Earticle

The purpose of this study is to derive the relative importance of architectural planning elements of primary schools for the prevention of infectious diseases. To achieve this research objective, elementary school building planning elements were deduced by analyzing the Ministry of Education's guidelines on infectious disease prevention and previous studies on building planning, including school facilities, and then the derived elements were analyzed. Divided into upper and lower elements to create a hierarchy. Taking the hierarchical structure as the analysis framework, aiming at the two groups of architectural experts and primary school teachers, a pairwise comparative investigation of the upper and lower elements is carried out. As a result of the analysis using hierarchical analysis method, it was found that among the upper elements of architectural planning, the importance of the classromm space is about 4 times that of the support space. In addition, the overall relative importance ranking of each sub-element is keeping distance, ventilation and hygiene management, non-face-to-face classroom space, connection with the natural environment, and object storage space. Based on the results of these analyses, the details to be considered in the design of the elementary school building program were proposed for the prevention of infectious diseases.

Recently, abnormal climate changes have caused climate problems such as floods and droughts, and many reservoir structures have been installed in Korea as a rainwater treatment method to solve this problem. However, such storage structures also leave improvements such as restrictions on installation, increased maintenance costs, and environmental pollution due to their size, and development of more economical and eco-`friendly rainwater penetration storage facilities is required. In this study, the previously developed loess storage block was explained, and the structural stability of the storage block was reviewed using the MIDAS Gen. The maximum generated stress of the installed storage block is 0.47MPa, which is within 1.7% of the compressive strength of the evaluation target, and the upper bending stress is 0.2MPa, which is within 2.8% of the actual bending strength. It can be confirmed that the structural stability is sufficient for the fixed load and activation applied to the structural analysis.

This study is an experimental study to evaluate the tensile performance of an eccentric flange-bolted joint that cuts the one side of flange exposed to the outside to install finishing materials and prevent damage when connecting flanges of steel pipes. The characteristics of tensile behavior according to the number and thickness of flanges (flange thickness: 4.0, 4.5, 6.0, 8.0, 9.0 mm, number of bolts: 3, 4, 5) were investigated. In addition, it was simulated through linear finite element analysis, and as a result of the experiment, when the number of bolts and flange thickness of the eccentric joint increased, the yield strength and maximum strength except for some increased. It was found that the ductility decreased as the flange thickness increased. It was found that the yield strength and maximum strength decreased when the number of EFP bolts was 5 compared to when the number of bolts was 4. When estimating the cause of the decrease, it is considered that the bolt pitch is narrow, so the ductility of the plate is lowered, and the flange does not contribute to the overall tensile joint strength, and the tensile member alone reaches the maximum strength. Based on this study, various theoretical and numerical analysis studies should be conducted, and this series of studies can present economical and efficient guidelines for the installation and external finishing of steel pipe truss structures.

Concrete cracks are early indicators of material performance degradation and defects, and concrete crack monitoring is an important technique that helps to reduce maintenance costs and improve the performance and safety of concrete structures. Existing techniques, including visual inspection, are based on the surface crack images or ultrasonic velocity differences and have limitations to find internal cracks (e.g., concrete delamination and flexural cracks). Therefore, in this study, a detection system was developed using wave attenuation of guided waves for detecting concrete internal cracks. The system was verified through finite element analysis and crack exploration experiments in concrete hume pipes. The surface cracks showed more wave energy attenuation than the internal cracks since the surface waves transmit higher energy than the body waves resulting in more energy reflection and scattering. On the other hand, in the case of internal cracks. As a result, it showed sufficient sensitivity to detect both surface and internal cracks and can be developed into a crack evaluation system with a damage index in the future.

Recently, safety inspection of steel construction is very significant problem because various accidents have occurred such as fall in the steel assembly process by the increase of steel construction and the enlargement of building due to the skyscraper of construction projects. However, the similar falls occur repeatedly due to the shortage of research about the relationship between accident occurrence factors(fall location, craft man, originalcause material, fall cause, etc) as well as analysis of past fall cases. From this point of view, the object of this study is to suggest the methodology of fall prevention to consider rational plans of safety management targeting 137 falls in steel construction from 1993 to 2022. In order to actualize the object of this study, the fall occurrence mechanism was analyzed from the perspective of fall risk factors and fall causes targeting steel engineer and steel girder. The fall risk factors and fall causes were analyzed for each 8 types of construction. Based on the case study and related law, we suggest the classification system of fall informations in steel construction and develop pre-inspection checklist for prevention of the critical management falls in steel construction.

When a public institution promotes a public building project and establishes the plan, it is obligatory to perform the architectural planning task prior to placing an order for the project. This regulation aims to ensure that buildings promoted as public buildings are valuable as social public goods, have an appropriate level of quality and dignity, and should be built according to reasonable standards and standards. Recently, side effects due to urban development and expansion have occurred, and the construction of core facilities is being promoted to solve many social problems, of which representative projects are the Urban Regeneration New Deal Project and the Living SOC Project. Thus, this study aims to review the architectural planning of core facilities and the definition of core facilities, and to provide basic data for research in related fields for architectural planning by analyzing data from the planning stage to the construction stage. As a research method, the definition and related systems of architectural planning and core facilities were reviewed through theoretical review, and problems and implications were derived by comparing the construction scale and construction cost classified by business stage (planning, design, and construction) of the core facility. A study on project promotion of core facilities has implications in that when establishing a construction plan for a public construction project, it is necessary to set the project cost according to a sufficient review of the project size and to review the architectural system that is difficult to change at the design stage. In addition, it is necessary to have guidelines and standards for each local government that are suitable for the characteristics of the region cored on the guidelines presented by the central government department, and it is also necessary to review entire process from regional planning to actual operation classified by business entity for each use and perform studies that suggest improvement plans on common problems that appear through relationship analysis.

Le Corbusier's mass production housing experiment has been considered as one of the important theories in modern housing. However, studies focusing on its whole context and meanings in detail are very limited. With this background, the goal of this research is to interpret implicit meanings in his experimental cases of mass production housing, included in 「Vers une architecture」, focusing on specifically his arguments and basis of assertion. There are three steps. First, finding major ideas and background logic in the mass production housing theory. Second, analyzing each cases’ characteristics. Finally, interpreting his intention of the mass production housing experiment from classifying the cases by features and keywords. Through analysis, the meanings of the ‘standard’ and the ‘machine à habiter’ appeared. Also, the relation between the mass production and those two concepts showed up. His concept of mass production housing is a way to approach to the perfection of house which is the ultimate goal. The concept of ‘machine à habiter’ is a logical basis in order to assert the industrialization of construction and the necessity for the quality improvement of housing. Especially, that means it is his social vision that any social class of people can have the same human living conditions by applicating the mass production housing theory.

The purpose of this study is to examine a sustainable urban collective housing design strategy for underdeveloped areas by selecting a part of Sangyeok 1-dong, which is gradually aging and slum-forming, as a target site and linking the existing urban organization with regeneration projects. The discussion of today's sustainable urban collective housing is divided into urban contextual aspects and social integration aspects in the literature review. Based on this theoretical background, a comprehensive response strategy is derived through SWOT analysis of not only the physical and legal conditions of the site, but also the social and humanities environment. Thus, the planning direction and major programs of the design are decided, and optimal architectural alternatives are sought through multi-dimensional strategies in response to the surrounding environment. Based on a comprehensive analysis such as the specificity of the area where the site is located, location, and time, specific design examples for social integration open urban collective housing were presented, and the implications of the research results are as follows. First, reasonable responses to the surrounding urban environment diversify the design of collective housing. Second, it is necessary to design collective housing for social integration with various housing types for declining areas. Third, it is necessary to design collective housing at the public level for the historical and cultural district. Fourth, desirable collective housing design can be expected only when urban design is given importance in architecture education.

Le Corbusier's window theory has been considered as one of the important theories in modern housing. However, studies focusing on its whole context and meanings in detail are very limited. With this background, the goal of this study is to interpret implicit meanings in his all documents about window concepts, included in his major publications such as「Vers une architecture」, 5 points of new architecture etc. There are three steps. First, finding major ideas and background logic in his books. Second, analyzing the famous argument between Perret & Le corbusier about the window’s form. Finally, interpreting his intention of the horizontal window concept from the 1st & 2nd publications of 5 points. Through analysis, the full implication of the horizontal window and the glass wall concepts appeared. Also, the relation between the window and the independent frames showed up. His concept of window is based on his anthropocentricism. And it is a way to approach to the perfection of house which is the ultimate goal. Especially, that means it is his social vision that any social class of people can have the favorable human living conditions by the common window module and the mass production housing.

This paper discusses the performance of linear regression, regression tree, support vector regression, and ensemble learners in modelling airflow between two spaces based on accuracy and training time. To obtain training data, different scenarios from an existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model are simulated via transient analysis using Cradle scSTREAM. The raw dataset is transformed to having time step sizes of 2.5s, 5.0s, and 50.0s. Feature scaling is also employed on the each data set using both min-max scaling and z-score methods for a total of 9 datasets. Hyperparameters according to machine learning (ML) algorithms are varied such that 15 ML models across the four algorithms are developed. The results show that the regression trees perform the best over all other algorithms, with all models maintaining R2 values above 0.95 at the different datasets. On the other hand, as expected, all linear models demonstrated poor performance compared to nonlinear models. Data resolution affects model accuracy and training time, with accuracy declining slightly as time step size increased. It is also found that there is no significant effect of feature scaling. Lastly, ML models yield substantially cheaper simulation costs than CFD to simulate airflow.

The method for predicting the story stiffness of building structures using convolutional neural network is proposed, and it is verified using a five-story structure example. A random number generator is used to determine the stiffness value of each story, and a total of 1000 models are obtained by repeating this independently. Linear time history analysis is performed on the generated model to collect data for training and testing. The acceleration history response of the top is wavelet-transformed and used as an input image, and the stiffness values of each story used for the corresponding modeling are set as the output value. As a result of applying the example, it is found that the proposed method predicts the behavior and dynamic characteristics of structures similarly, although the degree of error is different for each variable. To reduce this error, a method of applying a genetic algorithm to the predicted value is presented, and the improvement effect of this is confirmed.

The purpose of this study is to propose alternatives in terms of architectural planning so that urban residents can experience Jeju Island's streams. Among the 17 streams in the Jeju-si, Hancheon, the most suitable stream as a 'good waterfront space', its surroundings, and the related plan including Hancheon are the objects of this study. The architectural guidelines – for creating a water-friendly space, architectural layout and design techniques - in the form of points, lines, and planes, were used as a analysis and evaluation tool. The architectural alternative proposal regarding the item unsatisfied with the guidelines was drawn up. For the Point element, alternative proposal to enhance accessibility, connectivity to the waterfront of public space, for the Line element, such as linkage between spaces, public transportation connection, and linear arrangement of building's outside spaces and convenience facilities, for the Plane element, to enhance the sense of open and place along Hancheon were presented.

In this study, the infiltration rate from opening doors in a commercial building during business hours was calculated using CFD and compared with the prediction results from Pham & Oliver's Model. At the same time, the cooling and heating energy consumptions due to changes of door opening hours were calculated using DesignBuilder and compared with the calculation results when doors are closed. Results show that infiltration rates calculated by Pham & Oliver's Model shows excellent prediction results compared to the CFD analysis, with error rates of 1.6% in cooling and 7.3% in heating. Energy consumption due to opening doors during business hours were then calculated, with cooling energy consumption increasing by about 1.5 to 1.7 times for 0.16 ACH, about 1.4 to 1.6 times for 1.0 ACH, and about 1.4 to 1.5 times for 2.0 ACH, while heating energy consumption increases by about 46.4 to 102.9 times for 0.16 ACH, 7.9 to 17.4 times for 1.0 ACH for heating, and 3.2 to 7.0 times for 2.0 ACH.

This study sought to present the current status and problems of the pedestrian environment and future improvement plans for the central road on rural areas, and the specific research results are as follows. First, most of central road on rural areas are formed in the form of lacerations due to the expansion of naturally occurring roads, and rarely take the form of planned simultaneous development, which limits the creation of a pedestrian environment. Second, even in the case of improving the structure of the existing Shared Streets, the narrowness of the overall road width is increasing the weakening of the pedestrian environment, over time. Third, it was found that the indiscriminate installation of various road facilities and sidewalk facilities often causes inconvenience to walking, and in some cases, the pedestrian path is cut off in some sections, threatening safety. Fourth, in order to provide pedestrian convenience in the future, it is necessary to reduce or neutralize the installation of street facilities on the sidewalk installed as much as possible, legislate or induce the installation of roadsides and illegal parking of equipment-related structures such as outdoor air conditioners and outdoor units, and prepare improvement measures such as installing and adjusting show-windows and street lights appropriately distributed to maintain the appropriate illumination at night. Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the introduction of incentive policies that strengthen the frontality of the design of building facades located along the street. Sixth, in order to continue walking, it is necessary to minimize the disconnection of pedestrian paths or to develop response manuals for cases where it is difficult to open them.

The 'Urban regeneration New Deal' is a new urban regeneration method that regenerates the decayed old town area as a small-scale life-related projects led by local residents. For this reason, it is attracting attention as an alternative for the regeneration of the old towns of local small cities that are in crisis of local extinction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the New Deal projects being promoted in the old towns of local small cities. To achieve the proposed goal, 30 projects selected as the Jeollanam-do New Deal from 2016 to 2021 were analyzed to identify characteristics of each level (site, program, process and space). Although this study was limited to the analysis of Jeollanam-do projects, it proved that the New Deal is regenerating the environment and community of the neighborhood living area with everydayness, participation, and flexible space for the successful regeneration of local small cities.

The temple-stay participants' accommodation experience in Hanok is very important not only in terms of Buddhist culture but also in terms of traditional Korean architectural culture. There are quite a few studies on satisfaction with Buddhist culture experiences such as temple-stay programs, but few studies have approached temple-stay accommodation facilities in terms of satisfaction with the architectural environment. This study was conducted on-site through post occupancy evaluation (POE), interview survey, and participation observation methods of temple-stay participants. 270 valid samples of the questionnaire were finally analyzed. As a result of the analysis, Temple Stay showed dissatisfaction in the order of barrier-free facilities, lighting, and noise in the architectural environment of accommodation facilities. The preferred flat type for temple-stay accommodation was C-type. This study is aimed at revitalizing temple-stay and making Korean traditional Hanok experience sustainable, and can be used as research data when setting more systematic and planned directions for the renovation and construction of temple-stay/Hanok-stay facilities.

At a time when the world is actively moving to cope with global warming and environmental pollution, Korea is also making efforts to develop new technologies that can minimize environmental damage and improve energy reduction policies and greenhouse gas reduction policies at the government level. Countries around the world are implementing eco-friendly building certification systems for each country to reduce energy and greenhouse gases consumed in buildings. Representatively, there are LEED in the United States and BREEAM in the United Kingdom, and since 2000, the G-SEED(Green Building Certification System) has been introduced through pilot certification, and certification has been mandatory according to the purpose and size of the building. The certification system for buildings is spreading awareness of the necessity throughout the building industry, and each country's certification standards are also becoming an effective system through trial and error. This study examines the LEED-NC certification standards in the United States and studies the evaluation items of certification standards in detail focusing on the achievement rate through the analysis of certification cases to derive major items necessary for sustainable architectural design strategies and to prepare basic data necessary to improve and supplement the G-SEED system in Korea.

In this study, in order to enhance the connection performance between the existing reinforced concrete (R/C) frame and the strengthening member, we proposed a novel concept of CFT External Composite Methodology (CECM) for seismic retrofit of existing domestic medium-to-low-rise R/C buildings. The CECM method, proposed in this study, can conduct the seismic retrofitting construction while residents can live inside building. The CECM rehabilitation system is a type of strength-enhancing reinforcement systems, to easily increase the ultimate horizontal shear capacity of R/C structures without seismic details in Korea, which show shear collapse mechanism. Two test specimens of full-size two-story R/C frame were fabricated based on an existing domestic R/C building without seismic details, and then retrofitted by using the proposed CECM seismic system; therefore, one control test specimen and one test specimen reinforced with the CECM system were used. Pseudo-dynamic testing was conducted to evaluate seismic strengthening effects, and the seismic response characteristics of the proposed system, in terms of the maximum shear force, response story drift, and seismic damage degree compared with the control specimen (R/C bare frame). Experiment results indicated that the proposed ECCM reinforcement system, externally installed to the existing R/C frame, effectively enhanced the horizontal shear force, resulting in reduced story drift of R/C buildings under the maximum design earthquake level designated in KDS 41.

This study aims to organize the current resident program system and provide direction for the curriculum that takes into account the characteristic participation characteristics. A survey was conducted targeting 168 residents who have participated or are currently participating in the resident program to confirm their participation characteristics and satisfaction with program details, and to derive important factors according to participation characteristics. The results of the study are as follows: firstly, program-style workshops and consulting, as well as theoretical lectures, were identified as key improvement areas, with individual capacity building, cooperative association operation, and environmental improvement being identified as areas of overemphasis. Second, the number and age of participation were derived as the characteristics of participation to be considered when planning and operating resident programs in the field. Thirdly, in terms of characteristics according to the frequency of participation, significant findings were observed in the number of major improvement items and potential excessive items for the group that participated 2-4 times. While this study is limited in sample size as it only focuses on six urban regeneration projects in Daegu metropolitan area, the significance lies in providing evaluations of the urban regeneration resident program curriculum based on the direct opinions of the residents who have participated in the survey.

In this research, the composition types of hinge joints in wooden structures using bolts, drift pins, and lag screws as joint fasteners were investigated and the characteristics of the joint type were analyzed. The types of wooden joints using steel fasteners were classified into timber-timber, timber-steel, timber-timber-timber, timber-steel-timber, and steel-timber-steel concerning the composition. Also, it was found that the types of timber-steel-timber and steel-timber-steel were widely used by the case study on the examples of large-space buildings. Accordingly, for a comparison the shear resistances in the types of timber-steel-timber, steel-timber-steel and timber-steel were estimated in models of same member size condition. At the result, it was figured out that the type of steel-timber-steel can easily achieve shear resistance with smaller number of fasteners relatively. The type of timber-steel-timber requires the more cross-section or higher material strength at the same condition, but it seems to be widely used because it has advantages in fire resistance conditions and aesthetics. The type of timber-steel for single shear connection using lag screws presented low resistance at the same condition, but it is a useful type to create a large-space structure system as it is easy to increase resistance through increased mechanical strength of the screw.

This study analyzed the ventilation characteristics of the outdoor space according to the type of building form and layout of apartment complexes. To analyze this, CFD simulation was conducted for 70 apartment complexes in the Godeok housing site development district. After classifying the site into 6 types according to the characteristics of building form an layout, the air stagnation characteristics for each type were analyzed by applying the concept of age of air(AoA). Analysis showed that layout type had the greatest impact on trapping air. In addition, it was concluded that the building form and the direction of the wind affect the air stagnation by the value of the drag coefficient, and additional research is needed on this. The results of this study derived the results of analyzing actual apartment complexes, and therefore have meaning as a basic study that can be referenced to improve sustainable performance when designing apartment complexes.