Earticle

In order to improve working environments, South Korea implemented a 52-hour workweek starting from July 1, 2018. However due to the characteristics of the construction industry in which workers do their duties in accordance with the construction process, it seems to be unreasonable to apply a general working time reduction system to the construction industry. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the countermeasures of various construction companies as well as construction engineers’ labor conditions and requirements after the enforcement of the working time reduction system. The research results showed that the working hours of construction engineers decreased slightly after the enforcement of the working time reduction system. Moreover, the construction companies responded to the working time reduction system by introducing various systems. The directions to become acquainted with the working time reduction system and methods to complement the reduction in workloads required by construction engineers were analyzed so as to establish the appropriate response to establish the working time reduction system in the future. The analysis found that in the case of the working time reduction system, the method of adjusting commute time, flexible work arrangements, and different time commuting system were most favored among construction workers, while the intensive work system was most favored by them as a method to complement the reduction in workload due to the reduced working hours. Therefore, it is expected that the findings of this study can be used as necessary data to establish a suitable method for future policy-making from the viewpoint of both the government and corporations.

The residents of apartment are not satisfied with the interior finishing of apartment because of changing the trend of apartment during the construction period in Korea. Although the minus option system was introduced to cope with needs of prospective owner, the prospective owners are not satisfied with the present minus option because this minus option only decides whether or not to select the entire finishing materials. Also, in the case of most apartment construction, construction companies are negative attitude toward minus options. But the minus option system of apartment would be activated for not only satisfying prospective owners' needs but also coping with the changing trend of apartment finishing. Therefore it is necessary to research the way to activate the minus option that is currently being implemented. This study aims to investigate what important factors in choosing the minus option by each room of the apartment is. The selection factors of minus option were derived from literature reviews and pre-questionnaire survey, and the importance and priority of selection factors were calculated by using AHP. The most importance of selection factor in each room is functionality, and then convenience and influence of housing prices in minus option of apartment. And the room which minus option would be selected firstly is living room and then kitchen, bedroom and bathroom.

In recent years, researchers are increasingly trying to use BIM-based 3D models for BIM nD design such as 4D (3D + Time) and 5D (4D + Cost). However, there are still many problems in efficiently using process management based on the BIM information created at each design stage. Therefore, this study proposes a method to automate 4D and 5D design support in each design stage by using BIM-based Dynamo algorithm. To do this, I implemented an algorithm that can automatically input the process information needed for 4D and 5D by using Revit's Add-in program, Dynamo. In order to support the 4D design, the algorithm was created to enable automatic process simulation by synchronizing process simulation information (Excel file) through the Navisworks program, BIM software. The algorithm was created to automatically enable process simulation. And to support the 5D design, the algorithm was developed to enable automatic extraction of the information needed for mass production from the BIM model by utilizing the dynamo algorithm. Therefore, in order to verify the 4D and 5D design support algorithms, we verified the applicability through consultation with related workers and experts. As a result, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to manage information about process information and to quickly extract information from design and design changes. In addition, BIM data can be used to manage and input the necessary process information in 4D and 5D, which is advantageous for shortening construction time and cost. This study will make it easy to improve design quality and manage design information, and will be the foundation for future building automation research.

The purpose of this study is to establish the housing welfare delivery system in Busan. Documentary research and content analysis methods and survey were used in this study. Housing is an essential space for people to live. And it is a place of family welfare for social life. It is also the most common living facility for human life in modern society. Housing is preparation space to prepare for social participation. Stable housing supports a stable daily life. For this reason, interest and demand for housing welfare of central government, local government and citizens is increasing. However, the current housing support is inefficient due to fragmentation or similar duplication. As the interest and demand for housing grows in importance, it is necessary to establish a support system that can meet the demand of the citizens. In order to construct an efficient housing welfare support system, matching between the housing welfare provider and the consumer is important. And it is important to secure sufficient resources. It is necessary to restructure the housing welfare delivery system by reducing dependence on public resources and finding, participating in civilian resources. In order to do this, it is necessary to operate a field support organization that can immediately and integrally support citizen’s demand in the field. In order to propose an integrated support plan for the region, I have reviewed advanced domestic and international cases. And gathered the opinions of field experts on the main support items of advanced cases. Finally, we propose a housing welfare support system suitable for the housing conditions in Busan.

As the warehouses attached to existing farmhouses have a bay of less than 10m in length, they are not the object of structural design. They are constructed by simple welding as non-residential structures. The truth of the matter is anyone avoids bearing the expenses incurred for the installation of a stable structure. So, the warehouses to existing farmhouses are currently constructed based on experiences without making a structural design and undergoing a welding inspection. Once they are installed, they are long used as they are without carrying out a structural review or a repair work unless they fail because of structural problems. Through this study, it is deemed that economic and safety-equipped warehouse facilities can be utilized if the standards of modular warehouses and the components presented are applied and constructed. In conclusion, it is necessary to conduct further studies on the safety and cost-effectiveness in installing braces for the control of lateral displacement together with the review of light-weight steel trusses that is not reviewed by this study.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the architectural technical characteristics of the Walker House as UN military facilities built in the Busan capital of the Korean War. Walker House was constructed by collecting and accumulating various kinds of stone fragments without using unitized or standardized materials widely used from modern period. It is a Japanese-style roof structure despite the fact that it is a United Nations military facility where the US military is the main force. The materials and structural characteristics of these masonry structures and Japanese-style roof are technical historical records that can refer to the supply and demand of material, the difficulty of systematic performance design, and the participation of Korean engineers during the war.

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Dziga Bertov's theory of intervals, and Bernard Tschumi's methodology of architectonic in contemporary architecture. This will provide many interesting perspectives on the intentions and methodologies of each genre, and will further enrich the understanding of each parts. This study analyses these two theory through philosopher, Jacques Lacan's desire theory to represent unconsciousness as an indicator of human behavior. Firstly, Bertov emphasized two features of perception from the viewpoint of camera. The camera's gaze not only gained some sort of autonomy, but also thought that it could provide numerous possibilities for the change of time, so that it could acquire the autonomy of the line of sight. Secondly, because architectectonic exhibits a very similar structural process to the weaving of language structures, it is important to explore not only the visible form of linguistic structure but also the psychiatric mechanism that trespass from the unconsciousness. Such contents means that beyond the form of simple architectonic, there will be an expanding area where the causes and methodologies generate the architecture and also there will be the underlying forces that produce architectural representations (expression, spatial atmosphere, interior space). Finally, Tschumi is showing successful fantastic images of the whole time and space by trans-programming and placing them as in the cross-editing methodologies.

The purpose of this study is about the distribution and characteristic of multi-family housing in Jeju. First, in Jeju, the number of new and new housing permits had increased sharply due to the increase of tourists and population inflow. However, it is showing a recent decline. Second, the number of apartment house permits by Eup, Myeon, and Dong is in the order of Aratong, Awol-eup and Jocheon-eup in Jeju City, and Daejeong-eup, Daeryun-dong and Namwon-eup in Seogwipo City. Development activities are more being carried out in the Eup area and Myeon areas than the existing urban areas. Third, the number of newly built apartment buildings by 2014 has been supplied mainly in city area. Since 2015, we can see apartment construction. is spreading to rural area. From 2016, apartment had been constructed throughout the whole Jeju Island (middle mountain area, coastal area) In 2018, the apartments has been newly constructed in Daejeong-eup. Fourth, if you look at the number of new buildings built in rural area, many natural green tract area are being developed around the eastern part of Jeju city in 2015 and 2016. And in 2018, Daejeong-eup has the highest development rate. Thus, management measures about it are needed. Fifth, the number of parking lots per unit of Jeju apartment building is very low, from 0.7 and 0.9. Therefore, it is considered that even in the case of apartments which has less than 20 households, it is necessary to make the basic guidelines for the convenient life in the administrative city.

The purpose of the study is to further analyze the framework of Singapore smart nation initiative and policy measures to prepare for the impact of the fourth industrial revolution. The Fourth Industrial Revolution features hyper-automation and hyper-connectivity, and will greatly expand the scope of works that can be automated. humans and humans, machines and machines, and humans and machines will interact at the same rate as real-time, creating big data. Singapore is responding to the disruptive changes in the fourth industrial revolution and urban problems by pursuing a smart nation initiative. The smart nation initiative is being pushed forward with a desire to create a country that connects everyone and everything anytime, anywhere. It is an attempt to find new economic opportunities by utilizing smart technologies from the fourth industrial revolution to improve the lives of citizens and lead the digital innovation economy. The smart nation initiative has meaning in three ways. First, data-based policy decisions can transform the practice of relying on expert opinion or experience of professional into a more scientific and evidence-based process. Next, open data and data integration facilitate public and private collaboration in policy making and social problem solving, and helps to better develop private creativity. Finally, there should be constant policy efforts to create an innovative ecosystem and develop this into a cultural phenomenon.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of Hidden gates form with the times. Fortresses position is constructed on the Korea mountain ranges. Hidden gate, one of facilities to construct fortress among various factors, represents as route of supplies way, ask for rescue, or counterattack plan to come in. The shape of hidden gate changes depend on land form, function, and time period. Previous research partially based on archeology or history. This research analyze Namhan mountain fortresses, one of the highest hidden gates count in Korea, distributive by main fortress, Bong-am fortress, Hanbong fortress. Nahhan Mountain fortress repeatedly affected by King Injo in Joseon Dynasty. As a result, Nahhan Mountain fortress consist of hidden gates alternation depend on the time of establishment or extension which makes different shape or size.

In this study, we wanted to find out effect of walking characteristics of crowd evacuating through stairs on rotation direction at stair landing. This is to investigate change of walking speed according to change of crowd density. The study was carried out through evacuation experiments, and a total of 20 participants participated in experiment. The results of this study are as follows: First, rotation direction did not affect walking speed of crowd passing through stairs. Second, regardless of rotation direction, walking speed increased as crowd density increased at stair landing. In general, walking speed decreased as crowd density increased, but walking speed increased as crowd density increased in stair landing. Walking speed increased by about 0.023 m/s for every 0.1 person/m2 increase in crowd density during down-left turn, about 0.022 m/s for every 0.1 person/m2 increase in crowd density during down-right turn, and about 0.018 m/s for every 0.1 person/m2 increase in crowd density during up-left turn. The results of up-right turn were excluded because the data were not significant.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the enhancement of technology in domestic related fields through the completion of soil material development and manufacturing technology using recycled materials. Especially, it is important to make the rooftop landscaping easily accomplished by the landlord himself by simplifying manufacturing and construction. I have. The results of the study are as follows. 1) It is considered that the development of lightweight block for vegetation will contribute to the expansion of demand for the industrialization of native plants including rhizome and plants. 2) The rooftop greening absorbs heavy metals such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen compounds, benzene, and dust and purifies the air by releasing oxygen. Therefore, this study will also help secure the rooftop green space. 3) The rooftop greening seems to be effective in reducing water pollution by filtering the initial rainfall through the soil layer. Soil on the roof also rust will serve to reduce the noise by crushing to absorb sound waves. 4) The rooftop greening soil layer will have the effect of improving the durability of the building by protecting the waterproof layer by acid rain and ultraviolet rays and preventing the aging of concrete, and the durability of the concrete surface under the rooftop greening will be improved by virtue of no temperature change.

Since the collapse accident occurred frequently during the construction when the floor height is high and the connection is made more than two stories, the government recommends the installation of the system support instead of the pipe support in the case of the construction of the height over a certain height. However, the system has been repeatedly assembled in a narrow place, so that it is possible to work as a cause of the disease called musculoskeletal disease. Particularly, in temporary equipment lender and construction companies, it is necessary to repetitively work with assembling and tooling of each member when working on workers. Therefore, as the number of occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal diseases increases, the related research is underway. However, in the existing research, the research has been limited to the lighter weight of the scaffold and the formwork, and there is no research on the weight saving of the system supporting the form. Therefore, in this study, we perform performance test and structural analysis of the high strength lightweight system support, which is developed to minimize the worker's musculoskeletal diseases and workload, and compare with the performance of the current system support.

This study is aimed at providing fundamental data on the durability performance of concrete for artificial ground connected with railway facilities by experimentally evaluating the crack propagation pattern and crack recovery performance according to the vibration load of concrete for artificial ground. Experimental study on the crack initiation pattern and crack recovery performance according to vibrational load of concrete for artificial ground is concluded as follows. 1) The analysis result for the crack generation amount of 24MPa concrete specimen showed that the total crack length of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) specimen was 210mm and the crack width was 1.8mm whereas the crack lengths of the concrete on the artificial ground were 142mm and 171mm, respectively, indicating that the crack lengths of the concrete on the artificial ground were improved by 19% and 33% and the crack widths were also reduced by 17% and 50%, respectively. 2) The study of the crack generation characteristics of 30MPa concrete specimen showed that the total crack generation length of OPC specimen was 203mm and the crack width was 1.8mm whereas the crack lengths of the concrete on the artificial ground were 101mm and 157mm, and the crack widths were 0.8mm and 1.0mm, indicating that the crack lengths were decreased by 23% and 51% while the crack widths were also decreased by 45% and 56%, respectively.

There were several lime mixtures used for basic materials and wall plastering in building construction in the Joseon Era, one of them is Ocher-Sand Lime(Sammulhoe, 三物灰). It was so excellent one used for Royal Tombs and Palaces. Accordingly, this study aims at figuring out 1) if Ocher-Lime could be applied as modern eco-friendly materials in construction and 2) its performances based on ICOMOS' criteria that 'the parts to be recovered should be done in the scope of specifications and technologies conserved in the time of the construction' in repairing and recovering the building from fire damages, etc. Therefore, ascertaining the materials and mixing rate of Ocher-Sand Lime through the related literature in the Josen Era was conducted, and the experiments on performances for basic and wall plastering materials based on KS testing methods were done as follows: In the experiments, mixing the materials, flow and congelation of the samples before and after hardening, bending and compressing strengths, surface contact angle(water-proofness), permeability, and surface cracking property were tested and analyzed. As a result of the ascertaining, sammulhoe consists basically of lime, sand, and ocher in the ratio of 3:1:1, and is added with elm bark water. For the characteristics of the samples mixed according to the mixing ratio given for the experiments before their hardening, there are some differences depending on conditions of ocher and sand smashed. Congelation time took twice or three times longer than ordinary cement mortar. After hardening, average compressing and bending strengths of sammulhoe ranged in 3~4㎫ and 0.6~0.8㎫, respectively, and it was far weaker than ordinary cement mortar. However, when adding elm bark water, the samples showed some waterproof and permeable characteristics. The surface cracking property was different by their mixing ratio. In order to use traditional construction material, sammulhoe as a modern architecture material, it is necessary to conduct additional ascertaining and research for improving its performances in various areas.

An observation of the mortality rate in the construction industry by age for the past five years shows that the mortality rate of those 50 years of age and older is consistently increasing. As the number of middle and old aged workers is continuously increasing, their hazard rate is also increasing so hazard prevention efforts for them are being urgently demanded. In particular, with regard to middle and old aged workers, there are many experienced in construction so wrong work methods or habits adopted in the past can cause hazards so safety education that can allow middle and old aged workers to adopt proper work methods or habits is urgently needed. At this, this study proposes a safety education model for middle and old aged workers that takes into consideration the characteristics of middle and old aged workers. The accuracy of the developed model was evaluated and its applicability was reviewed based on data. Verification of this proposed model was made by conducting a likelihood ratio test and correction rate test and likelihood ratio test results showed that all safety education elements were significant at a significance level of 0.1% and they also had a goodness of fit of 83%, so their potential for applicability in actual construction sites was verified. The accuracy of this model will increase as more data accumulates in the future.

The purpose of this study is to propose the building design guideline considering photovoltaic panel installation through the analysis of relevant guidelines from home and abroad in terms of building design and solar panel installation. Conclusions can be summarized as followings; Considerations in building design : selection of the site with high solar accessibility, avoidance of the shade from the adjacent building & trees, south facing orientation of solar panel in building design, removal of shade on the solar panel from the part of building itself, load consideration of solar panel & fixing materials, safe passage securement for solar system maintenance, and planning of piping and mechanical room for solar system. Considerations in solar panel installation : harmonizing of solar panel with surrounding environment, unity of solar panel orientation & slope, regular maintenance of solar system, (in case of flat roof installation) solar panel installation afloat over the roof, installation area within the roof floor, and lower than parapet height, (in case of sloped roof installation) solar panel installation parallel with the roof slope, ventilation space securement below the panel, installation area within the roof surface, and similar material installation in empty space.