Earticle

Heidegger's speculation on "Disclosure" makes it possible to know on image expression fundamentally. "Disclosure" means that the 'earth' and the 'world' are not fixed into one, but harmonize dynamically with each other under continuous mutual tension and mutual support. When they are well-weaved with each other, the two ways are collectively defined as "disclosure Image". In egard to the technique, the study analyzed 'allegory' and 'reactivation'. The former refers to showing image potentially, while the latter means embodying and revealing image apparently. Le Corbusier's late Architecture provides a simultaneous reactivation of various images through continuous cross-weaving rather than being inclined to either the earth or the world.

This study's purpose finds indigenous ways of korea catholic church architecture from identification of korea catholic church and spirit of the second vatican council. A methods of study suggest the need for a aboriginality about church architecture that analyzed problems and investigate aboriginality process of europe catholic church architecture and analyze instances after finding aboriginality ways of korea catholic church architecture. As a result, aboriginality of korea catholic church architecture is able to say equality and unity of community ; greek cross plane and central concentration space

The synchronicity in modern architecture is revealed, which ignored the visual information of human being, as well as developed not in the direction of modern architecture, but to be the lost art behavior, such as cubism. In such background the phenomenal synchronicity interpreted visual information of modern architecture work that is suggestive visual information in psychologic synchronicity. The result of analysis architectural form was that, due to the effect of superposition, the suggestive space appeared, and also caused approach circulation, or according to the present space form, made the relationship of dynamic angle of view between the present space and suggestive space clear. Therefore, the phenomenal synchronicity could be used in architecture design, which means that as the unconscious architectural space system, the method which make access to the suggestive space or tendentious movement was accessible.

Busanjin Il Sin Girls School which was built in 1905 is situated in Jwacheon-dong Dong-gu Busan and it is modern western style architecture. As well as this is rare all over the country the original form is preserved well. Although it was designated as Busan's Cultural Property No. 55 in may, 2003 and has been managed since then, it is noticeable that the original form of the building has been largely changed in many parts. Wish to presume building then original form in 1905 in this study are as followed. First, the building might be a single story. Considering the vertical extension of chimney, the differences in structure and material between 1st and 2nd floors, and the materials for floor plate and roof frame, it is assumed that it was built as a single story building originally, and its second floor was extended. Second, there might be a stair from structure and traces of western wall. Third, Balcony might be established without stair on eastern whole surface. But later the balcony on the south was partially demolished to install new stairs, because of difficulty to access to the second floor. Presumably the railing was also dismantled during installing the stairs. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

This study is to examine the directions which the pavilion architecture should take. In this study it is ascertained that the changes in character of expo have had strong influences on the type and character of the pavilion architecture which not only displays exhibits but also symbolizes the theme of expo. Since 1851 London Exhibition there has been two types of pavilion architecture. One is looking-forward architecture and the other is looking-backward architecture. The former is the case such as the 1893 Chicago Columbian World Exposition which had nipped the Chicago School's creative spirit in the bud. The latter is the case such as 1925 Soviet Pavilion, 1929 German Pavilion and 1967 US Pavilion, German Pavilion and Habitat 67 which tried to solve the current issues and widen the future architectural horizon.

Daniel Buren is one of the most prominent installation artists with the 'in situ’ concept, which can be summarized as‘the place is the artwork itself’. He has completed many experimental projects encompassing arts, sculpture, and architecture since 1960s. As the exhibitions in Whanki Museum and Hermès Gallery which introduced him to us as an artist of color and light to reshape the space, his recent works after 2000 have been many ‘in situ’ projects focused on the light and color. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of his methodological and spatial intervention in the interior space. Buren leads the movement of color and light, and the perspectives and recognition of the audience into the architectural realm to blend all of them into his outputs. Buren divides a space through the stripes and colorful facets - his visual tools. He demolishes the borders or expands the definite space indefinitely utilizing his visual tools. In addition, he transforms a given place into a work. Through his serial transparent/fluid/virtual ‘in situ’ works, Buren suggests another interpretation and viewpoint about ‘watching method (La façon de voir)’ for objects and space, architecture.

This study is aimed at understanding objectively on the visual perception and the typological character of space and form in contemporary architecture. It is accomplished to compose the various form and the typical space in contemporary architecture, which by means of applying digital technology to architecture is able to materialize complicated form and space. Spatial types are able to interpret geometrically and analyze quantitatively into spatial structure and visual perception. This analysis is applied to Isovist and Space syntax used as quantitative analysis recently, and physical analysis of space used as quantitative analysis defined to vertical elements, which is analyzed comparatively to spatial structure and visual perception in observer's point and characteristics in spatial elements. As examples are analyzed to spatial structure and visual perception, this study is intended to understand to spatial character in aspects of spatial composition and observer's visual perception. In results of perceptive and spatial analysis on four spatial examples, Spatial structure is circuit type and concentric type. Circuit type is related to movement and composed of spaces division which spacial character is maintained evenly to visual openness and composed of spatial division and connection according to function. Concentric type is represented to scale separated into main space in movement and other space. Main space in movement is high value in Control and Global Integration, and is openly and composed highly of visual openness related into adjacent space, and other space is reversely scale value and character.

This paper proposes the potential of design studies as a vehicle for the transfer what might be considered architectural knowledge. Based on the integrated teaching of reading, interpretation, and making, this paper shows how to explore concepts of knowledge in order to engage students in the process of developing critical methods for analysis and representation through experimental development. As a transformative design studio, it is to attempt to set up the conditions to investigate not the many issues of design—space into the making of rooms or place, shaping intentions into architectural form, but the nature of design education itself, with regard to how knowledge is produced and disseminated.

The UIA has been requesting to the members of the WTO to meet an architect qualification by the UIA's international guidelines and requirements. A field of the architect qualification system in Korea also has to meet the UIA's regulations, because Korea became a member of the WTO of which the written agreement ruled the UIA. Accordingly, establishing 'Korean Council of Architectural Registration Boards'(KCARB/ tentative name) is one of the important issues in the field of architecture, and establishing its organization will have the power of influence to reorganize and reform the system of the new architect qualification system in Korea. Approaching this issue, the research method was chosen the detail analysis with 'architect qualification system' based on 'NCARB'(National Council of Architectural Registration Boards) in the U.S.A.. The reason was why that NCARB's guidelines and requirements has been establishing as a good role model to other countries to meet the UIA's regulations of the architect qualification. The research results from the NCARB will be compared and analyzed into the UIA's regulations to be referenced the regulations of ‘new architect qualification system’ in KCARB. To achieve this study goal, the working areas of NCARB's two primary contents were analyzed as follows; 1) Procedure of the establishing background and history in NCARB 2) 3 primary working roles in NCARB; ① Intern Development Program(IDP), ② Architectural registration Examination(ARE), ③ Continuing Education System(CES)

The study of history of Koguryo, which is considered to be the root of the Korean architectural history is seldom studied enough because of the difference in political preference and it's result could only be found in the history of the North Korean architecture society as well as in the japanese architectural society. However, the mutual exchange between North Korea and China have been activated and now is the time for Korean architectural history to take a leading role in 21th Century. So, the purpose of this study is to expose the building methods of castle architecture as the representative Koguryo's stone architecture and it is possible to take a well preserved stone architecture of the old Koguryo period and study the building methods of the stone architecture based on the through study of the-stone building-which remains until present time. As a result, the Baeckam castle has been throughly studied and a aspects of the comprehensive techniques in the castle building techniques have been clarified. The purpose of the 2/3 tilt and the designing a slow tilt at the 1/3 point from the base of the castle wall is to secure the structural stability from the point of the castle builder. It is considered to be the structural enforcement by castle stones that being pushed to the side.

The purpose of this study is to emphasize that development and preservation of Jeonju-Hanok Village should be made focusing on its nature as a sustainable dwelling site, 'habitability.' Jeonju-Hanok Village was isolated from the social change for 20 years with its designation as Hanok Preservation District in 1977. Then, it had been developed for a tourist site by the "traditional site development program" since 1999. However, it should be reminded that Jeonju-Hanok Village is a dwelling site by nature, not a tourist site. To restore and further improve the habitability of Jeonju-Hanok Village as a sustainable dwelling site, this study conducts the followings; characterizing sustainable dwelling site, defining problems with Hanok Village by investigating its development history and current situation, and applying characteristics of sustainable dwelling site for solving the problems with Hanok Village. It is suggested that the restoration and further improvement of habitability of Hanok village can be made through this process.

This study aims to find the differences of experts' view, based on their region (Seoul, Cheongju, Chungju), to the environment-friendly apartment housing in korea. The contents of this research consists of two main parts. The first part is to select the influential planning factors of the environment-friendly apartment housing based on the case study of 317 samples and the inquiry of precedent researches. The second part is to analyze the differences of experts' consciousness, in Seoul, Cheongju, Chungju city, to the planning factors of the environment-friendly apartment housing. This research will contribute to the establishment of the site planning methods which increase the quality of residential environment in apartment housing.

The housing environmental amelioration program purposes to improve urban environment and well-being of the poor by developing inferior housing. The main point of the housing environmental amelioration program is to draw the attention of public sector into the work in order to focus on human well-being itself rather than benefit from the business. In addition, by giving the right to neighbors to tackle about the improvement, the character of the business becomes the form of public redevelopment. To verify the problem of commercial development, this study surveyed and analyzed the residents' satisfaction and their desire in terms of physical housing condition. The research field has been chosen􋺳 Hae-Un-Dae, Ban-Song, Ban-Yeo, Jae-Song􋺴 which the redevelopment had been carried out by commercial fund. The overall result from the survey is showing that the satisfaction is lower than neutral and the resident's intention has not been involved in the redevelopment. The problem is showing that the redevelopment will be necessary not only quantity also quality improvement. To do this, the systemical plan will be necessary.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of improvement project of residential environment implemented in Jinju City to approach to the methodology of positive and continuous improvement for residential environment. The major contents of the “Special Measure Act for the Improvement for Residential Environment of Urban Low Income Residents” that was enacted in 1989 modified and applied the pertinent laws and regulations on construction related to temporary housing environment to improve the obsolete residential environment by stimulate the participation of local residents. Since the outcome of these projects was not managed in various methods, it committed the error in assessing the environment improvement only by physical project outcome, such as road opening, construction improvement and others. Therefore, this study analyzes the outcome of the improvement project for residential environment implemented in Jinju City in the aspects of physical environment and residents with its strengths and weaknesses, and formulates the improvements through the inquiry of residents and specialists to facilitate as the guideline of improvement project in the future.

In April 2006, the long-term nursing-care insurance system in Japan was revised, and a model called "small-scale, multi-functional home nursing care" was established. In future, the provision of care for the elderly will be directed towards care at home. How the services of large-scale facilities for the elderly should respond to this new model has been unclear. We conducted a questionnaire survey of staff at large, senior citizen welfare facilities consisting of four items regarding community-based service and of six items regarding multi-functional service for facilities for the elderly. We performed conjoint analysis on the findings to investigate which items these welfare facilities regard as important and how they intend to implement services in the future. The results indicated that for community-based service, the important items are "continuity of care" and "familiarity of relationships", for example, being cared for by the same staff. Conjoint analysis of the multi-functional service indicated that the most important items are "visit care" and "visit rehabilitation". Therefore, it is expected that large-scale facilities will proceed to develop care systems that can build and maintain familiar relationships and to provide 24 hour visiting care at home.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the modernization process of rural housing planning in a suburb of Masan city. For this study 64 rural houses were collected from 4 suburb rural villages of Masan city. They were traditional linear plans. Most of them were built in 1950s and 10 houses of them were built newly. Almost of them were resided 60-70 years old residents. 80% of them were less than 2 persons in family numbers per household. 64 houses are classified traditional type, before 1990's, after 1991's and newly-built type by housing renovation time. The more houses are renovated newly the more houses are large. The modernization of rural housing planning are proceeded to make into DK from Kitchen, LR from Maru(wood floor in a house), to introduce Entrance space, to make into inside Bathroom from outside; from Maru-inside space type to Maru-LR type, central LR type. Central LR type looks like urban housing, but space behavioral pattern has been between Anbang(master room in a house) and LR.

This study treats the way for the activation of network according to necessity and effect of inhabitants' participation in the housing redevelopment and puts an emphasis in the improvement with relation between housing redevelopment and inhabitants. The investigated housing redevelopment problems are the lack of inhabitants' participant means, the formal inhabitants' participation to be made by an administrative control and the lack of a systematically participant device. To activate inhabitants' participation and give their opinion in the housing redevelopment from planning to management, execution, political decision and evaluation to build it must be better improved than that it has ever done. To do so, it is necessary for firstly to inspect the concept and effect, the types and methods about the inhabitants' participation in housing redevelopment, and secondly to analyze the way of inhabitants' activation based on network following to appear the necessity of the information openness, opinion convergence and space transition by e-government law in information society.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the theoretical background and the architectural planning characteristics of Small Schools complexes. The educational concept of 'Small Schools' has been applied to the public school education in the United States. The recent researches have proved the enhancement of students' performance, consideration of each student's character, parents' involvement, curriculum quality, extracurricular activity, school security and affiliation to teachers in the new school environment. This study analyzed six school complexes composed of multiple component schools. The results of the case studies show the following; (1) A Small School complex contains shared common spaces and private classroom suites. (2) Shared corridors and private corridors are used for a complex composed of three or more component schools, and shared corridors without private corridors are used for a complex composed of two component schools. (3) Complex facilities mainly serve similar grade students. (4) Each component school has its own teaching and learning spaces. (5) User groups of similar grade levels and ages make the common spaces shared equally. (6) Common spaces such as Cafeteria, Adminstration Office, Special Classroom, Gym, Auditorium, Playground are shared by all component schools. (7) The proper distribution of Intelligibility needs to be considered for planning shared common areas and private areas. (8) The 'Small Schools' concept can be applied for providing school facilities in the economically disadvantaged areas. Finally, this study proposed the new school environment with the concept of 'Small Schools' in order to enhance our educational quality. "The present research has been conducted by the Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2007."

Since the 7th reform of education policy has been implemented into many schools, new planning and design methods have been also introduced into elementary schools. One of most importantly as well as urgently introduced design factors in them is probably classroom's size to meet the requirements of fast changing trends not only in our social policy but also in the number of students and their body shape, such as height, weight, etc. It is however very difficult to find suitable design criteria which can be employed into the design of elementary school's classroom, for example, the volume and size of classroom for the new ages. This study investigates three elementary schools in Gwang-ju City to identify the differences in the volume and size of their classrooms with the introduction of space density model of classroom showing the ratio of classroom's volume and that of teaching aids. Five key factors are introduced to find students' attitudes in their recognition of classroom, such as a sense on the width, depth, height, inside wall, and the colour. Students in the three elementary schools were questioned by the five key factors and their questionnaires were analysed by student's sex. Research results show that the above mentioned ratio in the three elementary schools shows little difference, but their recognition on the classrooms reveals a little bit interesting results. In general, they regard their classroom as sort of wide and having a suitable depth with high ceiling height. Regarding their recognition on the wall and colour, they answer that the classroom's walls are some tidy and their colour is a little bit warm.

The study focuses on the comparative analysis of the building codes and regulations regarding building egress system. Convention centers have the main function of exhibition and assembly which requires temporary construction. However, these facilities are exposed to the mass casualty during fire or other emergency situation because of its size and occupants load. Since most convention centers were constructed in Korea after the year 2000, few researches have been conducted on the building codes concerning the egress in them. This research aims to set the basis for the further research on the egress in the building code, and to examine the principles for the egress in large scale assembly facilities based on the comparative analysis between Korean building code and Life Safety Code of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in United States.

technology and development of method of construction. Recently, need correct researches by use and this of various stone of been writing several building materials variously. Investigator who see here upon to be meaning and design of material of stone as basic research during doctor's course aiming in practical use as element, also, achieved research about properties of matter and image of stone in possibility diagnosis side of research. This research was research that wish to grasp mountain district natural image and relation of properties of matter of stone. It is purpose of this research that wish to study coloring. techniques of stone and image by this to control image of research reactor stone of next time step artificially. That is, granite that is produced on our country each place coloring correct various kinds color in symbol artificial image construct wish to. So, as material of modern architecture, thought is going to enhance more value of stone and necessity is required urgently.

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of physical landscape planning and design elements in buildings on the street. It also aims to offer basic materials to search for a reasonable direction to build streetscape in structure design in terms of urban landscape with structures on the streets in district units plan area. This study has been conducted on the 86 buildings in Nohyong District, Jeju city. The results of this study are as follows : In the primary design factors, the general box type accounts for the highest percentage of 56.3% for the horizontal shape and the general type makes the highest of 43.7% for the vertical. For the roof, the gable roof accounts for the highest of 47.5%. In the secondary design factors, the irregular type's share is 40.0% for the faced type and the irregular pattern's is the highest of 47.5% for the faced pattern. For the outer wall material in the tertiary design factors, dryvit system accounts for 18.8%, tile 22.5%, while the cases using natural materials which reflect the regional characteristics such as woods, stones and so on have 42.5%. For the roof material, the finance-friendly asphalt shingle which accounts for 67.5% has turned out to be most preferred. In conclusion, we should consider structural design of structures on the street in all aspects of building site and height, and the lay out of a wall line rather than the regulation system and the personal propensity of a building owner and architect.

The flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP-steel composite plate is presented. In this method, FRP-steel composite plate, reinforced with a combination of fibers(carbon or glass) and steel plate, are bonded to the concrete substrate and fastened with anchor bolts. The experimental work included flexural testing of 2.4m-long concrete beams with bonded and anchored composite plate. The strengthened RC beams were designed to fail in a ductile manner. The thin steel plate in FRP-steel composite plate makes usage of the anchoring system possible, which could delay or prevent the premature debonding failure. Two reference beams and 21 strengthened beams with CSP(Carbon fiber-steel composite plate) and 12 strengthened beams with GSP(Glass fiber-steel composite plate) were tested. The structural behaviors of strengthened beams are compared with codes in terms of yield load and ultimate load, flexural stiffness. 33 beams were tested experimentally to evaluate the strength enhancement provided by the composite plate. In the test results presented in this paper, the strengthened beams showed increases in yield and ultimate loads of up to 29~70% and 33~115%, respectively over an unstrengthened beam. All strengthened beams failed, as intended, in a ductile manner with the ultimate failure mode due to fiber tension failure in composite plate at large deflection with the composite plate still firmly attached. According to the results, it is shown that beams strengthened with composite plate are structurally efficient.

The fracture of H section steel girder end lower flange was intensively generated as an earthquake disaster of the steel structure generated in the Japanese HYOGOKEN southern part district in 1995. In the case of the steel frame group composition girder with which H section steel girder end lower end flange fracture cause united H section steel girder and concrete slab, since it goes up to near the top flange of a composite girder, a lower flange becomes easy to fracture the position of a plastic neutral axis with a positive moment. therefore, it is indicated that it is important to clarify influence of the concrete slab which attains to the plastic deformation capability of a composite girder at the time of the occurrence of an earthquake. A steel structure composite girder differs a positive moment part and negative moment in elastic rigidity. In a positive moment part, the price of elastic rigidity changes with concrete slab thickness. It expresses with the elastic rigidity value in consideration of the influence of a steel girder and a steel rod which disregarded the influence of concrete slab in a negative moment part. The steel structure building of the present most is using the composite girder. however, the earthquake response analysis of the steel frame group building is performing the earthquake response analysis as a malleable steel structure which disregarded composite effect by the thickness of concrete slab. This research conducted seismic response analysis to the inside low layer steel frame building. comparison examination of the difference of the maximum displacement, the maximum relative story displacement, and absorbed energy was carried out to the case where the thickness of the case where composite effect by the thickness of the concrete slab in the same conditions is taken into consideration, and concrete slab is disregarded. The own natural period of a building changes with composite effect, and the damage concentration story expected by plastic deformation capability change changes.

The tube structure is one of the most efficient lateral resisting structural system. But as a result of the flexural and shear flexibilities of the frame members, the behavior of the tube structure is complicated by the "shear lag" phenomenon which has the effects of increasing the axial stress in the corner columns, decreasing those in the inner columns and reducing the lateral stiffness of the structure. The outrigger system is a solution to decreasing the shear lag phenomenon and displacement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the shear lag phenomenon of high-rise buildings of tube structure system with outrigger tube structure. The control of top displacement and core moment of a tall building structure under lateral loads have become two main concerns in structural design of tall building. The outrigger system is regarded as one of the most effective lateral resisting structural system and widely used in tall structures. In this study, to analyze the behavior of simplified model with outrigger system, has some differences - location, number & stiffeners of outrigger.

The resistance system to the lateral force has developed with high-rise buildings. The tube structure is one of the most effective lateral resisting structure system that behaves like cantilever basically. This study adopts response spectrum analysis and push over analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of the tube structures. To analyze the effect between tube structures and soil types, this study performed capacity spectrum method(CSM) under the seismic load. A intersection point of capacity curve and demand curve is performance point. In this paper, after searching for performance point according to return period, performance level is evaluated.

Density of room pollutant that emit in recently used building material is increasing. Thereby Sick House Syndrome be new disease that is breed and affect bad human body. The VOCs and HCHO are the greatest leading person among room pollutant. Utilize ability building material that have adsorption function to reduce VOCs and HCHO that happen in general building material. Use together adsorption building material and general building material for grasp adsorption performance. Result of study is adsorption performance VOCs gets a fine adsorption than HCHO that adsorption building material reduces room pollutant density of general building material.

Electrical resistivity is an important property for the collection efficiency in the electrostatic precipitator. In this paper, electrical resistivities of tobacco dusts, yellow sand dusts and pine pollens are measured using a high voltage conductivity cell based on JIS B 9915. The resistivities of three kinds of indoor dusts are about 1×107 ohm․cm in the normal range and dust collection efficiency using an electrostatic precipitator at the face velocity of 1.0 m/s shows over 99% for the three kinds of indoor dusts. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Recently electricity drive Heat Pump and gas drive Heat Pump that is trend that diffusion is on the increase being used much by the air conditioning system of small building. These systems are considered in energy supply and demand's dimension, estimation of system is consisting mainly in vantage point of economic performance mainly. This research did by purpose that choose the most suitable air conditioning way in the building developing estimation model of air conditioning system by various valuation basis taking advantage of ANP (Analytic Network Process) techniques that is ones of much element decision-making method because do to GHP and EHP and wish to supply necessary basis data to decide air conditioning system forward through this. After apply ANP techniques composing estimation system mutually using economic performance, preservation administration, appliance composition by valuation basis about EHP and GHP that is been using much air conditioning system recently, result that execute case study about air conditioning way choice is as following. When see through study finding of something wrong, can know that is prferring more EHP in preservation administration side such as appliance conservatism, safety etc.. in user side. For front, support system about GHP is judged to need to be strengthened more to improve adjustment of demand and supply of gas fuel and efficiency of energy use.

The HVAC systems require large amount of electrical energy use to maintain cooling set point temperature during summertime. Especially, 60% of total energy use in the United States is consumed in operating HVAC systems and plants in commercial buildings during summer. Therefore, the research investigates an effective method to reduce the peak electricity and energy use in a office building utilizing the thermal capacity of building structure with the comparison between a optimal control system for building systems and a conventional control system. The simulation results indicates that the outside insulation installation is more effective way than the inside installation to utilize the effect of thermal capacitance, however the maximum peak electricity and energy use are reduced less than 4%. The optimal control of HVAC system demonstrates the shift of peak electricity from daytime to nighttime regardless of the thermal capacity of building structure. Moreover it reduces the peak electricity and energy use with comparison to the conventional HVAC system control, which utilize the fixed set point temperature at daytime. In addition, it provides the superior indoor thermal comfort for building residents during the occupancy periods. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………