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Introducing natural light was a primordial element of architecture and became one of the main themes of many architects. Being conceived by the need of solar light control, Sky light was applied to theirs works through its function and form. Among those architects, Alvaro Siza, Henri Ciriani, Laurent Beaudouin have adapted and developed Sky light actively in proper ways. Therefore, this study aims to understand the typologies and characteristics in terms of Sky light in the works of them. Their Sky light system can be classified into several categories by its form. Furthermore, the characteristics of these categories is also qualified by means of some criteria, such as form, space etc. As a result, it is possible to classify their Sky light into several types and each type has its proper luminosity. In conclusion, each architects has created Sky light with his own way of perception of light and luminosity in the space. These architects have influenced one another by adopting some types in theirs works but theirs own interpretations.

The light was most important element to Louis I. Kahn and Tadao Ando. The purpose of this paper is to define the characteristics of the two lights. With the light, Kahn wanted to make the space for essence of existence, Ando for regeneration of landscape. The spaces were more mental aspects. To make the spaces, Kahn was at the idea of the Order-Form-Room, Ando was at the locality and historic elements. The light in Kahn's work comes down above the ceiling and connect the Rooms. The light feels bright and soft. And little locality. The light is independent in every Rooms. Ando made panoramic light with his own scenario at the site. The light is various but very limited in its volume. The light feels shadowed and cold. It is come into from the slit of the wall and from the court. The light has circumstantial characteristic with the circulation. So the light in Kahn's works can be called independent light and Ando's called circumstantial light.

Utilizing a design pedagogy known as the hidden curriculum to identify and describe the housing design studio, this paper provides a critique of the design studio model of education, where the selection of knowledge and ways are influenced by the school's direction and history. The architectural design studio is where a student tries to learn about architecture and how to do architecture. It is the place where one teaches architecture, including what one knows about creative behavior, design process, and design theory-all in relation to the necessary levels of consideration and decision-making required to do architecture. Through a housing design studio in Columbia, Georgia Tech, and Berkeley, the author tries to experiment with a new pedagogy for the design studio, attempting to set up the conditions to investigate not many issues of design, but the nature for design education itself, especially with regard to how knowledge is produced and disseminated. Finally, this paper provides insights into how the existing framework of the design studio might be challenged, permitting the development of a more various design pedagogy informed by competing educational discourses, a new range of situated issues, and a critical pedagogy.

The purpose of this study aims to suggest the basic data for earth building by investigating the damage of the earth plaster exterior wall. For the investigation, We observed the 6 testing structures that have different eaves length(200mm, 400mm, 600mm, 800mm, 1000mm, 1200mm) during two months in summer(2006.6-7month) and took a picture of them. These conclusions of the research areas follows: First, testing structures that have long eaves showed lower damage than the short eaves. On the average, the damage was increased in 200mm according as the eaves length gets short by 200mm. But the results are largely changed in accordance with direction. Second, the damage increasing rates was intimately related to wind more than rainfall.

It is true that the social welfare center influences in community welfare actually for last 1st century. Social education magnified, and is acting role as local community education culture by various program including cultural desire according to the modern request to whole local resident that is adult and housewife, child, teenagers, string today than past. Studying and technical education among education culture activity into expense that is less to low-income class inhabitants and children various education of offering economical independence base and indirect support effect give. I wish to present basic data for space composition of education culture unit at social welfare center suitable to the location characteristic. Case study and analysis contents about education culture unit of social welfare center present design data for the space plan of suitable social welfare center in permanent rental housing complex. When design education culture space of social welfare center, must plan enough space for vocational education to possess independence ability of the low-income class. It must consider location characteristic and establish social education for crime prevention of child and teenagers properly.

can be a symbol of national recognition. One of the recent trend of tall building development is multi-function. Multi-functional tall buildings have been developed to maximize land use and minimize real estate market risk. The attempt to combine more than one major function in a building or complex presents the designer with several problems. Each function has different planning considerations for optimum and habitable space. Due to the inter-related functional requirements within a building, one change can affect many other factors that must be considered when developing a project. Much has been researched regarding planning factors for tall buildings. These research presented only the analyzed planning factors by statistics with built tall buildings in the world. However, there are few references available that deal with the appropriate building volume and planning factors of multi-function tall buildings actually designed with different total gross area and functional gross area ratio. The purpose of this study was to suggest the distributions of the appropriate building volume and planning factors by changing total gross area and functional gross area ratio. The result of this research will be used as important design guideline in preliminary design phase of multi-function tall building development.

The purpose of this paper will make some design guidelines by finding and analysing of problems which might be happened from the project. First of all, too much commercialism in the business causes reducing life time and safety of a building and increasing urban density. In addition, many individual companies follow only their own concept rather than to harmonize neighbour project. therefore this causes the deteriorated efficiency of the urban function in terms of the whole point of view. To tackle these problems, infra facilities support to achieve the both public and commercial purpose will be necessary. In terms of dismantlement issue, re-use or re-modelling system would be necessary. To over come the limit of individual development, wide and complex design procedure of system will be integral like the project of New town project in seoul. Second, due to too much commercialism on this business by individual company to get excessive profit it should be concerned the problem of protecting native residents’ right. This excessive individual commercialism causes a speculation in property. In addition a uniformed rule or system of demolition procedure could cause social resource waste and a couple of urban problems. Because the individual development project focused on mostly the houses for middle of higher class people to maximize the profit per area, low class of existing tenants can not afford th resettlement to the site again. Therefore it is important to consider appropriate allotment of the profit from the redevelopment project not to make to much commercialism on the project. In addition, the connection between low quality housing on the holly area and central city of the Busan will be crucial point to improve synthetic of harmonized urban view and development and also, s system to increase rent property by government and resettlement of native resident should be concerned.

The outdoor space in apartment complex will be used as not only passing through for pedestrians, communication and recreation place for residents, and play space for children but a buffer zone to protect urban pollution. Due to that art installation in outdoor space has special relationship with surrounding environment, it is imperative to concern the harmony between the art object and surrounding environment in terms of the optimized space and accessibility to the installation. People in this country especially consider the outdoor art installation from the beginning of 1980's and a compulsory policy driven by government has been set by the chance of 1986's Asian game and 1988's Olympic game. Since the time many public art objects have been installed throughout the cities. It, however, has been condemned that the objects are too much mannerism because uniformed and compulsory policy which emphasizes too much on shape itself can not support the harmony in terms of place, material, size, color and so on. Therefore, the study focuses on the role of outdoor public art installation to form a urban image. To do that, the study is investigating and analyzing the existing condition. The main purpose of the study will bel suggestion an design guideline which can be satisfied by a resident and improve residential quality by harmonizing the urban environment.

It is the purpose of Build-Transfer-Lease(BTL) to apply the creativity and efficiency of private investment to public construction project. The early projects of BTL began to be operated in 2007. And Korean Agency for Technology and Standards announced Korean Standards of facility management services in 2006. This study focused on the quantitative and qualitative analysis between sub-criteria for evaluation of operation plan of Request For Proposals in BTL project and Korean Standards of facility management service. The quantitative analysis was performed by the total sum and frequency of each sub-criteria and average points allotted to each sub-criteria, and qualitative analysis was performed by the objectives of facility management services such as the proper authorities, users and operation enterpriser of facilities. In the aspect of quantitative analysis, the average point of sub-criteria concerned with the plan and organization of maintenance and safety supervision was allotted highly. And in the aspect of qualitative analysis it will be considered to focus on the facility management system to develop and perform various type of facility management services in high quality.

A new type of nursing home was institutionalized in 2002 in Japan and the direction of policy for nursing care in Japan became the adoption of private rooms and small-group units care. The impelling force behind the adoption of this model is "Care town Takanosu," which is modeled on a health care center for the elderly in Denmark. Following a change of mayor and a merger of municipalities, the new administration requested a review of "Care-town Takanosu" with the aim of improving welfare management. One result was that the staff ratio at "care-town Takanosu" was reduced from 1.4 to 1 to 1.8 to 1. We examined the change of the standard of the care from the perspective of the users of the facility and performed a chi-square test comparing the results for the years 2000 v 2003, 2003 v 2006 and 2000 v 2006. The p-value of the test for 2003 v 2006 is slightly changed from that for 2000v 2003. However, there was no overall statistical significant difference for test for 2000 v 2006. This means that the original high level of nursing care service has been maintained by the efforts of the highly trained staff.

Workplaces have much to do with the organization of a work group, tasks that the office workers carry out, and the structure and characteristics of the organization where the workers are affiliated with. Proper balance among them would influence workers' working condition and could raise habitability. In the midst of an intense international competition of an information oriented society, workplaces are largely being called for creative, intellectual, knowledge-based work. As methods of business management and the communication patterns have rapidly changed according to the rapid adoption of information technology, systematic measures with consistency that can properly assess organizational characteristics, work characteristics, and work performance patterns should be developed. A quantitative evaluation, based on the newly invented system, for the planning of a new workplace that can deal with change and expansion is in demand. A system to identify organizational characteristics and work characteristics is introduced in this study. The study also provides basic data on workplace planning by working on the interrelation among work characteristics, organizational characteristics, and physical properties of workplace in a quantitative and positive way using the empirical survey.

Contemporary city is often considered as a dynamic organism that undergoes various changes under the condition of continuous evolving, growing and developing circumstances. The urban residential area, as a collective form of residences, also undergoes these ceaseless changes in physical and spatial aspect. Land price is not only an index that expresses physical, social and economical characteristics of the land by implication, but also explains essential urban changes. Understanding the relationship between land price and land use can be a way of grasping the spatial change pattern, furthermore it can be a useful method to predict the changes in urban residential area. This is a study for the grasping the spatial change pattern in urban residential area by analysis of the spatial distributional relationship between land price and land use focused on its building attributes. Building attributes used for the analysis are as follows: (1)total floor area, (2)main use, (3)main structure, (4)stories above ground, (5)stories under ground, (6)built years. Through the analysis of the relationship between land price and building attributes, it was found that building attributes were changed to redeem land's economic value, and its spatial distribution characteristics were existed. And this can be a useful way to explain the physical changes in urban residential area.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the process of Tong-yeong's space production after the Joseon Dynasty period with a theory of Henri Lefebvre. The city is produced by the compositeness of social relation, an hegemony and social element by every period and social element. These phenomenon can be explained by Sociological theory like Henri Lefebvre's Production of Space. His Theory can summarize by representation of space, representational spaces and spatial practice. Therefore, it can be analyzed by the representation support of the space and the activity of the space to be represented. During the Joseon dynasty, the representation support of the space(Tong-yeong) was expressed by symbol of absolute space as military city. By the result, landscape of Tong-yeong is appeared by the one nucleus city which have a straight axis. During Japanese colonial period, the representation support of the space(Tong-yeong) was expressed by symbol of economical space as colonial city. But it was performed for Japanese's economic interests and benefits. Therefore, Landscape of Tong-yeong had dual structures by the straight axis which is made in period ago and the horizontal axis for plundering. Image of city that is formed via such process is exerting much effects in present city image.

Along with the trends of 'Globalization', the interests in the modernization and industrialization of Korean traditional buildings, i.e. Hanok, are growing considerably. As the local governments, supported by the central authorities, propose pilot projects, the research and development for a CAD system specifically adapted to Hanok are identified as an important and urgent task. Thanks to the virtual building technology based on object-oriented modeling, there are a number of practice-applicable software systems available commercially. Most of such systems, however, exhibit difficulties in supporting the modeling of Hanok. Traditional Oriental Architecture is largely characterized by its unique timber structure, including many components of various shapes and sizes, thus requires an appropriate tool for such characteristics. This study therefore intends to develop an effective tool for modeling modernized Hanok as such. To this end, an intelligent component modelling tool with parametric object definition capability is built according to the hierarchy of components of modernized Hanok. For the initial experiment, a typical modern Hanok is selected and a prototype of components is analyzed. And then, the components are defined using the parametric modeling techniques implemented in GDL(Geometric Description Language) so that they can be accessed under a GUI(Graphic User Interface) environment. The GUI can provide a convenient environment for manipulating various parametric objects, in an intelligent manner, allowing the efficient modeling of components with variable shapes and sizes and consequently the whole building that are composed of such unique building components.

The purpose of this study is to develop a computerized shading simulation program considering solar radiation and to verify its numerical and graphical effectiveness in fenestration system design. Even though the thermal effect of the transmitted solar radiation through fenestration is understood as one of critical factors in building design, it is hardly considered in early design stage because of difficulty in its concept and calculation process. To be widely used by architectural designers in their architectural projects, the program should provide user-friendly graphical interface which can clearly represent the thermal effect of their design as well as proper guideline that can provide accurate simulation results without big burden of user input. The Shaded Fenestration Design(SFD) program has been developed as an energy-effective shading device and window system design program considering effects of shaded solar radiation. For the validation of the program, a physical test box was specially designed and tested to show the accuracy of the program. The comparative tests with widely used computer simulation program(DOE-2) showed that the SFD program with the HDKR model provided more reliable results than DOE-2 program.

The purpose of this study is to supply preliminary data of the frequency of used low-tank type toilets in residential houses. As the ratio of detached house is 31.9%(3,984,954) in Korea, the use of rainwater for low-tank type is more effective to reduce the amount of tap water used. To obtain the regression curve on the frequency of used toilets, the 16 students who have different family types(male and female ratio, family constituent members) carried out the questionnaire for 35days. It is investigated total frequency of used toilets for 18days, and then is examined frequency of used toilets for 17days by male and female respectively. The characteristics of rainwater is investigated using weather data of Weather forecasters from 2000 to 2003 in Korea. The decision of rainwater tank capacity is affected by the period of water shortage. It is no rain during 39days in 2000, 13days in 2001, 25days in 2002, 18days in 2003 respectively, Pusan. The frequency of used toilets is affected by the proportion of males to females. Specially, It was depended on the total used toilets by the frequency of female used toilets. As the rainwater tank capacity can be calculated by frequency of used toilets and the period of water shortage, the rainwater tank could be made as economical construction cost

The heating system of apartment house or individual house is constructed by floor heating system that use almost most warm water, and heating energy is used much. To improve heating effectiveness, uses a thermosyphon pipe that is fast heat transfer, analyzes comparison with basis efficiency test of floor heating system and existing floor heating system. The purpose of study is improve people's stabilization of livelihood, national save energy and an architecture environment equipment technology by practical use plan of hyper transfer efficiency floor heating system. Did simulation to examine performance of floor heating system that use a thermosyphon pipe and a XL-pipe. As a result, thermosyphon pipe heating system appeared by thing which heat transfer performance is excellent more than XLpipe heating system.

In the past, the government had tried to increase apartment buildings to solve shortage of residence and it has contributed to the improvement of residential standard. These apartment buildings have been getting higher frequency of fire comparing to other residential types, but don't get much people's attention on this since number of the residents of each household is quite small and the number of deaths is not that many. Recently, however, this problem is getting very serious as apartment building is our representative residential type. Many of foreign country have been introducing performance based fire protection design nowadays, and they put a lot of effort to take more concrete and specific precautions against fire. Especially, there has been a lot of study working on fire load because the fire load of each room is a very important factor to determine fire safety and structural refractory, which is also important as a basic study of Performance Based Fire Protection Design. In spite of this global trend, however, it has been put off to introduce this system in Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study is a survey of fire load in apartment buildings as preceding study of introducing the Performance Based Fire Protection Design.

About flexural strengthening effect of reinforced concrete beam, a reinforcing method of construction that consists of fiber-steel plate composite panels(GSP) is under development at present. There is also a high demand for precise behavior of structures for its economical and efficient planning. That is, a reliable research must be undertaken that could allow precognition of intensity and behavior in conjunction with the securement ductility and character. As a result of making efforts to resolve the issues, many experimental researches and structure interpreting techniques exist today. The research verified the validity of interpretation by comparing and analyzing existing experimental values using a grudge element interpretation program. Various interpretation models have been proposed by introducing a reinforcing method for shearing flexural of strengthened reinforced concrete beam with a composite panel(GSP) as an additional variable. Lastly ductility and beam capacity were examined and compared with an interpretation model at varying levels of reinforcement, reinforcement method, load-displacement relationship and crevice phase.

This is an experimental study on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using of the oyster shells as a substitute fine aggregate of concrete. In this study, the main factors consist of the grain sizes, the percentage of substitution of oyster shells to fine aggregate and the water cement ratio in the same size beams. The results of the study showed as followed. The initial load value of them represented similar constant within 10% of the maximum load value in each test beam. But the maximum load value and the ultimate load value decreased with increased grain size and the rate of substitution. As the grain size of oyster shells became smaller, the load values of them were somewhat higher. The deflection of reinforced concrete beams with oyster shells represented typical curve like that of normal reinforced concrete beam. In the deformation of the steel and concrete, the deformation was proportionated to the load until the yield point and after the yield point it was approached the ultimate load point.: One type was typical curve of the load and the deformation and the other type irregularly was changed to very small deformation with the load increase centering around load axis. It also has proved the good coincidence between the results of the experiment and them of the theory. After analyzing the structural behavior about the above mentioned test beams, the most excellent grain size of oyster shells represented 5.0mm and less with taking the uniform quantity, and the percentage of practicable substitution of them to fine aggregate was about 30% in other to make superior reinforced concrete beams containing oyster shells.

The requirements for inelastic lateral buckling restraint of H-section beams or beams restrained at top flange are reviewed. This study permits the finite element method can be applied on the problems of lateral buckling of beams under various conditions of loading, location of load, and end restraint. The accuracy and convergence of the suggesting method is demonstrated by studying the structural behavior of the lateral buckling of simply supported beams with non restraint, beams with a central elastic restraint possessing either lateral or torsional stiffness, and beams with restraint by deck plate attached to top flange. The results of this finite element study are in reasonable agreement with previous approximate method suggested by Clark, Lawson and Mutton. Also it is compared with the experimental result of Lawson's test.

Continuous deep beams are supported load of upper structure. Therefore, if behavior and strength of continuous deep beams don't estimate accurately, influence on structural safety. The purpose of this study was to investigation shear capacity of continuous deep beam considering arrangement method of shear reinforcement and quantity of shear reinforcement. The experimental parameter of this study is a variable arrangement method and quantity of shear reinforcement. In additional this paper compared the shear strength by test results with F.K.Kong equation and analyzed shear behavior of continuous deep beam consider of load-displacement relationship.

More than 50% of residence in Korea is an apartment. To construct an apartment, many privy are engaged in contract. This type of contract is belongs to a sale contract. Generally in sale contract, a purchaser buy a complete subject. But, in this contract, the purchaser can not take part in the construction process. So, local Government has evaluate and select a supervisor to supervise the incompletion and to check out the state of completion. In evaluating and selecting the supervisor, many supervision company point out that the compensation of a new first grade supervisor is not paid and to prepare the supervisor to commit in the field is very difficult. Therefore, to guarantee the quality of apartment, past record of supervision should be enhanced, the compensation of a new first grade supervisor should be paid, criteria of supervisor change should be mitigated, and only a chief supervisor should be evaluated. ,

Different from governmental/government-financed construction projects, private construction projects in North Korea are placed in a complex and specific circumstance, thus being involved with a lot of risks. In this vein, it is necessary to take measures to manage such risk factors, but not many private construction projects in North Korea have been carried out so far and data and preceding studies on its risk management plans could be hardly found. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the risks of private construction projects in North Korea and suggest some risk management plans through some examples. For this, the investigator interviewed with people who were working for constructors and their collaborators, and used data on the training of government officials. Study findings are as follows: 1)from planning to completion, risk factors of construction projects in North Korea were analyzed and measures were presented, centering on the approval of construction, shipping of materials, visiting procedures, stays, on-site construction, and safety supervision. 2) since the risk factors of private construction projects in North Korea are quite different from those of general construction projects, it is necessary to talk over a contract with the said party in North Korea fully in advance. 3) since the construction projects in North Korea are carried out in a specific site with which regular contacts are impossible, thorough advanced preparation is a must in order not to face the risks of cost and time.

Construction work, in its special quality, has a wide open risk according to the escalation. In case of the public construction, the national law of contract and the subcontracting law regulates the control of contract amount in order to curtail contractor's burden of this risk and enable original contractors and subletting contractors to be applied by the regulation of the law. In this sense, it has been necessary for the original contractors and the subletting contractors to be arbitrated by the appropriate amend of the related constitution in the wake of the possible occurrence of disadvantage due to quite a different interpretation for the control of contract amount between them caused by the various amount of production for the escalation with their argument in different views from their subletting amount because of the ambiguity of the subcontracting law clauses. This study aims at presentation of an appropriate alternative idea of controlling the contract amount according to escalation between the original contractors and the subletting contractors, analyzing the current articles related to escalation in the subcontracting law

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different levels of cement replacement(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25%) by copper slag on the expansion of mortar bars containing reactive aggregates. The experimental program included expansion measurement of the mortar bar specimens, also the determination of the morphology and composition of the alkali-silica reaction products by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive x-ray(EDX), and x-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF). The results of the experimentation are as follow. 1) From the result, the expansion levels of mortar-bars containing CoS reduced as replacement levels increased. and the 25% replacement of CoS produced the least expansion. 2) The amount of A.E.W decreased with an increasing amount of CoS replacement, which indicated that the amount of alkali-silica reaction products decreased an increasing amount of CoS replacement. 3) After the accelerated test, SEM and BEM analysis showed the presence of alkali-silica gel and rim around the aggregate and cement paste, however the reaction products decreased markedly as the level of replacement was increased. 4) The presence of CoS changed significantly the alkali-silica gel composition, highlighting the strong relationship between the gel composition and expansion rate. Containing CoS, the higher replacement level, the higher CaO/SiO2, CaO/(Na2O)e, and EBIV ratio in the alkali-silica gel, the lower the gel's capacity for expansion.

In this study, we performed the mixture of materials having two environmental functions in concrete, which have recently been xpected to improve the environment. In this case, we mainly investigated the influence of fundamental properties, antioxidant and photocatalyst effect in concrete and summarized those results as follows. (1) The bending and compressive strength of mortar mixed with Effective Micro-organisms (EM) ceramics increased more than those of plain. However, mortar mixed with EM liquid showed a tendency to generally decrease less than plain. (2) We considered that the ratio of EM ceramics power was uniformly distributed in the concrete and thus this result in the strength of concrete. This result was actually proved by the measurement of pore volume and diameter. (3) In an experimental result of the plant life of algae, algae began to stick the surface of concrete block mixed with EM materials 3 months later, and then it grew up conspicuously 6 months later. As a result, the concrete mixed with EM was proved to be effective in the plant life of algae. (4) The workability was turned worst due to the decrease of flow value in concrete mixed with more than 6% of titanium dioxide. (5) Additional experiment indicated that the strength of concrete mixed with more than 3% of titanium dioxide was rapidly decreased than that of plain. Therefore, the process of mixture was very significant in the usage of titanium dioxide. (6) As a result of exposure test, cement paste mixed with titanium dioxide and mortar coating changed an environmental pollutant thinly by progress of time. However, the pollutant did not change with mixture difference of titanium dioxide.