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The church building, which was based on the room, in which Jesus ate the Last Supper with the Twelve, was developed according to it's epochal and regional situations. The infant church did not have it's own building. Because they needed not to have it and also did not interest in having it. For the infant church was not separated from Judaism, so the temple of Jerusalem was also their own temple. At that time they used also synagogue of Jews as their own outreach place. But they built in groups and celebrated Communion in their homes. The temple of Jerusalem, that they thought of their own temple, influenced their own church building as a house of God and the synagogue of Jews as a place of the liturgy celebration for them. After the infant church was separated from Judaism, they needed their own liturgy and liturgy room. They used the house, in that they celebrated Communion, as a church; this became a house church. In the time of persecution they used catacomb to celebrate the liturgy, especially the place for funeral and memorial liturgy room. The liturgy room in the house church was remodelled according to their own liturgy and the liturgy room by catacomb had the form of their common liturgy room. Before Constantine the great they built also their own church building according to their own liturgy. Few church buildings of that time remained. The most of them were many times repaired, so that we cannot see original form from them. Before the epoch of Constantine the Great there were several attempts to build the room structure for their liturgy. We can say, the basilica of Constantine the Great is a fruit of them, because it was surely influenced from the church buildings, which were built before it. In this paper, the liturgy rooms of the infant church before Constantine the Great will be researched, in oder to find the basic construction for the church building today.

The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of Louis I. Kahn's “"Form”" drawing, in which his principal thought is immanent, through a detailed analysis of his sketches and writings of the Yale Center for British Arts. The basic form is the organization of the plan around two courts and it is expressive of the dual nature of the program. The basic form is maintained through the whole design process and it also plays an important role in controlling the relationship between program requirements and formal transformations. It is derived from the consideration of the human activities in the museum and it is based on the idea that this museum would create the intimate relationship between visitors and the works of art.

Diagrams that play an important role in the design process are self-conscious tools designed to comprehend architects. They must apply the images in diagrams by being based on creativities. Diagrams are the presentation means to design the building so that the architects' concepts and ideas must be transmitted to themselves. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Diagrams are those drawings which include a consciously curtailed process, making clear an interpretation through the elimination of the information which the architects by themselves think irrelevant. The differences between diagrams and orthographic, axonometric, or perspective drawings are subtle and relative, making them difficult to define a clear border. Every architect drawing can be thought of diagrammatic in a broad sense if it contains a abstraction and a curtailment to avoid vagueness and to focus on one specific issue. Every architectural diagram selects parts of the infinite visual data available, interpreting reality through a special filter. 2D diagrams define plans in the particular and abstractive manner and add of senses with different type by removing elements. 3D diagrams furnish the competence to take an abstractive and cubic concept to a certain degree beyond the normal conventions of other applicant drawings, pushing a level of reduction different from other rhetorical and analytical drawings. Therefore, diagrams are drawings to augment comprehension in their act of curtailment and abstraction.

Recently, many distinctive architectural works appear in the contemporary world, that was different from the traditional composition method in the making of outer wall. If we think about the logics of these architectural works, we can find the 'outer wall' has transformed into the 'architectural surface'. Namely, the 'architectural surface' is being developed as the various design technology for contemporary new trend by many leading architects. This concept of 'architectural surface' is both the results of fast-developing material technologies, and the reaction to pouring information media. 'Surface' is not the wall that distinguish between inside and outside, but is the device that making perceptual distortion through the deformationing materiality. In this context, this study focusing on twofold meaning of 'architectural surface' that is how ontic aesthetic of making process is architectural theme and how visual effect functioned to observer.

The purpose of this study is to make an analysis of Zumthor's works from the perspective of ontological theory. This thesis start from the study of ontology which is on the center of the transition of architectural ideas in Zumthor's works. This study explicated that his works could be analyzed from the perspective of ontological theory after his concepts on the relationship between buildings and surroundings, architectural materials and tectonics, zeitgeist. In this study, my interest in Tectonics is not merely to examine its architectural thought and value, but to focus on what meaning and perspective it can give contemporaries. While our energy is exhausted owing to modern architects' or theoreticians' based interpretation of the social phenomena and pedantic theories. Tectonics gets us to shed new light on the essence of architecture and helps concretize our view on autonomy in architecture.

Recently, the interest on the Twisted Form Tall Buildings has been increasing. These Free Form Tall Buildings will be proposed and realized continuously to match up a pluralistic social demand with the advanced digital technologies. Free Form architecture was possible with the advanced digital tools for 3D modelling such as Catia, Maya, Rhino, Form-Z. However, there are few researches available that deal with the geometrical characteristics architects must consider during the design process of Twisted Form Tall Building. This research will discuss the geometrical characteristics in the Twisted Form Tall Buildings by the substantial data from the accurate 3D models generated by digital tool. The intention of the research is to inspire continued interest in the Free Form architecture and to lead architects to rational design approach. The results of the research will contribute to the other research fields such as the planning, structure, and construction related to the Twisted Form Tall Buildings.

This survey is researched president situation of roof shape and exterior color and analyzed to be revealed problems in the established city, Yang-san. The results of it are summarized as follows. 1) The roof shape of housing is most eyebrow and flat it and color of housetop is not harmonized with surroundings. The roof of low apartment is disharmonized silhouette with skyline. 2) Most the neighborhood-convenience facilities are constructed flat, as it is to stand firm. Specially the C.B.D in Yang-san is shown eyebrow roof of original color and closed landscape image. And roof color of factory is analyzed to be bad color, too. 3) Exterior color of housing and the neighborhood-convenience facilities are extended the domain of painted color and chroma and value higher than others. This situation give not to be continuity between mutual buildings. 4) Apartments are used bright color but to be insufficient harmony with low building and to close up background. 5) Industrial area is established by huge mass group and most color is be red of high-chroma and strong original color of blue, as landscape of industrial area should be plan by accent color.

Since environmental problems, like global warming, etc., caused by carbon dioxide emissions and environmental contaminations, have become more serious, environment friendly construction and eco-friendly residential complex in the field of architecture have been developed in order to deal with the environmental contamination issues. In this study, the researcher has judged that environment friendly construction and eco-friendly residential complex should be planned not only for urban area but also for farming village. Therefore, aiming at development of environment friendly construction and eco-friendly residential complex that would be able to be applied to farming village, the researcher has carried out studies as follows: 1) Through investigation of the precedent researches and case studies, the researcher has elicited planning factors that related to environment friendly construction and eco-friendly residential complex. 2) Through questionnaire survey, the researcher has evaluated the importance of the planning factors concerned with environment friendly construction and eco-friendly residential complex, which will be able to be applied to the farming village. 3) As results of this research, farm area dwellers have evaluated 'active solar system', 'waste control system', 'green space', 'open space' etc as more important planning factors than urban area dwellers.

This study proposes architectural planning directions to resolve user circularity problems appeared on the planning of large commercial complexes. The suggested planning directions on the basis of user circularity and its problems found on Visibility Graph Analysis follow: (1) Allocate spatial elements providing gradual experience. Plan limitedly spatial elements which enable visitors to perceive entire facilities after their short pedestrian travel. (2) Plan the vertical links of nodes, such as horizontal node links, to maintain vitality of user circulation through vertical travel. (3) Allocate cultural and commercial programs at the nodes which feature open spaces and allow visitors' various access routes. (4) Suggest planning small plazas and open spaces at access nodes and allocating large plazas, open spaces and cultural facilities at internal nodes from the perspective of directional characteristics and visibility control. (5) Consider dense commercial programs at spaces facing paths including main corridors and local corridors since these paths compose environment with minor variation of spatial cognitive information. (6) Nodes at cross paths can exclusively accommodate commercial spaces since these nodes contain low visual impact toward entire facilities and visibility characteristics allowing users to focus commercial activities.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency of bike road system in respect of the space network, and the status and strategies for the activation of the bicycle utilization in Changwon. First, as the result of the spatial analysis based on space syntax and angular ERAM theory, the bike road system of Changwon raise the efficiency of accessibility to bike. However, there are also the needs to expand the bike road system to entire city. In this paper, the necessity of outcome index of bike usage is proposed. The outcome index of bike usage is expected to tell us the effectiveness of the bike relevant institution. Besides, it is proposed the connection between bike and the public transportation such as the bike carrier bus system and bike terminal on the traffic node. Finally, public relations are the most important part in the activation of the bike utilization.

This study compared educational efficiencies among BIM (Building Information Modelling) tool, AEC CAD tool and freehand sketching to make architectural drawings and presentations. With four factors, that is, presentability, correctional ability, connectivity and legibility, presentational abilities to use each drawing-making tool are analyzed and also compared each data file size and finishing time. With the result of the study, BIM tool is better to make drawings and to present architectural idea than existing AEC CAD tool, and will helpful to develop design abilities as an CAD educational method.

The purpose of this study is to propose the spatial organization programming of free welfare facilities which will be used by low-income families in small and midium- sized cities; focusing on the elderly who can do daily life activities. This study investigated residential welfare facilities outside of Korea and analyzed 10 welfare houses among 23 facilities in Jeolla Province, where the number of the elderly has been growing relatively quickly. Questionnaire survey were completed by the elderly who live in the welfare facilities in addition to the workers, of those facilities, interviewed. The conclusions of this study are as follows: The followings are needed in order to further the development of residential care facilities for the elderly diversification of facilities and improvement in the level of facility upkeep. More studies regarding residential facilities for the elderly should be undertaken in an effort to build facilities that are comfortable to those of developed nations.

This study aims to find the differences of users' view, based on their positions which are composed of environmental part, construction part, and general people, to the evaluation of biotops area ratio calculation in urban redevelopment of apartment housing in korea. The contents of this research consist of two main parts. The first part is to evaluate the importance of elements of biotops area ratio calculation by means of the questionnaire of 86 samples. The second part is to analyze the differences of users' view, in environmental part, construction part and general people to the importance of elements of biotops area ratio calculation in urban redevelopment of apartment housing. The results are as follows ; the construction part regards 'Aquatic Biotops with permeable under layer' as the most important element, while the environmental part and general people regard 'Surfaces with vegetation, connected to soil below' as the most important element. This research will contribute to the establishment of the site planning methods which increase the quality of residential environment in apartment housing.

This study aims to investigate the preference of the elements of the traditional architecture in the modern architecture works in Korea in from 1980 to 2000. To carry out this study the preference survey was conducted to the 76 modern architectural works which are selected by the prize-winning works in the design competition in Korea. And they are questionnaire surveyed to the 173 students - 87 students who major architecture and related design and 86 students who doesn't major architecture. The contents of the questionnaire survey are mainly what elements in modern architecture works that are made by the traditional architecture elements they like. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Both the major and non-major students were aware of the expression of traditional Korean architecture elements in modern architecture works and the major students showed higher level of awareness. The non-major students showed higher level of awareness and preference for the imitation type of the traditional elements, while the major students showed higher awareness and preference for the abstract type that express the contents of traditional architecture. (2) As the preference level for the types, the 40% of the total students prefer typy A(imitation type), 32% of them prefer type C(abstract type) and 28% type B(compromising type) in turn. To the major students prefer type A, type C and type B in turn. But non major students prefer type A, type B and type C in turn. (3) As the question for the application of the traditional Korean architectural elements, positive and negative answers appeared to 51%, 35% in total. In detail the major students showed more negative answers(46%), the non-major students showed relatively more positive answers(60%). This results suggests that the popularity issue of architecture is also important.

The purpose of this study is to find the non-residental use diversion in residental area has any definite rules in terms of urban space by analyzing the Planned Exclusive Residental Area in Changwon City that has been developed as new town around an national industrial estate. By the analysis, with reference to location characteristics by uses, blocks connected to the main street and commercial road, and street sides with high integration value showed high ratio of location for shopping products, while blocks connected to branch streets with low integration value showed high distribution of business facilities. Blocks with exclusive and specialized commercial facilities, however showed high distribution of the specialized use, regardless of types of connecter streets and intergration value.

We compared two pedestrian-only streets located on the central commercial area in Jinju. However, both of them have different characteristics such as enforcement procedures and surrounding environment. The results can be summarized as below. 1) After the authorizations of the pedestrian streets, both have shown the conversion of commercial use and the specialized phenomena which is differentiated the characteristics of streets from each other. 2) The activity pattern of pedestrians is shown to be influenced by the location such as variety spatial formations or surrounding environments. Especially the activity of the pedestrians seemed to be influenced by a large market located closely, so it has shown the street that has lost its attraction by pedestrians is easy to belong under the influences of surrounding facilities. Therefore various space maintaining plans for pedestrians need to be activated. 3) For enforcing the pedestrian streets, the merchant's participation, planning, and progressive improvement are shown to influence on maintenance of street environments a lot. This can be reconfirmed the fact that the usefulness of the community participation as the environment improvement methods is important.

Peoples live the most of the day in an indoor. Therefore, the various technical system is used in order to be agreeable more and efficiently maintain the inner climate. Diffuser is played the important role among the air conditioner and it has enough to note as to a selection. Recently, the predictive assessment of the indoor thermal environment in which we use CFD and air environment is actively made. And the result of being performed by carefully considering the air specific of a diffuser is rare. Therefore, in this, each type of the diffuser for indoor air specific was carefully analyzed. It expects to be used as the boundary condition of a diffuser, when the predictive assessment of the indoors thermal environment and air environment is made by using CFD.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the cost analysis breakdown system model of present worth method for air conditioning designer in electric heat pump and gas engine driven heat pump on the office building. The results of this study are as follows; (1) This study propose the cost analysis breakdown system model of present worth method by electric heat pump and gas engine driven heat pump. (2) The result of case study on the office building in busan shows that the EHP(electric heat pump) system is advantage(GHP LCC15 335,000,000 won, EHP LCC15 293,000,000 won). (3) Cost analysis breakdown system model of present worth method come into use air conditioning designer of electric heat pump and gas engine driven heat pump.

This study attempts to evaluate the performance of natural lighting from carrying out simulations with miniatures for four types of skylight patterns designed to secure natural lighting around underground parking lots currently in multiple-family houses, and to suggest the basic data on plans for the reasonable natural lighting around underground parking lots in apartment houses on the basis of such simulations. This study tries to propose the basic data in designing underground parking lots while seeking for plans to more actively introduce natural lighting along with environmental improvements around underground parking lots in apartment houses. For such reasons, the performance of natural lighting has been evaluated according to the patterns of openings through simulations with miniature of underground parking lots in apartment houses, whose findings are represented as follow. If any skylight is installed to the underground parking lots, Case 3 showed the most excellent performance of lighting. Analyses revealed that the performance of natural lighting seemed low comparing with that defined in the illumination standard for the underground parking lots regardless of satisfaction with 0.5% for the general minimal daylight factor in the second basement floor although Case 2 and 4 showed the excellent performance of lighting in the first basement floor.

Researches and developments on BEMS, which are the cutting edge technology for energy saving in buildings, are performed world-widely through sustainable management in various conditions. However, there are many obstacles to adapt the system in existing buildings because it needs not only the extra administrator who manages the energy, but also needs highly expensive equipments, which are designed for newly built buildings, to install. Therefore, there are numerous limits exist when applying the BEMS in established buildings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of energy saving according to user's participation through related case study and to propose PEMS(Portable Environment Monitoring System) that could overcome the weakness of previous system. In addition, this study will assess the optimization of WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks), which is the essential technology to develop PEMS. Lastly, this study has performed field measurements as well as basic tests to evaluate the adaptability of PEMS in buildings. The result of this study is as follows ; 1) Energy saving of 10~20% in buildings can be achieved through energy feedback. 2) As the RF output power decreases from 0dbm to -25dbm, maximum reception distance of sensor node was reduced as well. 3) Maximum reception distance can be different depending on the RF output power differences and different types of materials. 4) As RF output power increases, the number of relay node reduced, therefore, the WSN showed more stability.

The effectiveness of a new developed fiber-steel composite plate designed specifically to be used for strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs has been experimentally investigated. Nine reinforced concrete slabs were constructed and tested. Four of the slabs were strengthened with carbon fiber-steel composite plate (CSP), four of the slabs were strengthened with glass fiber-steel composite plate (GSP), one slab was used as a control specimen. The experimental results showed that new strengthening system controlled premature debonding and provided a more ductile failure mode than other conventional FRP strengthening systems. The observed deformability were 3.55~4.69 and 3.1~5.5 for strengthened slab with CSP and GSP, respectively. In addition, maximum load was increased by 75.6% and 90.9% for strengthened slab with CSP and GSP, respectively, comparing with control slab.

Reinforced concrete structures are often required repair and strengthening because of various external factors. Recently, fiber reinforced polymer or plastic (FRP) in the form of sheet or plate is often used in repair and strengthening RC structures. Many of previous researches have conducted theoretical examinations and experiments on repair and strengthening with FRP and supplied materials necessary in construction sites, but few of them are about the effects of strengthening quantities on the strengthening effect. Thus, this study purposed to analyze through experiment, the flexural strengthening effect of section increment method using carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) strengthening RC structures.

The objective of this research is to provide better knowledge on the structural behavior of strong axis H beam bracket type SRC column-RC beam joint, supported by experimental results, that can be broadly applicable to many structures with similar characteristics. For this purpose, literature reviews and field survey were performed to classify the most commonly used for this type of joints. Then, experimental program was designed and performed with 5 SRC column-RC beam joint specimens designed with long and short bracket type details. Using the experimental results obtained from the testing of these specimens, structural performances of the joints such as the hysteretic curves, the maximum strength capacities, the strains of reinforced bars were investigated. From the test results, reinforced bracket type specimens revealed to have the strengths close enough to the nominal strengths. The un-reinforced long bracket type specimen showed brittle fracture resulting in lower strength capacity due to the shear ruptures near the hinges at the end of the beams. Regardless of the reinforcement at the end of the beam, short bracket type specimens revealed to possess the strength capacities close to the nominal strengths, however, reinforced specimen showed more ductile behavior after maximum strength capacity reached.

Predicting seismic response to earthquake load which can happen during the span of the building and evaluating seismic performance are very critical research tasks in the context of earthquake engineering with respect to performance-based seismic design. The main objective of performance-assessment is to evaluate the behavior of a system at different seismic hazard levels. To predict structure response to earthquake load which can arise, it is necessary to understand nonlinear behaviors characteristics. Ideally, the nonlinear response history analysis should faithfully simulate all significant modes of deformation and deterioration in the structure from the onset of damage up to collapse. We can obtain nonlinear response through three hysteretic parameters such as strength degradation, stiffness degradation and pinching behavior respectively. In this study, it is to compare inelastic behaviors of reinforced concrete upper wall-lower frame structures and to suggest more reliable hysteretic models with simple bilinear model for nonlinear analysis of structure. From a limited sensitivity study, it is founded that strength degradation and pinching behavior have more effect rather than stiffness degradation on the top story response.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural safety in the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) to apply the rational and feasible design loads based on the Korea Building Code(2005). It was performed the development of structural system of glass greenhouse using the light weight H section to be new structural system applying to the glass greenhouse. The results of this study were as follows; (1) It was confirmed that the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) was not guaranteed the structural safety to the new design load. Thus, the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) had to be modified to adjust the new provisions. (2) In the structural system using the light weight H section, the ALT1 system was the most economic. And if the bay space was 6m, the structural system of light weight H section had the competitive power comparing with the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997).

The purpose of this study is to estimate axial force in shoring during construction of RC buildings using finite element analysis and to propose a simple method to estimate maximum force in reshoring. Cost for formwork takes substantial portion of concrete works in RC building construction. Efficient arrangement of shoring and reshoring leads to cost saving and safety of building. As the time dependent characteristics of concrete material, load transfer between slab and shoring mainly depends on concrete strength. slab thickness, construction period, number of shoring and reshoring. In this study, to figure out the effect of these parameters various conditions are simulated with simplified slab boundary conditions. Based on analysis result statistical program was used to propose an equation to estimate maximum force in shorings. To verify the applicability of the proposed equation three floor plans of constructed RC apartment buildings are analysed and compared with the calculation from proposed equation, showing very favorable result within engineering accuracy.

The study tested overall engineering properties of the mortar mixed with iron sulfate, which can replace the expensive pigment and represents colors as well. In the experiment with mortar not hardened, in cases of mixture proportion such as 1:1 or 1:3, the flow test data and air content decreased as iron sulfate increased. However, unit volume weight increased. Setting time is delayed as more iron sulfate is added. The compressive strength of the hardened mortar in 1:1 and 1:3 mixture proportion has improved with 9% or less of iron sulfate and decreased with 12% or more. As for drying shrinkage properties compared with plain and irrespective of mixture proportion, it has decreased with 6% or less of iron sulfate adding and increased with excess of 6%. Meanwhile, in regard to chromaticity, a*b* has increased as iron sulfate being added more and the case of mixture proportion of 1:1 has shown higher a*b* than that of 1:3. The value of a*b* in the mixture proportion of 1:1 was higher outdoors than indoors in the initial ageing period. At the later ageing days, a*b* of indoors remained unchanged but that of outdoors went down sharply to the level of indoors at 28 ageing days. a*b* of the mixture proportion of 1:3 showed no difference between indoors and outdoors at the initial ageing period and thereafter, a*b* of indoors remained stable while a*b* of outdoors went down and even became less than that of indoors at 28 ageing days.

The study tested overall engineering properties of the mortar mixed with iron sulfate, which can replace the expensive pigment and represents colors as well. In the experiment with mortar not hardened, in cases of mixture proportion such as 1:1 or 1:3, the flow test data and air content decreased as iron sulfate increased. However, unit volume weight increased. Setting time is delayed as more iron sulfate is added. The compressive strength of the hardened mortar in 1:1 and 1:3 mixture proportion has improved with 9% or less of iron sulfate and decreased with 12% or more. As for drying shrinkage properties compared with plain and irrespective of mixture proportion, it has decreased with 6% or less of iron sulfate adding and increased with excess of 6%. Meanwhile, in regard to chromaticity, a*b* has increased as iron sulfate being added more and the case of mixture proportion of 1:1 has shown higher a*b* than that of 1:3. The value of a*b* in the mixture proportion of 1:1 was higher outdoors than indoors in the initial ageing period. At the later ageing days, a*b* of indoors remained unchanged but that of outdoors went down sharply to the level of indoors at 28 ageing days. a*b* of the mixture proportion of 1:3 showed no difference between indoors and outdoors at the initial ageing period and thereafter, a*b* of indoors remained stable while a*b* of outdoors went down and even became less than that of indoors at 28 ageing days.

High performance concrete with high-strength and improved durability has brought new opportunities to the construction industry. However, some attention was given to characteristics of such concrete, in particular with respect to their cracking sensitivity. It has been argued and demonstrated experimentally that a low water/cement ratio concrete may undergoes shrinkage due to self-desiccation. If this shrinkage is restrained, the concrete may crack. This autogenous shrinkage cracking is a major concern for the durability and aesthetic of concrete structures. One possible method to reduce the adverse effects of cracking due to autogenous shrinkage is the addition of expansive additive. Tests conducted by many research have shown the beneficial effects of addition of expansive additive. However, much of the study on the this problem has been based on determination of free shrinkage strains. Yet, to assess the problem properly, stresses developed under restrained conditions should be evaluated. Only limited study has been done in this area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mechanical behaviors of high performance concrete such as components of strain, shrinkage stress, creep and creep coefficient with and without expansive additive at early age. Finally, the paper discusses on the control of autogenous shrinkage cracking by means of expansive additive in high performance concrete. The result show the development stress of high performance concrete using expansive additive under simulated complete restrained condition at early age. Also, the tensile stress caused by restrained at high performance concrete using expansive additive is lower than that of normal high performance concrete.

Digital photographs taken with the microscope are practically used to diagnose deteriorated membrane materials. This paper presents a new automated diagnostic model utilizing image analysis instead of checking with human eyes. We first extract from a digital image statistics of color information and features of the objects that emerge along with deterioration such as cracks on the surface of polyvinyl chloride coating and exposed fabrics. Then these features are used as explanatory variables for building prediction models which are constructed based on multiple linear regression and M5P method which is combination of multiple linear regression and decision tree. As the result of the experimental tests, our prediction models exhibited more than 90% accuracy in coefficient of correlation.