented building, however, its evaluation sheet can’t may not provide the objective and quantitative contents. Results of evaluation would imply an mistake to forecast the full evaluation process. Therefore, the evaluation contents need a correct indication and explanation. In this paper, it aims to provide the evaluation rating of the environmental affect in order to to explain the affect level by unit product(m3) in REMICON. The environmental affect factors are the resources footprint, global warming, acidification, ozone depletion, eutrophication and photochemical oxidation. Results of this study are as follows: First, the level of the environmental affect can be explained with an normal probability distribution and divided with 5-steps, which scale of interval has a same 20%. Second, the 1st rating of resources footprint should has be under the 0.867089666 kg Sb-eq./m3, global warming potential of under 224.880063 kg CO2-eq./m3, the ozone depletion of under 0.542733 kg CFC-11-eq./m3, the acidification of under 0.310035 ㎏ SO2-eq./m3, eutrophication of under 0.037336 kg PO43—eq./m3 and photochemical oxidation of under 0.172168 kgC2H4—eq./m3. Third, among 5-steps, the Ⅲ rating has a narrow interval because each rating has a same frequency.

This study is searching for the characteristics of how the concept of landscape architecture is being realized in SANAA's projects by focusing on form, program, and space characteristics of landscape architecture as expressing SANAA’s values and concepts ‘architecture like park’. First, in aspect of form, by thickening or folding the surface to form a topography like nature, it tries to form a square that can generate events and actions on the surface, and also shows self-similar forms reflecting contextual environment. Through mosaic forming, urban context turns into form. Second, in aspect of program, rather than giving a specific program, it is intended to make a field of various and unexpected activities by allowing users to freely and selectively accept necessary programs. In addition, through the combination of various units, spaces are diversified, and boundaries are blurred so that private activities can be performed in public spaces. And as programs are rearranged in various ways, hierarchies between them are removed, and becoming open space. Third, aspect of space, it attempts to build a relationship that interacts with the external environment as a place in the surrounding environment rather than as being an object. environment and natural elements are sub-viewed through transparent skins or introduced directly into the space, forming a continuous space from outside to inside. It was confirmed that architectural features of landscape are being revealed in various ways in SANAA's works, and this will help to understand SANAA's projects based on ‘architecture like park’ in a new perspective on landscape architecture.

Visualization of construction information improves learning and understanding of construction information and helps efficient process management. However, existing BIM-based process management is difficult to reflect accurate processes and process rates in the field. Moreover, it is impossible to provide the information necessary for decision-making in a timely manner. To solve this problem, this study proposes a process management visualization process using BIM-based mixed reality technology. The specific improvements via the proposed process for this study were as follows: (1) interworking of BIM with process plan information, (2) visualization in MR environment. Through this study, it was confirmed that effective construction review is possible in the construction progress and actual construction sites. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the active introduction of BIM and MR technologies by construction companies and productivity improvement in the future.

As the need for efficient space utilization increases, the demand for large space structures increases, and accordingly, various studies are being conducted worldwide. The shape of the spherical dome structure to which the arch structure is applied is determined according to the half-open angle and height-span ratio reflecting economic feasibility and structural efficiency. The spherical dome structure itself has the advantage of satisfying architectural and aesthetic functions and being advantageous for safety and usability, as well as securing economical and efficient space. In this paper, the dome-shaped roof structure was largely divided into Lamella dome, Schwedler dome, and Geodesic dome by the division pattern, and the structure and design characteristics were analyzed. As a result, it is believed that it will be helpful in setting up a brace to secure economic and stability in designing the roof dome structure of a large space structure.

Rainwater use is a technology that can simultaneously respond to changes in the global environment and reduction of flood damage, and it can be said to be an effective technology in Busan, which must simultaneously respond to changes in the global environment and flooding caused by typhoons. Although various studies are being conducted on the use of rainwater, it can be said that the data on the amount of rainwater, which is an important factor in the design of a rainwater utilization system, especially a storage tank for storing rainwater, has not yet been maintained. Therefore, in this study, changes in the precipitation environment in the Busan area were analyzed to activate the application of the rainwater use system in the Busan area, and basic data such as the average precipitation per day were calculated for the design of the rainwater use system.

The Purpose of this study is to understand how people understand on several kinds of building facades. The people here are specified as three groups, which are end users, (under)graduate students majoring in architecture, and architects. The three groups are also specified with other variants. The semantic method is used for analysis and the data is earned by surveying them as choose how they love the images on selected tile facades images and drawings. The results on the research is that a tile facade which are red, diagonal patterned, rough, with a vertical building shape, and with glass is the most favored by the all three group. Moreover, a tile facade which are yellow, horizon pattern, soft, with horizontal building shape, with grid windows pattern, with concrete is most unloved by them. And Firstly, the end users prefer the simplicity when the architects prefer complexity over the simplicity. Secondly, the all of three groups did not like the yellow, horizontal, soft tile facade design with concrete and windows arrangement of grid pattern. Thirdly, the additional factors for groups differentiate the correlation. In spite of that, there are some groups’ factors, which their correlations are over 0.8 (highly related each other) so that these can be used for a reference for tile facade design.

Continuous monitoring is required for maintenance of building structures, and displacement measurement of structures is very important for evaluation of usability and safety among Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) items but there are many limitations to measurement of displacement of structures. Vision-based Displacement System (VDMS) was developed to solve the problem of general structure displacement measuring device. However, the existing VDMS has limitations in that it cannot perform real-time measurement or use the hardware developed by the research team to quickly replace parts when an error occurs during use. As an alternative to solve this problem, the hardware of real-time VDMS can be used as a Single Board Computer (SBC). In this study, Raspberry Pi 4B and Raspberry Pi HQ cameras were used as general-purpose SBC and camera, and an image analysis procedure for real-time VDMS was developed. Displacement measurement results of real-time VDMS using the developed SBC did not have large errors with existing displacement measurement equipment, so the validity could be verified. Based on the experimental results, real-time VDMS using SBC is expected to be able to replace VDMS requiring post-processing.

Small local cities have serious community problems at different levels from large cities, such as the rapid progress of aging and the crisis of community extinction due to extreme population decline. In particular, they are on the verge of extinction as the economic, social, and environmental problems of the local community due to the change in the industrial structure in the local community that has grown based on the vitalization of the local industry in the past are caused by the stagnation problem of the local community and the departure of the population. The coal industry in Singi-myeon, Samcheok-si, which is the subject of this study, began to decline and face with various problems in the community. This study examined the contents of the theory of regional regeneration, and attempted to find ways to revitalize the Singi-myeon community through a survey targeting experts and local residents. Regarding the contents derived through this study, the possibility of securing the sustainability of the industrial system and seeking additional utilization method through the utilization of resources that serve as industrial heritage along with local natural resources was examined. Efforts of gathering opinions based on the participation of local residents and revitalizing residents’ initiatives, and exploring a linkage through the use of experts with local universities in the local community and educational programs have an important meaning. In addition to the software approach, the approach through the three-dimensional use of the various physical environments proposed in this study is expected to increase the potential for regenerative measures in small community.

Today’s facade design expresses the meaning and value of the buildings in variety as an eye visionary space beyond the function of wrapping around the building as an external wall. The brilliant development of new materials and technologies made the facade design have the independence of free elevation out of the restrictions on its pattern and structure. Therefore, in agonizing the facade design realization which add the value, meaning and symbolism to such building via diversified expression characteristics, the double skin facade is adopted to explore the methodologies. This study derived the spatial depth, Translucency, variability, ambiguity and expressional characteristics of dematerialisation by analyzing the cases of the double skin facade design and systemizing its visual effect.