Earticle

The purpose of this study is to analyze the architectural characteristics of the temples in western Gyeongnam Province, which was built in the 17~18th century. Six temples in western Gyeongnam province are studied, and each temple is studied through literature, record, and arrangement analysis. The summary of this study is as follows. The changes of the temple architecture in western Gyeongnam Province can be divided into four periods from the 17th century to the present. There was a difference in the type and arrangement of the buildings built at each period. Through this, three architectural characteristics were recognized. First, Gwaebul and Court Concentric Type appeared. Second, the area and function of Daeung-jeon expanded. Finally, the arrangement according to doctrine was weakened.

본 연구의 목적은 종합병원 외래진료부에서의 이용자 이동에 따른 가시성과 피난시간의 상관관계 분석 모델을 제시함 에 있다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 외래진료부로 이용되는 1층과 2층으로 제한하였다. 외래진료부에서의 통행밀도는 현 장에서 조사되었다. 조사된 통행밀도를 기반으로, 개별 이용자의 피난 경로와 피난 시간을 산출하기 위해서 피난 시뮬 레이션에 설정되었다. 피난 시간 경과에 따른 외래진료부 공간의 통행밀도도 산출되었다. 피난 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 산출한 피난 시간 경과에 따른 통행밀도를 통해서 피난 인구의 흐름을 계산하였다. 가시성 데이터는 이용자의 피난 경 로를 위해서 시뮬레이션 모델에 설정되었다. 피난 흐름 및 피난 인구의 가시성의 곱과 피난 시간 간 상관관계 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과는 특정 거리 범위 내에서 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구는 종합병원 외래진료부에서 공간의 가시성이 고려되는 피난 조건이 설계 단계에서 분석되는 피난 시간과 음의 상관관계가 있음을 보이는 모델을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to present an analysis model for finding the correlation between visibility and evacuation time as users move in the outpatient department of the general hospital. The spatial scope of the study was limited to the first floor and second floor which are used for the outpatient department. Traffic density in outpatient departments was surveyed on site. Based on the surveyed traffic density, the evacuation simulation model was established for calculating the escape route and evacuation time for an individual user. The traffic density of the outpatient department as per the evacuation time was also calculated. With using evacuation simulations, the flow of evacuees was calculated through the density of traffic over the time of evacuation. Visibility data were set in the simulation model for users’ escape routes. A correlation analysis between the product of evacuation flow measure and visibility measure of the evacuation population and evacuation time was performed. The analysis result showed negative correlation within a specific distance range. This study presented an analysis model showing that the evacuation condition considering spatial visibility in the outpatient department of general hospital visibility was negatively related to the analyzed evacuation time at the design stage.

The purpose of this research is to examine lifestyles and spatial features of the elderly households who live in senior welfare houses that is one type of welfare facilities in South Korea. Given interwoven relationships between a house and those who live in, living space often represents life patterns of dwellers. This is especially true in the case of the senior welfare house. Despite the rising aging population, the number of the welfare house is not enough to meet increasing demand. Furthermore, studies on the senior welfare house are rare in the discipline of architecture. These reasons lead this paper to focus on lifestyles and spatial features of it. In order to figure out the living conditions and life patterns of elderly households in the senior welfare house, this research employed ethnographic research and conducted individual interviews with them. This research suggests several findings. First, residents in the welfare house desired to walk and work out for staying healthy. Second, they also want to have moderate works to do without burden. Third, ways of working and using common space in facilities provide us to figure out the characteristics of their life patterns. By suggesting these findings, this research contributes to a better understanding of elderly housing for future studies.

Free vibration of structures includes information on their inherent dynamic characteristics such as natural frequency and damping ratio. Especially, in the case of a structure including the friction damping, in which a strong nonlinearity depending on structural displacement and velocity is inherent, the amount of energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping can be estimated by analyzing the free vibration from initial displacement to motion stopping. Free vibration displacement and acceleration responses to both single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) and multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) structures containing friction damping are investigated in this paper. Due to the friction damping under an assumed initial condition, the number of cycles that pass before the motion stops and both the permanent displacement and acceleration after the motion ceases are theoretically derived from the equation of motion for SDOF structure, and verified through the numerical analysis. Also, free vibration response to MDOF structure simultaneously considering both viscous and friction damping is analyzed by using its modal decomposition. As the friction force is acting on inter-story of a structure and its sign convention depends on inter-story velocity, the equation of motion for MDOF structure is composed of the story drift coordinates. Structural mass, viscous damping and stiffness matrices that has the form of non-diagonal matrix are converted to diagonal matrix, and structural modal responses are obtained by applying their modal orthogonality. Finally, it is confirmed that free vibration responses to MDOF structure with the story drift coordinates are exactly agreed with those transformed to physical coordinates by the superposition of single modal responses which has been decomposed by the modal orthogonality.

We are faced with a social issue of increasing the absolute size of elderly, so facility requirements about various welfare for the aged are going along for prevent of elderly problem. Especially, the Elderly Welfare Center has paid off in terms of supply. But it was planned without traits of elderly or regional characters, whereupon some seniors are being inconvenienced. Therefore, the Elderly Welfare Center should organize programs and spaces to accommodate their diverse needs in preparation for continuous inflow of the ageing population in the future. This study analyzed the current state of program, position and space organization in 6 Elderly Welfare Center in Daegu, the third largest ageing population city in Korea, to draw a conclusion based on the survey of preliminary aged people and facility uses in order to improve the programs and enhance the utilization of the space and to present basic data in future planning of the Welfare Center for the elderly.

The purpose of this study is to present the types of areas currently in operation and the ratio of their area distribution as the basic data required for the educational environment of even elementary schools and the basic data required for policy establishment. This research was conducted by referring to the current status of elementary schools in Gangwon Province, school drawings provided by the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education and Internet data. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The types of spaces being utilized in elementary schools and their area ratios vary from school to school, making it impossible to provide students with an equal educational environment. 2) Although the number of classes and the number of students at schools located in the old city are serious, the types and areas of the use space are found to be large due to the idle space caused by the old city center. 3) The ratio of the area of each use space that constitutes an elementary school is correlated, especially the ratio of area in the public sector is most affected by the width of the corridor. However, as a multi-purpose space in an efficient corridor, more than just the right width is needed to utilize the corridor.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of Mixed-Use School project. In this regard, there are two main points of interest of this study. The first is the increase in social welfare through the Mixed-Use School project, that is, the social benefits. It is necessary to consider whether the project should be promoted or not based on the total benefits of the project and its characteristics, not the vague reason that the project needs to be done because it can effectively supply the quality basic living facilities by effectively utilizing the empty classrooms and the idle space. Second, whether the benefit of the project is limited within the target area or whether there is benefit in other areas than the target area. It is important to verify the awareness and benefits of residents in the surrounding area on the project, since the project should be basically carried out by the citizens' tax. If there is a benefit in the non-business area, that is, an increase in social welfare, it can secure the right in the promotion of the project. It will also provide information on the extent to which potential customers of the project can be expanded, as well as information on the introduction of detailed programs and facilities. As a result, the average amount of payment for Busan citizens was 4,095won, the average payment amount for residents outside Wooam-dong was 4,508won, and the average payment amount for residents of Wooam-dong area was 3,639won. The total social benefit was estimated to be about 59.824billion won for Busan, about 241million won for Wooam-dong, and 65.559billion won for Wooam-dong. Considering that the total project cost of the Eomgumg Elementary School, which was the first facility complex project in Busan, is about 8.8billion won, the economic feasibility of the project is highly likely to be secured. In addition, the amount for payment in other areas is about 23.9% higher than the area where the project is planned. This will be the focus of attention in the process of future business promotion and subsequent research.

This research explores a way of shaping spontaneous commemorating space and spatial features by focusing on a case of Exit 10, Gangnam Subway Station in 2016. Existing literature indicates several features of spontaneous commemorating space concerning locations, materials, transformation, design, and symbolism. These features can be seen in the case of Exit 10 as well: while a site has less relationship with where an original event occurred, it involves material objects of commemorating. Also, there was a voluntary design of displaying material objects led by citizens even though uncertainty inheres in it, and thereby the Exit 10 symbolized the event. Building on these findings, this research suggests three spatial feature of it. First, transforming public space into a place of resistance is based on characteristics—complexity and incompleteness—that cities have. Second, Exit 10 of Gangnam Subway Station reveals an implicit and temporal engagement with place, which is one of the features of non-place. Third, an entrance of subway stations gains symbolic meanings by playing a crucial role in the distribution of commemorating space at different entrances of subway stations. Finally, this research contributes to a better understanding of equivocality that our surroundings have within urban areas.

This study investigated the changes of large - scale commercial facilities and related regulations in the city based on the relation between consumption space and urban space in the city. The purpose of this study is to analyze the case of commercial facilities and related regulations in France which preceded the introduction of large commercial facilities and related regulations. The implications of this study are as follows. 1) In France, the recent economic modernization law has relaxed regulations through business adjustments by distributors. In conjunction with urban planning, the city is actively promoting policies that focus on improving the urban environment. 2) When a large commercial facility is located in a city, it is necessary to apply various regulations related to the physical environment of the city. Unilateral regulations that do not take into account the nature of the city or the characteristics of the area in which the commercial facilities are located are arranged in a rational direction of urban space maintenance. 3) Rather than unilateral regulation on large commercial facilities, urban policy approach to urban development, improvement of urban space and surrounding environment is needed. In the case of city-related laws, specific details of commercial facilities will be able to control the negative effects of existing large commercial facilities.

To relieve noise between floors in Korea, recent domestic and overseas studies have been developing materials that have the properties of ceramic, which is an inorganic compound, and polymer, which is an organic compound, to introduce a new function to polymer. This study conducted a bending strength experiment between re-bar and new composite concrete mixing POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silses-quioxanes) nano complex on the inside of concrete, and by assembling the inside of each concrete with 3 and 4 main re-bars as an experiment to supplement various problems that occur by the expression of this strength and the distribution of the reinforcement. The number of the main re-bars. and the direction of laying the concrete were applied as the principal variables of the experiment. Upon experiment, there were no differences in the bond strength based on the location of the main re-bar, and a 2 % increase in the bond strength was shown in the specimen laid in the same direction as the main re-bar in comparison to that of the specimen laid in a different direction from the main re-bar. The experiment results displayed that the composite concrete had uniform performance based on the rapid reaction speed of POSS nano complex.

In recent years, researchers at home and abroad have carried out studies to ensure eco-friendliness and economical efficiency by extracting polyethylene terephthalate (hereafter referred to as PET)from industrial waste and reinforce structures with PET sheets. In this regard, this study aimed to provide basic data on the applicability of PET sheets as structural materials for construction. To this end, a total of 32 compressive concrete specimens were fabricated, and the lateral confinement effects of concrete reinforced with PET were examined. According to the results, the specimens reinforced with PET sheets did not undergo reinforcement fracture in the grain direction of sheet but suffered strength reduction after the maximum load. In addition, they exhibited the final failure modes with ductile behaviors different from those of the specimens reinforced with CFS. A comparative review between the experimental values and the calculated values of proposed equation for the confinement stress of concrete reinforced with more than 10-ply (0.50 mm) PET sheets found that the minimum value was 0.96, and the maximum value was 1.26, showing a high correlation coefficient (R) of 0.93.

Recently, pre-safety inspection of T/C lifting work is very important because many disasters have occurred such as plunge in the T/C lifting process by the increase of logistics volume and large size of lifting material due to the manhattanization of construction works. However, the similar disasters occur repeatedly due to the lack of analysis of the linkage between disaster occurrence factors (disaster type, originalcause material, disaster cause) as well as the cause analysis of past disasters. From this point of view, the object of this study is to suggest the methodology of disaster prevention to consider rationalization of T/C safe operation targeting T/C disaster 108 cases in construction site from 1991 to 2013. In order to accomplish the object of this study, disaster cause occurred during T/C lifting process was classified, after analyzing disaster types for each lifting object and originalcause material of majority disaster and disaster occurrence principle was considered. Based on the case study and related laws, we suggested pre-inspection contents for each lifting object and originalcause material of majority disaster and improvement plans of lifting order of gang form.

This study aimed to suggest a quantitative model analyzing overcrowding area under emergency evacuation situation in the outpatient department of hospital. Overall study process included the review on legal conditions of an emergency evacuation, the investigation of precedent research documents and the analysis of spatial configuration. The user movement with considering exit gates and the one without considering exit gates were analyzed for routine activity condition. An agent-based simulation was applied for the analysis. Also, user movement for the emergency condition was tested with evacuation simulation. The variation of simulation conditions revealed the difference between overcrowding spaces from situation change. At all nodes, visit frequencies derived from different conditions and situations were compared. The overcrowding spaces are to increase the risk of delaying emergency evacuation time which is critical for user safety. It suggests the need for dispersing overcrowding spaces under evacuation situation. The suggested analysis model can evaluate overcrowding spaces in the outpatient department of hospital and provide locational data for distributing evacuation design resources.

As the impacts of climate change like hot extremes of heat waves and tropical nights phenomenon are becoming increasingly apparent, a wide variety of policies are emerging at national and city level to respond to climate change. However, little attempt has been made to examine how apartment complex design can mitigate green house gases and adapt to climate change. This study analyses the current korean Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design(G-SEED) for apartment complex and investigates its effects on climate mitigation and adaptation. On-line survey and the focused group interview were used for the assessments of 66 credits under 9 categories of the current korean G-SEED. The major findings from the analysis are the followings. Firstly, the G-SEED’s effects on climate mitigation indicates that 36 credits are linked to the reduction of green house gases(GHGs) emission and 5 credits to the removal of GHGs. Secondly, 41 credits are likely to contribute to climate adaptation and the rest are unlikely. The orderly effects on climate adaptation are ecological capacity, thermal comfort, human health, supply security, and disaster prevention. Thirdly, influence types were distinguished and the half of the credits are likely to have positive synergies between mitigation and adaptation. Some credits were found to possibly have negative effects depending on site conditions, development pattern, or design. These result shows that 67% of the credits of the current korean G-SEED are likely to have positive effects either on climate mitigation or adaptation while the rest are unlikely. Additional measures are required to enhance positive synergies and avoid negative effects on the preparation of climate change.

1)Over the past two decades after the collapse of the bubble economy, Japanese architecture emerged onto the international stage as one of the most influential in contemporary architecture. However, its emergence to a position of such acclaim is intriguing in that unlike the past generations of architects in the modern era, the leading Japanese architects practicing today do not share a strong paradigm nor operate as a cohesive group. Nonetheless, there exists lineage of relationships and cross-pollination of ideas which have developed into shared architectural tendencies. The similar architectural sensibility is particularly evident in the younger generation of architects who have established their practice in the years following the collapse of the bubble economy. These generations of practitioners show tendencies to strive for diagrammatic quality, flimsy and light minimalism, and two-dimensional spatiality in their work. Distinctive qualities which are increasingly being identified with the leading architects practicing in Japan currently. The critical examination of the selected works produced by the architects reveals certain paradoxical ideas appears to be at work. First, utilizing what is a fundamentally explanatory device, diagram, as a performative device and the end goal. Second, striving for minimalistic aesthetics of utmost simplicity which require complex and extraordinary levels of work. Third, striving for two-dimensional spatiality in what is a three-dimensional discipline in its core. While such seemingly arbitrary and stylistic inclinations have attracted some criticism, such inclinations appear to have been shaped by the cultural sensibility, societal change, and needs of an era.