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Urban development increased heat island and flood damage due to a decrease in green space and an increase in impermeable layers. The purpose of this study is to construct a disaster prevention DB and to utilize urban environmental information using satellite images. The satellite images are used to prepare the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (BI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) using satellite images from 2008 and 2017 in Busan. Analysis of examine their correlations and changes in the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Bare Soil Index (BI). As a result, LST and NDVI have a negative relationship, and LST, NDBI, and BI have a positive relationship. Also increasing NDBI and BI led to urbanization and decreasing NDVI to green areas. Urban changes were reviewed by analyzing areas where NDBI, BI, and LST increased and NDVI decreased. Changes were most frequent in Gangseo-gu and Gijang-gun, Busan. Using satellite imagery, it will be possible to predict urban change, establish disaster prevention DB, and utilize urban environmental information. And It is thought that the satellite image can be used for solution of urban heat island phenomenon, urban change prediction and urban management environment information.

The purpose of this study is to determine the for surrounding environment and living safety of public spaces in Japanese UR rental apartment complexes. The study was conducted by performing literature and field surveys, and the research samples included four UR rental apartment complexes in Japan. The results of the study are as follows. First, Hanahata and Tamadaira sites included many neighborhood facilities within the range of the regional neighborhood units, and Comfort Matsubara had many located throughout the residential neighborhood units. Specifically, at least one supermarket was located within each residential neighborhood unit, and a general hospital was proximate to each residential neighborhood unit for the most part. Second, evacuation safety in the public spaces of living safety was simple because external stairs are part of all residential buildings. In the crime safety, lights and surveillance cameras were installed in bicycle parking lots, and the lights function even during the daytime to keep the space well-lit and thus lower the risk of crime. In the daily safety, bollard-type lighting is installed near the ground to illuminate pedestrian walkways, and dropped-object prevention features are installed at the top of the ground floor entrances to prevent accidents that may be caused by falling objects.

The purpose of this study is to identify the physical and heuristic substance of the characteristics common to the art museums by Tadao Ando from the perspective of visitors' visual perception. The objects of this study were selected as the Benesse House Art Museum, Chichu Art Museum, and Lee Ufan Art Museum in Naoshima Island, Japan, and the spatial analysis technique of 'Isovist along path' was used for visual perceptional analysis from visitors' viewpoint. The characteristics of 'Forced detour', 'Mazeous circulation' and 'Open/Closed' were selected among the characteristics common to the art museums by Tadao Ando, a nd the analyses of 'Isovist along path' were conducted for a ctual visitors' movement paths within the three museums. Then, the results of the analyses were examined to see if they could explain 'Forced detour', 'Mazeous circulation', and 'Open/Closed' respectively.

Samcheok City has historically undertaken the critical role to represent the Youngdong area in Gangwon-do, but through the modern and contemporary history, the spatial territory has been declined and the social role thereof has gradually been reduced. In particular, during the Japanese colonial period, the local community has been developed as a central part of the cement industry, but following the shift in the industrial structure, the role has been dwindled gradually and has sought for the change into an alternative industry. This study has sought the urban changes in the area from the morphologic aspect through the modern and contemporary history with the focus on the areas forming the downtown of Samcheok City. The modern and contemporary history of Samcheok City has classified into the first term from 1910 to 1956, the second term from 1957 to 1981 and the third term from 1982 to the present time. The standard of such classification is based on cultural, social and environmental changes in the area. As for the characteristics of the first term, it was from the development around the Jeollajin area that had the critical role of the subject area and completion of Onoda Samcheok Plant to be acquired by Tongyang Cement, and thereafter, the history of Korea's cement industry has begun. Thereafter, the geographical change of Samcheok City was encountered in the second term. Through the Namsan cutting business, the current Samcheok downtown site was secured, and because of this, the central area of Samcheok administration was changed into the current Namyoung-dong area. And, in early 1980s, it was encountered with the process of change in the third period to face the externally expanding period. The university street (Daehak-ro) was established in the downtown, and for supplying the insufficient housing site, a large-scale housing development project was undertaken mainly around the Gyo-dong area. Such a geographical and morphologic change of the Samcheok area has changed and advanced along with the changing process of history in the area to the present status. Samcheok City that has undertaken the central site for the industry in the modern and contemporary history has strived to today's status along with the changes in the industrial structure and advancement of the city, and such a development trend has influenced on the establishment environment of the region to teach to the present situation.

Recently, with the development of wireless communication technology, changes in the standards of fire fighting facilities have come. As development of firefighting facilities using wireless communication technology becomes possible, researches related to the development of evacuation guidance system using smartphones are being actively conducted. However, previous studies focus on the systemic perspective of evacuation guidance system, and research on the effectiveness of evacuation guidance system through experiments is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, the experiment was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the smartphone evacuation guidance system. Evacuation experiment was conducted on 20 adults, and the evacuation time, the frequency of entry into the danger zone, and the decision time at the intersection were analyzed. As a result, the use of the evacuation guidance system reduced the evacuation time, the frequency of entry into the danger zone, and the decision time at the intersection. This study has significance in verifying the effectiveness of the developed smartphone evacuation guidance system through real experiments, and can be used as a basis for the development of evacuation guidance system using smartphone in the future.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the constructing process of the Ddeulzip in Yecheon, which is located in the north west side of Andong. The Ddeulzip is a kind of noble house belonging to the Chosun Dynasty in the Andong cultural area. The constructing process of various branched families into the local village is largely divided into three time periods. They are divided into the Early(15~16C), Middle(17~18C) and Late(19~20C) periods. There are various reasons for the migration of many branched families into the local village of Andong and these include : political escape, war, shelter, and fengshui. As time progressed, these branched families were connected by study and marriage relationships. During the Early Period, six houses of the Ddeulzip were built by five familys. At the Middle Period, different families built seven houses of Ddeulzips. At the Late Period, most of branched families built eleven houses of the Ddeulzip constantly. Thus, at the area of Yecheon, they maintained the traditional noble culture of house by the Ddeulzip.

A number of piloti buildings were used as a multi-family housing because of their relative low cost maintenance and availability of enough parking spaces. However, this type of structures were somewhat severely damaged due to recent earthquakes in Korea. In general, piloti structure shows a relatively weak story in the first story compare to the rahmen structure due to the soft story irregularity. As a result, non-elastic deformation of structural members of the weak story can occur intensively, and then resulting in a sudden change in the seismic load flow which can lead to the member's brittle failure. Moreover, the damage of the piloti structure can be differed from many factors such as the location of the core surrounded by the wall. In this study, a nonlinear time history analysis was used to analyze how the piloti structure responds according to the core location and how the damage changes when the piloti structure deterioration. Test results show that the eccentricity of the Piloti structure increased, the natural period of structure was increased. In addition, as the eccentricity increased, the damage of the vertical members were increased in the weak story.

In the case of aged structure, maintenance and reinforcement are inevitable for improving the performances and durability. Among the maintenance and reinforcement of the building structures, FRP surface mounted method has been suggested as a successful method in reinforcing efficiency, durability, and fire resistance with its increased adhesive area due to the mounting method of filling epoxy adhesive in groove at tensile area of reinforced concrete structure. However, the epoxy resin used as an adhesive can be lost its adhesive performance with fire conditions, the surface mounted method should be improved with inorganic adhesives against fire exposed conditions. In this research, with the aim of inventing a new inorganic adhesive for FRP surface mounted method, the fundamental properties and fire resisting performance of aluminosilicate based fireproof adhesive were assessed. As a result, under the high temperature conditions, aluminosilicate based adhesive showed higher adhesive performance than organic adhesives such as an epoxy resin.

Recently, a steel damper is widely used among energy dissipation devices for seismic retrofit, a steel damper has many advantages than other types of seismic control devices. It can be easily manufactured based on the design specification, and it can dissipate a lot of seismic energy through the stable hysteresis behavior of steel. In this study, in order to obtain more effective energy dissipation capacity than general types of steel dampers, the yield strength of steel with different section properties were used as variables. For this purpose, steel dampers were manufactured using two types of steel dampers with relatively different section properties. As a result, the steel with relatively low section property first yielded and the steel with high section property progressively yielded. Finally, it effectively responded to various range of lateral load and showed good performance with respect to the ductility.

This is a study on the plan characteristics of protestant church architecture in Jeju Island in the 1950s and 1970s. The plan type is divided into the simple type, the frontal projection type and the left or the right projection type. Most of the entrance into the chapel is made with the short side facing in front. There are pulpit preparation rooms on the left and right and there is no pulpit preparation room on only one side. The room on the left of the pulpit is a pastor room, which is used by the pastor. The room on the right of the pulpit is the sacrament room and is generally used by the elders. The presence of the preparation room and the exterior door to the pulpit can be seen to be similar in function and form. The floor of the pulpit is mostly floored. The pulpit is the concept of the Holy of holies and symbolized the authority of the pastor. Only pastors or special elders could go up and women or children could not go up. However, the concept of the place of the pulpit has now weakened and anyone can go up regardless of gender or age.

Today’s Architects reflect the fashion technique on architectural designs while fashion designers also get a lot of ideas from architecture. The rapid development in the technology of materials and computer software has helped the form of fashion to be applied to architecture and realize it. This study aims to propose the façade design process applied on the fashion formative technique from the total views of architecture and fashion. For this purpose, the design processes of architecture and fashion are compared and the formative fashion technique used in the architecture is analyzed. In addition, the concept of façade is established and its implication is studied and then the cases where the face designs are applied with the fashion technique are analyzed to get the theoretical foundation for the real design. Based on these, the process for the architectural façade design is suggested and then by connecting it to the students’ workshop program, the façade design output is suggested as the result of empirical studies before the conclusion is made. The in-depth analysis and research need to be continued in the future on the effect of the two fields becoming no boundary and the synergistic effect of crossover work.

The objective of the paper is to propose the correction factors of the concrete using blended cement at the stage of designing specified strength under low temperature environment. Strength development of the concretes using blended cements are estimated applying equivalent age methods. Ordinary Portland cement(OPC), fly ash cement(FAC), blast furnace slag cement(BSC) and ternary blended cement with FA and BS are used for the binders. Compressive strengths are measured using the concretes cured at 5, 20 and 35℃. Test results indicated that the use of blended cement led to decrease in strength development at 5℃ at early age. Strength correction factors with each level of age and binder types were suggested with 3 MPa levels. OPC, FAC and ternary blended cement had 3 MPa of strength correction factors for 28 days and 42 days of strength management period, while there are no need at 56 days and 91 days. BSC concrete had 3~6 MPa of strength correction factors from 28 days to 42 days. Within the scope of this study, strength correction factors should be added to Korea Construction Standard to secure design strength of the structural concrete cured at low temperature.

The purpose of this study is to analyze under-used properties in the old hillside residential area in terms of the urban tissues like building, plot, street and block. This study suggests 4 stages of analysis as following. First, this study draws the spatial decline index of urban tissue from the related laws, as construction year over 20 years, unauthorized house, undersized plot, plot without adjoining road, and plot with slope over 15°. Second, based upon the spatial decline index, this study analyzes the urban tissue elements of 7 dong residential areas surrounding old downtown in Busan. Third, this study tries to analyze and the negative impacts of urban tissue elements which are relevant with vacant space. Fourth, based on the analysis of the negative impacts of urban tissue elements, his study proposes the utilization methods of under-used properties through policy improvement and relaxation of legal regulation.

This study focuses Mies van der Rohe’s search for Romantic Legacy and its influence. For the purpose, the romantic ideas as sources of his inspiration toward modernity are discussed largely: in Universal thoughts, above all, his religious philosophical idea of Panentheism, as well as such an influence of Romantic Education are looked at, that is, the characteristics of Mies’ designs through the influence of Froebel as a romantic educational thought which gives him a training that makes to exchange the idea for a visual representation. Ultimately, an insistence that such religious philosophical backgrounds fundamentally make him see his ‘unity’ of the opposites and create his ‘universal’ discourse. As it were, a study for romantic legacies are indispensable to an existential struggle for a new human’s free-will toward modernity, especially, for the individual’s artistic volition as the case of Le Corbusier; in the same context, the meaning of ‘dwelling’ for Mies are indispensable to the ‘self’ in the existential meaning. Ultimately, this study argues that not only the exposed aspects of so-called the ‘rational’ but also the ‘irrational’ hidden other side opposite to the general understandings that Mies’ designs are recognized so-called a result of rationalism, furthermore commercial capitalism after his immigrating to the United States.

The Purpose of this study, we aimed to expand the concept of sustainability by conducting a time-periodic analysis of the conceptual change in Christoph Ingenhoven’s understanding of architectural sustainability, which moves beyond the limits of most planned eco-friendly architectural approaches and relies solely on physical control technology. To conduct this analysis, we first considered Supergreen, the sustainability concept Ingenhoven has developed. We conducted a time-periodic analysis based on references that encompassed the process of his architectural concept’s time-periodic change. Our analysis of two datasets enabled us to infer the interrelation between the detailed characteristics of sustainability formed by time-period and to identify three general time-periodic conceptual approaches : Organic-functionalism, Bio-form, and Environmental Unity System-Based Architectural Typology. Our findings showed that these approaches are not applied independently, but function as a structure in which concepts were continually extended and linked via interation. The four components of the Supergreen concept – Holistic Approach and Responsibility, Healthy Environment, Green Urban, and Identity Establishment – are thought to serve as significant clues in tracing the methodological evolution of architectural applications.

The conventional design process for optimal location and capacity of dampers have some limitations in the light of efficient and economic design. In this study, it is proposed a more efficient damper design methodology by incorporating linear matrix inequality(LMI) under the assumption that the design of passive vibration control system can be equivalent to active control algorithm. For this purpose, it is shown that the damper capacity can be identical to the control gain of the output feedback, which is one of the active control algorithms, and the damper capacity can be estimated more efficiently by converting the control problem into the LMI problem. In order to verify the design process, the damper capacity was estimated for the 20-story structure by LMI technique, and the performance improvement was investigated by nonlinear dynamic analysis of the structure. Numerical results show that the damper capacity is determined similarly to the drift of the contributing mode, and the vibration reduction was satisfactory even at 80% of the total capacity which damper systems are installed in all floors.

An example of this study, Transbay district was developed simultaneously with the development of a high-speed railway-based Intermodal Transfer Center with three-dimensional traffic accessibility considered, and the development of transport infrastructure and transportation-oriented development to have a transit relationship between transport facilities. The purpose of the study is to derive the characteristics shown through the analysis of the transbay district in relation to the linked transfer system. As a procedure of research, the overall understanding of development and strategic purpose are given first, and the analysis of traffic accessibility to the Intermodal Transfer Center is conducted by analyzing the relationship between transport facilities and the connection transfer system between transportation means. Based on the characteristics derived from this, we were able to look at urban, architectural, and multiple aspects of urban and architectural in terms of accessibility and convenience of transportation. In addition, the analysis of Urban’s formation architectural factors projects derived from the overall development of the transbay district have been introduced through a process, thereby enhancing understanding of the context of San Francisco’s Total transport infrastructure.

This study aims to examine the characteristics of pedestrian environment in the planned new town street space by analyzing the overall relationship and characteristics of physical elements that make up the street and the street front space by applying form-based code. Followings are the summary of the study results. First, despite several revisions to the district unit plan, the initial planned block size was huge and the street was planned mainly for automobiles due to overcrowding of high-rise residential and commercial complexes. Second, roads are planned without dividing the hierarchy of roads and creating a more stark environment than necessary. Open Space generally lacked planning links to all parts of the building and sidewalks. The skyline is lower on inland and public buildings and higher on private buildings near the coast. As a result, certain buildings monopolize coastal landscapes, undermining publicness. Third, the most common of Frontage Type was the walkway type due to building retreat. But the retreats are different from building to building, and the plans linked to the front of the building are insufficient, causing the flow of walking to be discontinuous.

The supporting post in a unique and special way of connecting the upper and lower pillars is not only mainly used for the traditional Korean-houses known as Hanok, but also used for the reinforcement purposes to replace or connect some parts of the long pillar, and to preserve existing members during the repair of cultural properties. It is also used to connect and replace long vertical members such as long pillars, the multi-story structure of wooden pagoda and core pillars into several column members. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types and uses of the supporting post in traditional Hanok and to reinforce the vertical joints by developed vertical metal fittings. The rupture pattern of the joints by bending is shown through the experiment and the mechanical properties are compared with other experimental results.

When establishing a parish, there was a pattern that all presbyteries were built in a Western brick style while the church was first built in a Western wooden style to be used as a temporary church and later a brick parish was built or a Western wooden style building imitating the brick one was constructed as a permanent parish. It is judged that Western wooden style buildings were preferred because they were more modern with a lower construction cost than Korean style ones. The church plan is mainly composed of a rectangle with no distinction between Nave and Aisle, and its structure is divided into a brick style and a Western wooden one and its format are not more varied than other regions. It is a characteristic of this region that the Western-style building is finished with wire mesh mortar to imitate the brick style. The church built in 1930 under the jurisdiction of the Missionary Society of Saint Columban, applied a module of 3.65m in size setting. The interval between the side bays is 3.65m and the front also reaches to 2 or 3 times of the module. In the mid-and-late 1950s, there was a common phenomenon of increasing the size of the church, such as the expansion of little buildings and the expansion of three bays to increase the size of a nave. This is attributable to the sharp increase in Catholic believers after the Korean War, which particularly stands out in the late 1950s.