Earticle

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the catholic cathedral architecture in Busan. Especially, this study is focused on architectural style and the site planning of the catholic architecture effected by social and economic situation from 8.15 liberation to 1962. The catholic architecture style in Busan of this periods is separated in four type : the revival style, eclecticism style, functional style and modern style. These styles was effected by the social-economic situation and growing attention of catholic in Korea.

During the period of colonial Choson, there were a total of 18 To(道) government office buildings in 13 To. Among them 6 To buildings were newly constructed and enlarged, whose plan types were changed and remodeled to more ordered shapes like 山, 匚or 王. 3 To buildings were not newly constructed but reused as pre-existing buildings and enlarged and remodeled, whose plan types were changed to 山or 凹. There were 4 plans for newly construction of To buildings but not realized, whose plan types were 日or 山. As a result in the period of colonial Choson, the preference of 山type plan of To building through newly constructed, reused building enlarged or planning of not realized newly construction. In all kinds of enlargements and plans it is clear that the front part of To building was maintained of with symmetry and centrality but the back side of To building was freely enlarged as to the needs for space and for connection to another accessory buildings. The reason of this tendency was that To buildings were not constructed such enough space so many accessory buildings in their site should be used but also there was a intention to give the buildings authority as an colonial government office by keeping symmetry and centrality in their front part.

In the rapid an aging society, there is a large range of opinion on the housing issue of the elderly household. The purpose of this study was to analyze the housing condition of the elderly household for the basis of the planning elderly household. For analyzing the housing condition of the elderly household, studied the housing indicators. And then, classified the housing indicators into the indicators of the housing status and of the housing level. As a result of the analyzing, it was analyzed that the level of housing quality was poor seriously. Accordingly, it is demanded that the planning of the elderly household have to change to housing welfare policy from the quantitative supply.

have a sense of influencing the design decision making process and increased feelings of responsibility in decision making. While it is necessary to identify goals and objectives in planning for participation, it is also necessary to analyze the techniques that are available and the resources they require. An aim of this study is searching out the user participatory programming in the planning process of the residential area. This study can be considered as the total organization of physical space, directly or indirectly involving in the decision making process whoever has to live with its consequences. Byker Wall have not only dwelled on the architect's ad-hoc aesthetics but also carefully analysed the successful resettlement of an existing community, the mixture of old and new, the user participation and the recreation of a vernacular village. This would involve us in endeavoring to create positive conditions for dwelling, shopping, recreating in near contact with the home. It would involve us in considering the wishes of the people of all ages and many tastes. The main concern will be with those who are already resident in Byker, and the need to rehouse them without breaking family ties and other valued associations or patterns of life.

This study began from two questions: that of surveying difference of the feeling of satisfaction on Livability Spaces upon dwelling positions in a housing complex and finding causes of it to suggest planning provisions for Livability Space. At first, set the analysis frame through reference study. Second, analyzed outdoor spaces around the apartments. Third, surveyed occupants and analyzed the feeling of satisfaction on Livability Space and find out the causes of differential satisfaction levels. Results are following: First, the more integration of Livability Spaces the higher satisfaction levels. Second, satisfaction levels of dwellers inside the complex were higher than theirs of outside. Third, the most influential element to satisfaction levels was the centre square. Therefore, to raise the feeling of satisfaction of occupants and decrease differences of satisfaction levels upon dwelling position, spaces for community and play should be integrated to centre and raise accessibility between apartments.

With the rapid growth of resort industry, the accommodation facilities have occupied the largest share among other various resort facilities. Also, they can be classified into many various type in Korea. The condominium has been grown steadily from year to year on the side of demand and supply compared with other types of accommodation facilities, and this condominium has been the most preferred facility among the resort facilities. Considering with these problems, in this research, the representative examples according to the locational characteristics among various domestic condominiums have been selected and the user satisfaction degree of users has been investigated and analyzed. These results could be presented to establish the basis of future designs of condominium.

The study purpose focuses on clarifying the visibility characteristics in office building lobbies planned with single cores, providing analytical theories and suggesting architectural planning directions of the spaces. Visibility Graph Analysis, including the measurement of VGA Mean Depth, VGA Integration, VGA Entropy, Clustering Coefficient and Control, was used for analysing fifteen office lobbies. The findings of the study follow: (1) The layout of space program components, especially the relative locational arrangement of each program space, is correlated with the visibility configuration of lobby spaces and users' cognitional environment. (2) Visual crossing-nodes were found at users' circulation paths in case that lobbies were planned lineally with front & rear entrances and elevator halls. The junctions of users' circulations appeared at lobbies in case that the spaces were accessible from front entrances only and open visibility appeared at the common area adjacent to the main entrances. (3) The ratio of lobby area to total accessible area showed proportional relationship to the ratio of VGA Entropy variation. The reduction of the lobby area increases visual concentration effect. Also in this research, architectural planning directions responding the analysis results of 5 layout types have been proposed.

An aging society is not only the serious issue in the advanced age group but the important issue in the pre-elderly group. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics about preferred residential environment in the pre-elderly group according to the region was divided the city and the rural. It was analyzed variously to the preferred residential environment according to the region, and deducted that dwelling characteristics was the important factor for analyzing the preferred residential environment. The city and rural region preferred the city suburbs as the dwelling location, but it was analyzed variously to the housing price, dwelling type in the city and rural region. From now on, have to devise a plan for the elderly group on the basis of the trend in the pre-elderly group.

The purpose of this study was to suggest a proper function, appropriate area per person, and space programs for university student housing by conducting an area comparison between the existing and new university student housing. For the analysis, site visits were conducted at 10 student housing of 5 universities, and drawings were collected and compared. Each space within a student housing building was categorized as personal unit space, common space and circulation space. About a 10-year gap between the existing and new student housing seems to be related to the changes in the bedroom types, plan types, and space programs in the area calculations and analysis of the floor plan. The suggested area per person and the ratio of the three space types provide guidelines for the proper function and area for new and to-be-remodeled buildings. The findings of this study were as follows: 2 person per 1 bedroom was preferred to others and the typical floor plan has been updated from the double corridor type to the apartment type which shares livingroom, bathroom, restroom and a showerbetween bedrooms. Also, student housing is getting complex and is growing in size. Unit community formed by student housing that combines 2 to 4 person per 1 bedroom floor plan can help students with identity and affiliation formation. Furthermore, circulation space can serve to connect common and personal space and facilitate communication among the tenants. Nevertheless, more research on the common space which provides support, study, and social spaces in the housing to make the students' life better in quality is greatly needed.

T h is study is to formulate the planning conditions to increase users as a basic step of study to provide maintenance method for inner-plaza atriums to contribute to a creation of urban public space. The use of atrium architecture was classified to 9 uses as cultural facility (citizen utilization facility), office building etc. Atrium patterns expected to work as urban public space were derived by understanding spatial character and function expected of atrium through document survey and manager questionnaire survey. The survey of user's number was carried out in those atriums, and planning conditions to increase users in inner-plaza atriums were then identified quantitatively through multiple regression analysis. As much as 89.7% of variance was explained with factors of attached commercial facility size, the number of entrances(every entrance where atrium could be recognized from) and atrium scale

The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the features of the basic frames how to fabricate Korean and Japanese traditional wooden structure and also has been focused on how to be called the frame members of Korean and Japanese traditional wooden structure. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Approximately 50 main structural items are suggested and explained through comparative analysis. 2) Korean wood fabrication's method assembles the parts into a complete structure not to use nails to do in Japanese wood fabrication's method. 3) Japanese building uses horizontally more slender structural members to hold up the lateral force than Korean one. 4) Judging from the location of Gongpo, Korean Jusimpo type is similar to Japanese Whayang type and Daebul type, and Korean Dapo type is similar to Japanese Sunjong type. 5) The sunshade of Korean building is less developed than that of Japanese one. 6) The Haang of Korean building is less developed than that of Japanese one, so that the eaves of Japanese building is deeper than that of Korean one. 7) Judging from the proportion of the total building, the structural members of Korean building exception columns, girders and beams are more thicker than that of Japanese ones.

The overall structure of the Samaso construction which started to be established in most districts during the Chosun era was determined, and from the results of the examination of the construction features in the erection of the Gyeongju Samaso, the following conclusions could be obtained. The Gyeongju Samaso construction process in the early stage of the era is not known, but we know that it existed from before the coronation of King Seonjo (1567), and is highly probable that it was constructed in the early 1500s. In 1722 a small structure was initially built at the northern part of the Somaso site. In 1740 Pungyeongjeong was reconstructed, and in 1832 Byeongchokheon was erected. When Choi, Gi-Yeong (1768-1834), who passed the Sama Exam 9 years later than his son (Choi, Se-Rin), underwent various inconveniences while spending time with young Sama (members of Samaso) including his son in the Samaso building, he constructed Byeongchokheon right next to samaso in 1832, forming a duplex building with the same function. This is the building background of Byeongchokheon, another building of Samaso The Pungyeongjeong which is the main building of the Gyeongju Samaso possesses the general structure with the verandah floor in the center and rooms on either side consisting of a 4 Kan frontage, however, together with the initial function of Samaso, it had a pavilion function added resulting in a unique structure arrangement, and with the adjacent construction of Byeongchokheon it became a 1 structure 2 house formation which could not be seen anywhere else.

This study was done with a goal to observe changes of nature environmental color emotions according to time flow and light changes as well as to study its meaning of color experience of natural scene to modern city dwellers with artificial surroundings. Individuals develop various feelings after seeing a color, but there is sometimes a common feeling raised among these various feelings. This study aims to investigate the influence of nature environmental colors of surroundings on the emotions of human beings. First of all, we tried to discover how feelings change after a person is reminded of a color through an experience of a nature environmental color. Second, differences in feelings resulting from color perception are analyzed after time passes (sunrise, daytime, and sunset) and the colors of natural surroundings change accordingly. Three landscape types used in experiment: forest, river, agriculture. Each landscape type has two sites for reliability. Survey was done in the period of Jul. 8th to 10th, 2005 with 100 people (61 male and 39 female) in various professions and various ages between twenties to forties as respondent.

In cities, open space are often heavily used and so the design of open space has a big impact on the comfort of city dwellers. Since an open space is largely designers of individual buildings surrounding it. The purpose of this study was to suggest the design guideline for public open space in urban area. A comfortable and stimulating open-space that encourages social interaction requires detailed attention to the structure of a space and the element it contains. This involves the surfaces: what form of planting are appropriate, and what surfaces are for vehicles as well as pedestrian use. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The design guideline of open space be consider with the traffic movement for real activate. 2) The entrance of subway should be change in the near building to confirm the width of walking road for the pedestrian, 3) It should be to make for the place-making for public activities in urban area, and to make the network between the open spaces, and also to be sustainable design guideline for activities of people in urban area .

This study aims at proposing necessities of new District Unit Planning method in the Residential Area. Even though we are applying architectural building code concerning ‘Architectural Slant Line Restriction for Daylight', daylight conditions are not satisfying minimum 2 hours of continuous duration for the multi-family houses and also apartments. So it is needed to study rational new method of design to get satisfying daylight condition. With an aid of 3 dimensional daylight analysing program, we can get precise results for the daylight condition considering regional characteristics of azimuth angles. Finally applying new design method which are derived from the analysis to the multi-family houses and also apartments considering characteristics of daylight, we can have apartment complexes and the multi-family houses which are perfect in daylight, as a result it gives better view to dwellers and good cityscape than before.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the residential environment based on the physical quality indicators of outdoor space in apartment housing through the case study of 36 housing estate samples which were built in 1994-1998. The contents of this research consists of two main parts. The first part is to select the quality indicators of parking space and green space based on the characteristics of residential environment. The second part is to carry out the comparative analysis of physical quality indicators of parking space and green space based on the development density in apartment housing. This research will contribute to the establishment of the site planning methods which increase the quality of residential environment in apartment housing.

Environmental issues have been taken into considerations in housing design for a few decade. Pursuits for comfortable environment have been increased from sunshine duration to views recently. This implies that evaluation tool consists of various three-dimensional information. And it is devoted to support decision-making at the design stage. Therefore it is important to present environments visually which will be made by building geometry. In order to evaluate solar access, irradiance, and views, various spherical projections were also developed and applied to site analysis.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the cost analysis breakdown system of discount rate for decision maker in life cycle cost analysis. During the period of LCC analysis of primary cooling system, the project phases is divided into planning/design, equipment construction, maintenance/management and demolition/sell phases, and established cost items of each phases. The main results are as follows; (1) The result of LCC15(discount rate 6%～16%) of primary cooling system indicates that the absorption chiller-heater system for urban gas is the most economical system. (2) In each cost phases about LCC15(discount rate 6%-16%), the result indicates that the cost of planning/design, initial investment, support and taxes(1st) was increased and that of energy, drainage, maintenance, running labor, taxes(every year), fire insurance and demolition labor was decreased. (3) In each process phases about LCC15(discount rate 6%-16%), the result indicates that the rate of planning/design, equipment construction was increased and that of maintenance, demolition was decreased

When equipment designers calculate the amount of supplied water, they use foreign data set up long time ago as well as their experienced values, which are factors causing lots of problems. The water system has been designed by decision process such as use place of water, calculating the amount of supplied water, capacity of water tanks and pumps and pipe size. Calculating the amount of supplied water is basically the most important factor for designing water supplying system. This research is for obtaining the calculation data of supplied water in school building. For this, we analyzed the amount of supplied water in school building. The results analyzed in this research is showed as follows. 1) The average use of water per month in elementary school was 251.3㎥/month, and 238.9㎥/month in middle school. 2) The average use of water per season in elementary school was 685㎥/season, and 875㎥/season in middle school. 3) The average use of water per d․c/season in elementary school was 87.3ℓ/d․c/season, and 875㎥/season in middle school. 4) The average use of water per month-classroom in elementary school was 26.2㎥/month․classroom, and 34.2㎥/month․classroom in middle school.

The GHG(Green House Gases) emitted by the building energy consumption was a serious problem to the global warming because the building energy consumption ratio was approximately 30∼40% to the all energy consumption. Recently, a lot of the building energy source Heat Pump installed for the air conditioning, the domestic water supply. Generally, the Heat Pump is classified the EHP(Electric Air-sourced Heat Pump), the GHP(Gas Engine Driven Air-sourced Heat Pump), the GSHP(Electric Ground-Sourced Heat Pump). As known, the reducing performance of GHG of GSHP is approximately 20∼ 25% higher than EHP and GHP. However, the published quantitative study on the performance of reducing annual GHG was rare case. Therefore, the purpose of this study is comparison of the GHG on EHP, GHP, GSHP based on conversion data of annual energy consumption of GSHP in the case building. According to this study, the GSHP GHG emission is 18.1% lower than EHP, 8.1% lower than GHP. (In this study, the fossil fuel GHG emission estimate due to the IPCC GHG estimation rule as well as the electric power GHG emission estimate due to the electric power production ratio of fuels, the efficiencies of power plant of fuels, the efficiency of electric power distribution in Korea. The case building is a child-care center of which all area is 2,119.2㎡ and GSHP capacity is 90RT and the location is Seoul Korea.)

The purpose of this research is to study on the feasibility of utilizing the mixed-use cooling and heating system that combined floor radiation and forced convection in apartment, to examine the characteristics of thermal environment in living room that uses this cooling and heating system, and to review the possibility of utilizing midnight power service based on time-lag heating effect of thermal storage in the mass of floor slab. And also this research aims to create thermal comfort environment and to establish the basic data for the development and designing of the mixed-use cooling and heating system with high efficiency and low cost while creating thermal comfort environment and shortening pre-heating period.

Concrete is one of the principal materials for the structures and it is widely used all over the world. While advanced technologies of concrete have been recently focused especially on developing high performance concrete in which possess high compressive strength and durability, such concrete shows extremely brittle failure under shear and tension. To improve such a poor properties, Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite(DFRCC) has been developed. This paper reports the mechanical properties of DFRCC and shear performances of beams using half precast DFRCC subjected to vertical load. The half precast beam, which DFRCC half precast is filled with concrete, expected to raises durability of concrete. DFRCC beams using Poly Vinyl Alcohol fibers and Polypropylene fibers, and general reinforced concrete beam are tested for comparison. The length of specimen is 1920mm, the section is 170x270(mm), the thickness of the DFRCC half precast is 35mm, the main bottom bar is D13, the tie bar is D6. The research results clearly showed that the proposed hybrid beam showed stable hysteresis behaviors than general concrete beam. Also, the cracks width of suggested hybrid beams decreased those of than general concrete beam.

Most of the schools in Korea were designated as refuge facilities. It is, however, the fact that almost all of the reinforced concrete school structures have been old and were not built based on the seismic design codes. So far, a series of research dealing with development of seismic vulnerability assessment techniques have been carried out and some methods were recommended to evaluate the seismic performance which is one of the highly complicated multi-criteria evaluation problems. This study present a evaluation procedure of seismic performance modifying the previous method for the purpose of accuracy improvement, in addition, apply the modified procedure to grasp the seismic performance and predict the damage extent with or without safety rate of the selected 22 school structures. And then, identify the applicability of this simple and rapid procedure by a comparative study of seismic and non-seismic designed school structures. The conclusions of this study are as follows : 1) the equation is proposed through relationship between ductility index to evaluate ductility capacity of structure and shear destruction ratio, 2) the method can be used to classify the existing buildings either as safe or unsafe, indicating that building might suffer no severe damage or life safety performance level would not be met, respectively.

The evaluation of joint stiffness is very important to design the space frames with ball-bolted joints. In this paper, the characteristics of stress distribution and neutral axis on the sleeve of ball-bolted joint at space frame are analyzed for the evaluation of the stiffness by the experimental approach. Six types of pipes, ∅42.7×2.3, ∅48.6×2.8, ∅60.5×3.2, ∅89.1×3.2, ∅114.3×4.5, and ∅139.8×4.5, are selected, and so the test models with the detailed partial specifications which are widely used in the domestic construction field are constructed for the bending test of joints. The strains of the joints are measured by the strain gages attached to the sleeves and pipes to investigate the characteristics of mechanics in it, and the deflection of the test models are also measured by LVDT positioned in the lower middle of the ball. In results, after initial phase of loading, the compressive stresses are concentrated at the upper surface of the sleeve with the gap in the lower boundaries of the ball and sleeve, and the sleeve and cone. Also, the neutral axis is nearly positioned at the nearest strain gage position from the middle axis of the sleeve cross section. It shows the tendency that the neutral axis moves from the compressive zone to the tensile one according to increasing the load. It is founded that the distribution of compressive strains from the neutral axis is not linearly distributed on the sleeve, and the strain on the extreme fiber of sleeve shows the state of concentrated stress. The maximum strains on the extreme fiber are 1.24 times of the linearly distributed strain fiber in BS427m12, 1.27 times in BS486m16, 1.4 times in BS605m20, 1.15 times in BS891m24, 1.72 times in BS1143m30, and 1.46 time in BS1398m36.

The purpose of this study is to examine economical efficiency of high-strength concrete application in high-rise RC buildings. Use of high-strength concrete will increase material cost. On the other hand, member size will be reduced due to increased sistance capacity of member, leading to increase of floor area. In this study, three types of plan layout are used: plan with core-wall only, symmetric plan with column and core-wall, and asymmetric plan with column and core-wall. And six types of concrete strength combination are applied to 30, 40, and 50-story buildings. The concrete strength has changed three times through the height of buildings: two times at the lower half of building height, and one time at the upper half. The economic efficiency of each model is compared by estimating financial value of increased usable floor area and increase of material cost. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) Simple plan with wall only model which is not modeling whole building frame showed different behavior with other models. Therefore, it can not be a substitute for realistic modeling of a building. 2) Among six types of concrete strength changes a type with high strength concrete applied in the upper half of stories of building was most efficient. In this study, only effect due to reduced member size is accounted into the estimation of financial merit for application of high strength concrete. Further study that includes construction cost such as formwork, labor may be needed to find out more realistic benefit of high strength concrete application in high-rise buildings.

Generally speaking, the demolition is the subsequent construction activity which has been done after building life-span of twenty two years or so. However, we have not prepared suitable systems and laws and regulations as long-term solutions. To solve these problems, we have focused on two research methods as below: 1) We have surveyed and analyzed current laws and regulations on the demolition in Korea. 2) We have scrutinized Japanese advanced laws and regulations on the demolition for finding out effective applications to demolition industry in Korea. Based on the major findings of this study, we are able to make a few concluding remarks and suggestions as below: 1) Laws and regulations, such as licence system, deliverly system, and construction waste policy etc, on the demolition in Korea should be upgraded to reflect advanced technologies and methods of construction and to improve the demolition industry. 2) Deregulation is strongly needed for suitable applications of developed technologies.

The local governments tend to build new educational facilities in type of BTL(Build-Transfer-Lease) process because of insufficient budget. The BTL projects cause various problems such as the increase of project cost and duration or the cancelation of participation. For example, a member of the preferred bidder cancels participation in the project when the owner of the project negotiates with the preferred bidder. This paper proposes improvements to resolve the problems occurred in the negotiation by analysing a case of BTL project to build a dormitory facility. But, only one case project analysed makes it difficult to apply the improvements to general BTL projects.

The construction market has gradually become complexity, variety and specialization, and then owner's requirements about quality has become various. In order to solve the problem such as stated above, advanced constructions in United Kingdom, Japan and United States have introduced warranty contract which is warranted to quality and performance for need of owner in determined term to ensure the quality of construction since 1960s. In addition to, domestic constructions have been meeting with international competition because of the open BOT market from FTA. Finally, this study proposed new warranty delivery system model in PPI on considering domestic status by benchmarking the delivery process and the characteristics of the warranty contract which is applied to PPI of global.

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for construction planning & scheduling in the similar case related Long-life housing through the survey and analyzation of construction planning & scheduling in the similar case related Long-life housing(A) and existing wall structural case(B). The method and contents of the study are shown as follow. The survey carried out to find the president condition of construction planning & scheduling, and arranged 1 cycle process of the structural construction in each case. Finally, In the study compared a basic construction planning & scheduling of (A) case with (B) case provided improvements for the problem of the work and planning & scheduling process which become known from investigation and analytical process.

Nowaday, Cast in Place Concrete Pile is adopted to basements, which have large amount of load is applied. But, due to Imperfect means of Integrity test methods, safety risk of stability to piles and upper structures grow up as time goes by. This study is aimed at suggesting methods of checking stability of the internal concrete and identifying size and shape of the cracks by using one probe which has the ability to send and receive longer than 50kHz ultrasonic waves and several ones.