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Many cities in South Korea are facing the challenge of declining populations. To address the issue of urban shrinkage, this study utilizes population data from KOSIS for the years 2008 to 2023. By calculating the degree of population shrinkage, the study analyzes the population changes across 228 basic local administrative units. The results indicate that, over the past 15 years, 160 cities (70.2% of the total) have experienced population declines, highlighting the urgent need for most local governments to address urban shrinkage. Furthermore, among the remaining 68 cities, 36 have also begun to see population decreases in the last five years, underscoring the intensifying nature of the problem. In addition, this study employs a cubic function model to fit the population and time series data for each city, classifying them into four types: Fluctuation Reduction Type, Continuous Reduction Type, Fluctuation Growth Type, and Continuous Growth Type. The analysis reveals that population growth is primarily concentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area, while other regions generally face population declines. Finally, through case studies of each city type, we examine regional characteristics and population growth rates. This study aims to provide data support and strategic recommendations for future urban development and governance transformations, helping policymakers more effectively address the challenges posed by urban shrinkage.

South Korea plans to mandate Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) for all new public buildings by 2025 and for all new buildings by 2030 to address climate change and reduce energy consumption. ZEBs minimize energy usage and produce sufficient energy on-site to achieve net-zero energy consumption, necessitating the use of all available building surfaces for energy production. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), integrating solar panels into building surfaces, is gaining attention. While solar systems are typically installed facing south for maximum efficiency, urban environments often prevent all buildings from being south-facing. Research indicating increased global irradiance suggests the feasibility of installing solar panels on north-facing surfaces. Accurate energy production prediction using simulation software like PVsyst is crucial for BIPV feasibility studies. However, existing studies show significant discrepancies between simulated and actual values on north and west-facing surfaces, affecting economic reliability. This study analyzes and corrects these discrepancies by comparing the actual and simulated photovoltaic output of panels installed in all directions, aiming to improve simulation accuracy.

As of the end of 2023, the aging phenomenon in Korea is serious, and single-person households aged 70 or older account for approximately 1.95 million households, or 19.76% of all single-person households. This number is expected to more than double in the next 30 years. This means that a structural and social change is needed in which society, not families, should support the elderly. The background and purpose of this study are to analyze the functions and spatial composition of senior centers Senior centers are expanding from simple leisure spaces to regional networks that discover and support vulnerable groups in blind spots of welfare. Senior centers are expected to make an important contribution to the creation of senior-friendly cities in the future as main spaces where the elderly can engage in leisure and social activities. This study conducted a field survey of senior welfare centers in Gyeongbuk province to analyze the number of users and the size of the centers. The results are summarized as follows. First, the spatial composition of the senior welfare centers is mainly comprised of living rooms, kitchens, inner rooms, bathrooms, entrances, storerooms, and boiler rooms. Among these, kitchens and living rooms are considered to be sufficiently separated spatially. Additionally, there is a trend towards planning bathrooms and inner rooms as gender-segregated spaces. Second, the analysis showed that the combined ratio of living rooms and kitchens was the highest, followed by inner rooms and bathrooms. Finally, the average unit area by spatial function is shown in Table 1. Overally, the average unit area for male elderly populations was higher than that for female elderly populations. This suggests that there are more female elderly populations than male elderly populations in senior welfare centers.

This article surveyed selected works by Toyo Ito, Kazuyo Sejima, Ryue Nishizawa, Sou Fujimoto, Junya Ishigami, Jun Aoki, and Makoto Yokomizo. In some of their most important works completed in the past two decades, the architects have shown a propensity for recursive structures and procedures that generate many sequences of architectural forms, spaces, and conditions. The architects’ design approach frequently involved reducing architectural forms to singular elements of pure geometry or creating instantly recognizable forms, followed by subsequent procedures replicating singular elements repeatedly in varying conditions to develop a coherent whole. The resulting architecture is conducive to generating a spatial landscape distinguished by intrinsic ambiguity and non-hierarchical order. This article investigates the recurrent formal qualities of recursion that the architects explored in their works and the significance of such an approach.

This study investigated the lighting factors that influence occupants' thermal perception and physiological thermal responses to propose a lighting design guide that considers thermal comfort in office spaces. Related literature was collected and reviewed regarding experimental results on occupants' thermal comfort under various LED lighting conditions. The analysis identified CCT, illuminance, and monochromatic light as key lighting factors affecting occupants’ thermal comfort. The biomedical signals used to measure the occupants’ thermal comfort include melatonin, cortisol, CBT, SKT, BP, HR, HRV, EE, and EEG and these signals are categorized into groups related to circadian rhythm, thermal response, metabolic rate, and mental workload. Furthermore, optimal settings for CCT were found to be 3700 K at 23°C, 4500 K at 26°C, and 6000 K at 29°C, with illuminance levels ranging from 500 lx to 1000 lx, which were shown to improve both thermal comfort and work efficiency in office spaces. Finally, the Kruithof curve demonstrated that it is not suitable as a lighting design criterion for office spaces using LED lighting, indicating the need for revision or the introduction of new metrics.

The purpose of the study is to serve as an analytical case study (database) because it presents the currently constructed design characteristics of the future spatial restructuring project through the characteristics of elementary and middle schools by comparing the various components of indoor space, centering on the spatial restructuring case of Busan. Content of the study was to analyze the space that appears in the school office, including decorative elements and other elements, focusing on the shape, color, and material of the interior architecture of the school office, and to reveal the preferred image and connection by school (elementary school, middle school, and high school). As a result of the study, the analysis items were derived by analyzing decorative elements that support architectural elements such as ceiling, wall, floor, and architectural elements in relation to spatial analysis, and other elements such as furniture, wall decoration, and lighting in the space, and presented them for indoor space analysis. In addition, the results for each spatial element were derived.

This study examined the potential utilization of online platform design support tools based on Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) data collected in 2022 and 2023. The addresses of 552 neighborhood facilities in Daegu Metropolitan City were analyzed using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), combined with quantitative data (site shape, size, number and width of adjacent roads, and traffic patterns) to derive meaningful patterns. The analysis revealed that satisfaction was highest when the site was rectangular, sized between 1,000~3,000㎡, adjacent to four roads, located on narrow roads, and facilitated bidirectional traffic. Furthermore, the priority of importance items varied by site conditions. While unit space composition ranked high across all conditions, the importance of exterior or surrounding environments differed depending on the site characteristics. This study suggests that a POE-based online platform can contribute to tailored design support for users, providing practical and educational insights.

This study aims to examine the current status of parametric design in architecture, which is gradually spreading owing to the increasing use of computers, and to understand the trends in the use of parametric design software. The GrasshopperⓇ definition files, which are used in architectural parametric design, were collected on the internet. Subsequently, the frequency of appearance of each component was computed using a parsing process. For the analysis of tendency in component use, GrasshopperⓇ components were classified into four types: value, action, generation, and extraction, in terms of form generation. Furthermore, analysis of appearance frequency by type found that parametric modeling relies largely on intuitive and simple object manipulation methods similar to general 3D modeling. From the parsing results, the combination pattern of components was analyzed through cross-frequency analysis between each component, and several representative combination patterns were derived. The combination of each component tended to be used more frequently than arbitrarily. In this study, we successfully examined the current state of parametric design in architecture by microscopically approaching the use of GrasshopperⓇ setting the stage for a theoretical study of parametric design.

Due to the decrease in the school-age population due to the low birth rate, the number of students is decreasing and small schools are increasing not only in rural areas but also in urban areas. The appropriate size school policy, which has been promoted mainly for consolidation and abolition to solve the problem of small schools, is revealing its limitations. As a result of analyzing the number of students, neighboring schools, development status, and location conditions of small elementary schools in large cities, the number of students decreased by 46.79% on average, Busan has the largest number of small schools, and Daejeon and Gwangju have the largest number of rural schools. Schools in urban areas are under construction of apartments or are scheduled for redevelopment and reconstruction, and rural schools are difficult to consolidate because there are no nearby schools. As a result of analyzing the types of schools that can be promoted, 15 schools can be consolidated, 24 schools for integrated operation, and 31 schools for branch school reorganization, and 41 schools need to maintain existing schools. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the operation of small schools and appropriate school policies considering regional characteristics.

There is an increasing number of cases of building exterior materials that contribute to improving environmental performance such as louvers and vertical pins in recently constructed office buildings. Since these exterior materials are composed of relatively fine installation pitches or have a complex cross-sectional shape, noise (hereinafter referred to as wind noise) may be generated inside and outside the building when wind acts. It is common to require a preliminary review for the purpose of preventing wind noise in advance. As a preliminary review method for wind noise, a prototype test sample for the exterior material of the target building is installed in the wind tunnel, and the occurrence of wind noise is checked by applying winds of various wind directions and wind speeds. Punching metal is widely used as an exterior material for urban buildings. In the case of punching metal, it is known that wind noise occurs when strong winds occur. In this study, a wind tunnel test was conducted on the wind noise characteristics according to the thickness and hole size of the punching metal. As a result of the wind tunnel test, it was confirmed that the wind noise generated from the exterior of the punching metal is determined by the diameter of the hole, the thickness of the plate, and the wind speed.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of central and waterfront public spaces directly related to improving the quality of life of urban residents, and to explore mixed-use complex development measures for urban regeneration and regional revitalization using halted industrial facilities along urban rivers that are left in the city center on a large scale and negatively affect the living environment. The Battersea Power Station, a former representative industrial heritage along the Thames River, is a now driving force in securing London's continuous city competitiveness by expanding infrastructure to resolve regional development imbalances, restore cultural diversity, and attract new high-tech industries through regeneration of historical buildings. This research includes the methods of the mixed-use program composition, the linkage and accessibility of street, waterfront open space, and architectural characters, in addition to the planning characteristics of the mixed-use complex facility as a central space for new urban regeneration.

In the "Comprehensive Information Education Plan" released in May 2020, the Ministry of Education announced an information education plan for a total of five years from 2020 to 2024, emphasizing the need for future education in preparation for an intelligent information society following the fourth industrial revolution. Information education is an education that teaches information processing courses related to various academic fields such as computers, mathematics, science, and engineering, from the second curriculum announced in 1971 to the 2022 revised curriculum, it is being reflected in the curriculum to meet the changes and requirements of the times. The purpose of this study is to derive a desirable direction for similar projects in the future by analyzing the construction of the "High-tech Future Classroom," a Busan-type advanced future learning space that responded to these changes at the local government level, and looking at the characteristics of the project and how information education was spatially reflected.

This study examines policies aimed at promoting citizen-led community housing with a focus on a comparative analysis on its policies between the United Kingdom and South Korea. The research highlights the limitations of government-led housing development and urban regeneration in South Korea and explores the potential for private sector-driven community housing initiatives as a solution. The study particularly draws on the successful community housing policies in the UK, such as Community-Led Housing, which emphasise affordable housing through long-term land acquisition support and financial aid. By analyzing the key aspects of land acquisition and financial mechanisms, the research provides insights into how these policies can be adapted to suit the South Korean context. The findings suggest that effective land and financial support policies, combined with community participation, can help mitigate issues like gentrification and promote the long-term sustainability of community housing in South Korea. The study concludes by proposing policy recommendations that emphasize the importance of stage-specific financial and land acquisition support for promoting community-led housing initiatives.

The demand for high-stength concrete is increasing worldwide, and the elastic modulus plays a very important role as a material variable in structual calculation considering the safety and usability of buildings, The elastic modulus estimation equation is presented independently by each country and association, and thus estimated value also shows a big difference. In this study, five types of high-stength concrete were produced, and the error with the previously suggested estimation equation was evaluated using the measured values. The compressive strength ranged from about 72 to 128Mpa, and the elastic modulus was 41 to 50 GPa. As a result, the CEB-FIP estimation equation showed the smallest error from the measured value of this study, so it was foud that the reliability in prediction the elastic modulus was the highest. The elastic modulus estimation equation suggested by the domestic regulation KDS estimates the elastic modulus lower than the measured value, which is thought to lead to overdesign, and it is thought that improvement is needed to further match the measured value even in the high-strength area.

This study investigates the visual sequences that emerge in the continuous spaces of Louis Kahn’s residential designs. Isovist analysis was applied to eight of Kahn's houses, spanning his early to late career, to investigate spatial continuity. Key areas examined included entrances, living rooms, dining rooms, and shared spaces, which were interconnected. The analysis identifies vantage points and explores how Kahn’s architectural principles shape the visual and experiential qualities of these spaces. The findings reveal four critical aspects of Kahn’s design approach. First, while Kahn’s architecture is rooted in the notion of individual rooms, the interconnectedness of these spaces introduces sequential visual transitions. Second, the highest Isovist values consistently occur at critical nodal points, such as intersections, where path choices and spatial navigation are most intuitive. Third, in some cases, high Isovist values were found in spaces designed for occupancy rather than circulation. Lastly, these spatial features are amplified by visual expansion towards exterior views or vertical dimensions. The findings demonstrate that Kahn’s spatial characteristics reflect his architectural philosophy in three distinct ways. To begin with, the emphasis on path choices highlights his concept of ‘availability,’ encouraging a sense of freedom within the space. Moreover, the continuity of rooms underscores the ‘society of rooms,’ fostering both functional and collective experiences. Finally, the sequential relationship between servant and served spaces not only enhances their functional roles but also deepens the spatial perception.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the constructing process of the Ddeulzip in the Yeongju. The Ddeulzip is a kind of noble house belonging to the Chosun Dynasty in the Andong cultural area. The constructing process of various branched families into the local village is largely divided into three time periods. They are divided into the Early(15~16C), Middle(17~18C) and Late(19~20C) periods. Total of seventeen familes moved into the Yeongju area. There are various reasons for the migration of many branched families into the local village of Yeongju from Gaeseong, Seoul and Gyeonggi : political escape, war, shelter, and fengshui. As time progressed, these branched families were connected by study and marriage relationships. During the Early Period, six houses of the Ddeulzip were built. At the Middle Period, thirteen more Ddeulzips were built. Finally, twenty two Ddeulzips were constructed duirng the Late Period in Yeongju area. The prosperity of nobles in Yeongju area is shown by the continued constructions of Ddeulzips.

Recently, safety inspection of retaining wall structure is recognized as very important problem because many collapses have occurred in excavation and earth plate construction process by the uncertainty factors of climate and ground environment as well as increase of excavation depth due to enlargement trend of excavation construction. However, similar retaining collapse accidents occur repeatedly due to the lack of analysis of the relationship between collapse occurrence factors(collapse cause, risk factor, etc) as well as the analysis of collapse conditions for each construction step of soldier pile retaining. From this viewpoint, the object of this study is to propose the methodology of retaining collapse prevention to contemplate rational measures of excavation safety management targeting 21 accidents in soldier pile retaining work from 1993 to 2021. In order to achieve the object of this study, risk factors for the collapse of retaining wall were derived for each survey target, and the influence on the ground by risk factors of collapse was considered through case study. The collapse causes was grouped for each retaining installation step, and retaining collapse process was analyzed for each collapse causes. Based on the case study and excavation work guide, we suggest the classification viewpoint of safety management items and composition system of checklist as the countermeasure for preventing collapse accidents in retaining wall construction.

This study analyzes the cultural homology between Architecture and fashion, examining their intersections within the contexts of modernity and consumer society. It critiques the pluralistic interpretations of contemporary Architecture and aims to redefine its identity, transitioning from "Architecture" with a capital letter A to a phenomenon resembling fashion. The research covers the period from the early 20th century, marking the onset of modernity, to the present, focusing on the expressions of Architecture and fashion during cultural transitions. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital and Georg Simmel's theory of fashion, the study investigates how shared vocabularies and representations between Architecture and fashion are shaped by cultural factors. The study employs qualitative methods, including case studies and literature analysis, to investigate the relationship between Architecture and fashion. The study reveals that cultural capital, social stratification, and branding phenomena are intricately expressed throughout the history of modern and contemporary architecture. It confirms that Architecture and fashion, despite their distinct origins, serve comparable cultural roles in articulating identity and mechanisms of social differentiation mechanisms. Contemporary Architecture reinforced class structures through its universal and elite ideals, while fashion evolved through appropriation and subversion of multilayered cultures. The phenomenon of branded Architecture and examples of star architects demonstrate that Architecture adopts strategies similar to fashion, merging high and subcultures to maintain relevance. This study highlights the increasing resemblance between Architecture and fashion in the context of contemporary cultural consumption. Architecture's adoption of cultural omnivorousness to preserve its status as a high culture parallels strategies in fashion, distinct from mere pluralism.

The trend of changes with respect to the influential factors and urban formation of the social, environmental, economic and political dimension with the subject of the Donghae-si region of the Gangwon Youngdong area has been studied. The time range is focused on the modern and contemporary period on the basis of data for intellectual map, cadastral map, photo data and others that display the characteristics of time, and this study is carried out by disclosing the characteristics of the physical environment changes on the foundation through the field search and experience of local residents. In this study, the methodology for classification for each period of the modern and contemporary development history has its foundation on the spatial politics theory that may be flexibly analyze the contemporary society by classifying it into three periods to analyze the characteristics and implication for each period. Donghae-si is commenced with administrative districts of Samcheok-si and Gangreung-si in the past to settle as an independent city in 1981, and therefore, the settlement region where the local residents mainly resided and new housing site were established to demonstrate the differences under respective leading dry environment. In particular, the respective characteristics classified into 3 periods have clear difference with changes and advancements. And, there is a showing of different regional changes in the focal site for cement industry, fishery villages and local communities drastically changed in the development history process of Donghae-si, and the trend of the dry environment thereto is significant. In particular, the areas of Songjeong, Bukpyeong, Balhan, Samhwa and so forth have significant implication as the regions containing the prolonged locational memory. Through this study, those meaningful architectural establishments of Donghae-si have been surveyed in the fields and went through the process of recordation, and the features proposed in this study has certain implications as the data for development and management of Donghae-si in the future.

Utilizing closed schools, which are increasing in number due to population decline, is highly important. However, research on the factors influencing the re-utilizing of these sites remains insufficient. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the utilizing of closed school sites. The research focuses on closed school sites in small and medium sized cities outside the Seoul metropolitan area that closed within the past ten years. The analysis employs a binary logistic regression model, with utilization of closed school site as the dependent variable and location characteristics and site characteristics as the main independent variables. The findings are summarized as follows: First, high accessibility to metropolitan or urban areas increases the likelihood of closed school sites utilization. Second, the potential to secure regional demand also boosts the likelihood of closed school sites utilization. Third, The ease of utilizing the land and buildings increases the likelihood of closed school sites utilization. Fourth, the longer the time elapsed since the school closure, the higher the likelihood of the site’s utilization.

Interest in modular buildings has surged recently, leading to their construction at increasing heights. However, seismic performance evaluations for modular connections remain insufficient. Based on Jang's (2019) experimental research, this study validates an analytical model and conducts parametric analyses on the shear strength ratio between the panel zone and beam, and the width-to-thickness ratio of the bracket. When the panel zone-to-beam shear strength ratio was 1.5 or higher, plastic hinge formation shifted from the panel zone to the beam. Consequently, a shear strength ratio between 1.5 and 2.0 is recommended. Analysis of the bracket’s width-to-thickness ratio revealed local buckling in models with non-compact sections, suggesting that brackets in modular connections be designed with compact sections or greater to enhance structural performance.

This study focuses on prefabricated modules as a way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to analyze the superiority of modular housing performance by analyzing environmental performance and carbon emissions. First, modular dry concrete construction shows better environmental performance than conventional wet construction methods. On average, modular construction contributes to the carbon neutrality goal by reducing wall thickness and carbon emissions by more than 50% compared to conventional concrete buildings. Second, the importance of material selection and proper material combination is emphasized. Third, 'unit box type' and 'panelizing type' improve efficiency, which reduces construction time by 50% and 30%, respectively. On the other hand, 'infill type' is suitable for medium-rise buildings but it faces transportation problems. Finally, modular walls have more than 50% lower carbon emissions than concrete walls. In order to increase the sustainability of modular architecture, it is essential to establish standards for energy efficiency, carbon reduction, resource recycling, and air quality. Integration with Building Information Modeling (BIM) improves the design process and optimizes the performance.