Earticle

The life cycle costing is a good tool to compare the economic efficiency among various building alternatives. In addition, it gives a chance to mitigate the building cost in construction techniques or building material selection. It is said that the modular system has been a early stage to apply into practice and its cost is higher than the conventional building structure. Therefore, the modular system is needed to develop its construction technologies and to analyze the cost aspect compared with other building structure. This paper is aimed at comparing the cost between the modular system and the conventional building structure, using the life cycle costing. It is targeted to compare the cost between two structure. The life cycle stages are divided into three stages which are construction, energy and maintenance, demolition. The discount rate of 2.09% is used to minimize the current variation and its analyzed period is ranged with 40 years. During forty years, the conventional LCC cost is lower than the modular system, In these results, the modular sytem has disadvantages, compared with conventional structure. But these disadvantages will be recovered with the generalization and standardization of the modular system within a short time.

The purpose of this study was to present a model that quantitatively analyzes the bypass spaces considering EPS fire with fast fire propagation speed in the general hospital. The overall sequence of studies included consideration of medical facility evacuation criteria, spatial analysis of two hospitals, and finding of the bypass spaces in the EPS fire situation. In the evacuation simulations, user conditions were classified as normal pedestrians, wheelchair pedestrians, and bed patients. The simulation also blocked user movement around the EPS to take into account the loss of evacuation function at the spaces adjacent to EPS fire. Through the application of this model, the user's evacuation route was changed according to the EPS fire situation. It also showed the specific spaces where the evacuation speed was delayed. The frequency of visits and the speed of evacuation were analyzed, and the bypass routes and congestion spaces were also derived. Finally, this study presented a model for exploring bypass spaces caused by EPS fire situations.

This study proposes additional items to be identified as defects in a defect lawsuit through a case study of defect lawsuits in apartment housing. In this study, the defects that were not initially discovered by existing occupants and construction companies, but were newly discovered in litigation, were defined as defects in lawsuits. The defects in lawsuits lead to an unexpected increase in litigation cost, delays in the date of litigation, and emotion repercussions or additional litigation, which may cause a vicious cycle. Therefore, identifying new defects during the course of litigation is necessary. In this study, the concept of defects in apartment housing and the criteria to judge these defects to preliminary considerations were analyzed. The concept of defects in defect lawsuits was defined, in addition to a case analysis of six domestic defect lawsuits. The results yielded 29 defect items, which were validated by appraisers who directly appraised the cases. In addition, the derived defect factors were analyzed. Finally, 29 defect items for defect lawsuits were categorized into 11 main factors. Deriving defects for defect lawsuits would mean establishment of a new area of defects that are not currently considered in practice. This would provide an overall area of defects to be considered in addition to existing defect items in the course of litigation. The results of this study can help reduce the actual occurrence of defects and minimize disputes in the case of defect lawsuits.

Recently, safety inspection of underground space work is very important theme because many accidents have occurred such as fall in the underground work process by the increase of underground depth and underground space enlargement due to the skyscraper of construction projects. However, the correlative accidents occur repeatedly due to the lack of analysis of the correlation between accident occurrence factors(originalcause material, accident type, accident cause) as well as analysis of past accident process. From this point of view, the purpose of this research is to suggest the methodology of accident prevention to contemplate rational plans of safety management targeting 102 accidents in underground space from 1999 to 2016. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the accident causes are divided into management factors and human factors, targeting subway and underground parking lots. The originalcause material and accident process were analyzed for each construction types and accident types of multiple accident. Based on the case study and related law, we suggest the classification system of pre-inspection items in underground space and safety risk inspection checklist for prevention of safety accident in the priority management underground space.

The purpose of this study was to suggest an analysis model for clarifying the evacuation performance components such as congestion area, evacuation time, and overcrowded space, which are changed by the location and the number of users and evacuation assistants in geriatric hospitals, at the initial phase of architectural planning. This study focused that the variation of the user’s evacuation behavior was to be related to congestion and overcrowding. Also, the suggested analysis model included walking behaviors of users vulnerable to evacuation such as patients using assistive devices and seniors. The evacuation simulation showed different evacuation time results as per the location and number of evacuation assistants. Finally, this study proposed an analysis model for improving the evacuation performance at the initial planning phase of the geriatric hospital.

Nowadays, Cities have developed with problems, and the housing problem which is one of the biggest issues can be represented not only by an imbalance in demand and supply, but also by a poor housing environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of heating energy consumption of public rental housing in Korea according to the orientation and the external environments. The average heating cost was calculated from 2013 to 2020, focusing on a total of 35 cases in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon among public rental housing in Korea. In addition, it analyzed the relationship among the average heating cost, the types of orientation, monthly average temperature, and building persisting period. In conclusion, the heating cost and the monthly average temperature showed a significant correlation, but the building persisting period was not statistically significant. The types of orientation and heating cost were statistically significant as a result of regression analysis, and the heating cost according to the types of orientation was analyzed in the order of 1S>2SE-SW> 3S-SE>5SE>4S-SW>6E-W. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of energy consumption in public rental housing and to find out the influence factors.

Large marine product sales facilities are important facilities for the processing and management of fish and related marine products. The importance and recognition of coastal sales facilities as national infrastructure are reviewed, and the status and characteristics of coastal marine products sales facilities are investigated to present the need for maintenance guidelines and construction safety design. Various causes of deterioration in durability, such as salts, natural disasters, sea water use, bird damage, and harmful gases, are analyzed and measures to reduce facilities are taken into consideration in the Life Cycle (LCC). It is intended to develop the construction safety design (DFS) necessary for the entire facility, including maintenance and future planning, design, construction and follow-up management of marine product sales facilities. First, we analyze the actual conditions, types of durability degradation, and maintenance methods of the current facilities through on-site surveys and surveys / Second, review the risk factors (Hazard), risk (Risk) and risk assessment based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport / Third, the establishment and development of repair and reinforcement methods and alternative measures for durability degradation factors and risk factors for each facility part / Fourth, establishing Hazard Profile and Maintenance Guidelines / Fifth, we would like to develop a construction safety design (DFS) for the entire life cycle of large marine product sales facilities.

The purpose of this study is to analysis fine dust depending actural life with field measurement. The result of measuring development of fine dust according to behavior obtained by studying types coping with fine dust through a survey is as follows. 1) The result obtained through a survey is as follows. (1) When looking into the number of ventilation indoor a day among subjects, it was revealed that 3 to 4 times accounts for the greatest part (47%). (2) When looking into behavior that subjects show in the event of yellow dust from outside and fine dust, it was revealed that closing windows accounts for the greatest part (81%). (3) When looking into ways in which subjects use to improve indoor air quality, it was revealed that natural ventilation accounted for the greatest part (50%), followed by air cleaner (30%). 2) The result obtained by measuring according to behavior indoor is as follows. (1) It was revealed that when people open windows during spring and summer, they are more likely to be directly affected by fine dust from outside. (2) Average fine dust for two hours before cooking was 2(㎍/m3) but average fine dust for two hours after cooking was 64(㎍/m3).(3) It was revealed that operating air cleaner is effective in lowering concentration of fine dust. (4) It was revealed that wind caused by operation of air conditioner affects a change in fine dust temporarily.

This study proposed TACT based optimization model for improving work continuity in apartment structural work. The model was developed by focusing on three key as follows; First, the proposed model allows work crews to effectively rotate tasks to maximize the labor productivity. Second, the proposed model makes a plan for an efficient way to repeatedly carry out the same tasks by standardizing smaller TACT processes. Third, The proposed model suggests a multi-dimensional way to look at a frame construction process to comprehensively reflect characteristics of the construction site such as the combination of work crew and labor productivity, the calculation of the number of workers and equipments that are suitable to carry repetitive works. Through case study, the proposed model showed productivity increase of 25%, non-working days and half-working days decrease of 5 and 4 days, respectively, compared to 6 day cycle. The proposed model would help contractors to achieve successful completion of projects by establishing practical plans with improved work continuity and productivity.

The construction industry has seen a continuous increase in the number of victims over the last five years, despite various efforts and investments in disaster prevention. This means that we need substantial and fundamental preventive measures that are different from the ones we have now. Therefore, this study proposed a prediction model that can predict construction disasters in advance using a highly predictable random forest method. The random forest technique was used to analyze the impact factors of the construction disaster, and the model was constructed by selecting the factors of high importance from the variables. As a result of comparing the accuracy of the random forest model and the discrimination analysis model in order to verify the constructed construction disaster prediction model, it is found that the random forest model is more accurate than the discrimination analysis model. Accordingly, it is expected that disaster types that can occur by the prediction model can be accurately predicted in advance and preferentially managed to contribute to disaster prevention.

Residential districts play important role in people living and outdoor activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outdoor thermal environment in summer based on different ground greening of apartment complex in Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City residential area, located in Tianjin's Binhai New District. The project shows the determination of the two countries to respond to global climate change, strengthen environment protection, provide an active exploration and typical demonstrations for the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Through analysing the first phrase of Eco-City residential area, Slab-South-North and South Stagger high-rise apartment complex, as a typical layout type, was chosen to set centralized ground greening, dispersal ground greening and mixed ground greening, simulated micro-climate environment by using ENVI-met(V4.4 Winter1819). The results of this study as follow: The average value of air temperature reached 37.5℃ in the dispersal ground greening scenario. And the mixed type and centralized type reached 37.6℃ and 37.7℃ at 15:00. The dispersal type's average value of mean radiant temperature reached 73.2℃ at 15:00 and reached 32.4℃ at 6:00, was the lowest value compared with the other scenarios. The same as air temperature and mean radiant temperature, the dispersal type has the lowest average value of PMV at 15:00. Dispersal ground greening's cooling effect is more effective Comparing with centralized and mixed ground greening scenarios in Tianjin's Binhai New District.

Rem Koolhaas examines the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg and the cinematic features examined by Deleuze, emphasizing Manhattanism that embraces uncertainty to solve the problems of the fast-changing modern metropolis. For the purpose of this thesis, we wanted to examine the urban contextual features of the multi-movement system in the architecture of Koolhaas. The uncertainty shown in Koolhaas' urban planning is presented in the form of a similar 'Band' in the light spectrum of modern science and the cinematic form and feature of Deleuz. The band of Koolhaas is directly in contact with urban contextual elements, which appear as surrounding buildings, roads, natural scenery, embankments, parks, historical sections, landmarks, etc. At this time, the band in architecture flows into the interior of the architecture and forms a three-dimensional movement system that is exchanged and converted with each other. For this study only, urban contextual categories according to multi-movement systems analyzed through examples appear as the size of the parcel, the purpose of the program, the surrounding buildings, lighting, and landmarks. Conclusion The multi-movement system of Koolhaas can be interpreted as an attempt to explore the possibility of new architecture and potential coexistence of cities by generating continuous events and allowing architecture to look at one new public urban landscape.