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The art for architecture's sake of Karl Friedrich Schinkel was so diverse and his output of architecture was so huge that he defies neat stylistic classification. He is Gothic yet Greek; classical yet modern; poetic yet rationalistic; a sober civil servant with a commitment to architecture as a public service, yet the friend of princes and the designer of palaces. He was profoundly influenced by Friedrich Gilly and the tours of Italy, England, Austria and France. Also he played an important role in the German architecture of the first half 19th century. The buildings and designs such as the first work of mausoleum of Queen Luise, National Cathedral for Wars of Liberation as Gothic designs, such as Neue Wache royal guard house, Schauspielhaus-theater & concert hall, Altes Museum and Schloss Orianda not to be built as classical designs, such as Schloss Tegel, Casino, Schloss Charlottenhof, Court Gardener's House as vernacular Italic designs, such as Schloss Glienicke, the palace for Prince Karl and Prince Albrecht, Schloss Babelsberg as results of England tour and such as Bauakademie as modern design can be seen as the realization of his ideals since those are surely a landmark in the history of Germany and Western architecture. His work inspired the development of Berlin and other north German area, and encouraged the adoption of Neo-Baroque modes in the newly founded German Empire after his death. His search for architectural fundamentals gives him a permanent significance in European architecture which is independent of the particular historical circumstances of his days. In spite of being not consistent in his architectural theory and being lost himself in a maze, there is no denying that he is at the height of German architecture up to now.

Abstract 1. 서론 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1.2 연구의 범위 및 방법 2. 유럽에서의 집합주택과 건축양식의 변화 2.1 근대 이후의 집합주택 건축양식 2.2 포스트모던 양식 건축의 등장과 양식 변화 3. 조사대상 집합주택 3.1 베를린의 IBA지구 3.2 헤이그의 De Resident지구 4. 집합주택 사례로 본 포스트모던 양식 적용의 범주 4.1 도시맥락과의 연계 4.2 오픈스페이스 4.3 유형과 매스, 그리고 입면 4.4 단위주호의 구성 5. 집합주택에서 나타나는 포스트모던 양식의 특징 6. 결론 참고문헌

Post-modern style has been losing its ground in architectural discourse since it attracted the most popularity in 1970s and 80s. However, Post-modern design stream has been one of the most creative strategies especially for many European multi-family housing projects such as IBA in Berlin and De Resident in Hague. From this perspective, this study is looking into the characteristics and the meaning of Post-modern style in multi-family housings. The Post-modern design in multi-family housing can be understood through not only its decorative aspect in appearance but multiple layers of the cultural and urban context it tries to embrace. One of the most characteristic features of Post-modern housing is to produce various design expressions by reading historical context in urban dimension and creating new types of building block and architecture. It deals with a wide range of architectural and design issues and expresses them in totality ; urban planning, creating typology, designing housing unit, exterior design, and details and decoration. In this sense, Post-modern style is far from being outdated for multi-family housing projects. In Korea today, there are strong social pressure for the preservation of urban fabric and the improvement of cultural aspects in housing. From this point of view, the Post-modern approach can be one of useful solutions to multi-family housing in Korea.

The ecological crisis sends us back to a general crisis of society, politics and existentialism. The current discourse weaves ecology and technology in transformative flux. It not only searches for an ecologically sustainable development, but also proposes as well a catalytic fusion between ecology/environment/human and technology/economics/nature intentionally generating some relation-centered paradigms. How might we change our ways of thinking? How might we reinvent social practices that would give to humanity the sense of its esponsibility? On this point, the consideration for ecological thinking(including paradigm, discourse, and theory) is vital to the establishment of our view on the environment. This study focuses on follow subjects : 1. Departure from modernism and philosophy of environment as challenge and response. 2. Relation-centered paradigm and ecological paradigm as an environmental consciousness. 3. Sustainable development and system theory as a practical discourse. It is expected that ecological thinking serves to reassess our environmental illiteracy by placing a priority on learning from nature and taking care of nature in the architecture and community.

have a sense of influencing the design decision making process and increased feelings of responsibility in decision making. While it is necessary to identify goals and objectives in planning for participation, it is also necessary to analyze the techniques that are available and the resources they require. Techniques such as surveys, review boards, neighbourhood meetings, conferences, task force, workshops and interviews, represent a few of the options available to participatory planners. Participation in the development housing provides the opportunity for users to express their needs and goals. An aim of this study on searching out the user participatory methods in the planning process of the residential area. It discusses the various methods which can apply on redevelopment in the residential area. The study was conducted by a case study though the method of interview and questionary in residential area. The analysis of the results focused the characteristics of residents' opinion and interest. This study can be considered as the total organization of physical space, directly or indirectly involving in the decision making process whoever has to live with its consequences.

achieve the objective of this study, theories and previous studies related to Land Information, Trust, Real Estate Development were reviewed, and questionnaire was performed was consciousness of RED. The questionnaires were given 199 RED in Choung-Ju city, who are well versed in Real Estate Development. And the analysis of this research includes in the three sides of a value of data(cadastral information), data treatment and data transfer system.

The physical training in adolescent period is effective to prevent the several adolescent problems. Also it is helpful to promote the harmonious physical and spiritual development in adolescent period. This study is to grasp the problems of the existing training facilities and make alternative proposals by researching the present condition in 5 youth centers in Daegu, the laws and regulations, preceding research, the blueprints of each facilities, and the statistics about actual frequency of usage and areas. The major results of this study were as follows. First, through this study we suggest the youths can do physical training in a better circumstances. Second, we can improve the training facilities by the change of the area which it follows in user. Third, the change in numbers by the frequency usage, public use of the training facilities, connection with the cultural and sensibility facilities and the introduction of particular training facilities.

The purpose of this study is to investigate satisfaction degree of habitants based on the conciousness of residential environment about modernized earth housing located on nationwide scale, and to suggest basic data reflectible on the planning of earth housing. The usability pattern of physical facilities related with earth housing is studied through interviews with habitants, and the consciousness about residential environments is tested through questionnaire. As a result, functionality, health, approach, external ambience and safety are orderly influential factors on the consciousness of habitants. Men show more higher satisfaction degree than women in the approach and safety and the septuagenary habitants are remarkably satisfied with in the health and functionality. Personal difference of habitants shown in each character of residential environment is also considerable factor. These results suggest insufficient reflection of various personal difference in consideration of satisfaction degree of habitants, and minute observation is required about other factors except functionality and health.

The present study performed subjective evaluation experiments using slides and scale‐down models in order to propose guidelines for lighting environment desirable for each behavior in the office. The evaluation measure was composed of 20 mood items and 15 behavior items. As for experiment methods, the slide experiment used SD method, and the scale‐down model experiment used Scheffe’s paired comparison. The results of this study are as follows. 1) Desirable lighting environment for “working“ is uniform lighting using general lights with fluorescent-lamp. 2) Lighting environment desirable for ”non-working“ is non-uniform lighting using candescent lamps and local lights. 3) Lighting for working requires bright illuminance and high color‐temperature(6000K). 4) Lighting for relaxation requires low illuminance and middle color‐temperature(4000K). 5) For conversation, bright illuminance is more desirable than dark one, and the most adequate color temperature is 6000K.

This study is to experiment the effects of the color for exterior of the child care centers, in the esthetic psychological, physiological and psychophysical realms. This experiment was given to young people, youths, middle aged people, advanced aged people. The total numbers of 850 respondents were divided equal into these four age groups and experts. Each person was asked to choose 3 colors out of an available 110 from a hue chart. These 110 colors had been classified into ten colors in ten shades and also into five colors in twenty shades by the Munsell color system. According to the statistics gleaned from the study, each building had three most preference colors by both the experts and the general populous. The results of this research indicated that some general statements could be made as to peoples color preference.

Recently a lot of changes take place in the field of architecture. Among them the preparation for architectural accrediting program and qualifying examination system for the registered architects are remarkable. The aim of this study is to inspect carefully the changes of qualifying examination system for the registered architects since 2001 and to recognize how to research consistently for the future. Especially passing system classified by subjects begins in 2005 influenced by U.S.A. and many specialists concerned have made effort to erect more objective and fair standards. It is also necessary to conduct the differentiated researches on the exams system & the criteria of questions for exams because the candidates completed the architectural accrediting program will take the first exams in 2010. To do this, the importance is that we have to understand a series of continuity such as education-training-examination and to establish the closer relationship between educational curriculum for the students and qualifying examination for the registered architects.

This study is to examine the demands for neighborhood environment of the apartment residents and embody the demands for the neighborhood environment of apartment complex according to family life cycle and housing size. The findings of this study are as follows ; (1) The group of after adulthood showed a high demands for ‘green zone’, ‘idyllic housing region’, ‘healthy spaces’ and ‘space for meditation or yoga’ while the other group (preschool families, elementary education families, middle and high schooler's education families) showed a high demands for ‘area with good facilities’, ‘suburban area’, ‘good school zone’ and ‘indoor pool’. The group of preschool families highly demanded ‘nursery and play space for child’, while the group of elementary education families, middle and high schooler's education families highly demanded ‘library and study room’ for children. (2) The ‘public space’ was highly demanded in the group of small housing size, ‘sports space’ was highly demanded in the group of ‘30～39 pyeong’(99m2∼128.7m2). This study furnishes data to planning of the neighborhood environment in apartment site.

The purpose of this proposal is investigate fundamental data required in architectural planning of low-cost elderly care facility which is increasing henceforth, by studying spatial composition and use environment through analysing and researching on actual condition of low-cost elderly care facility among senior residential welf are facilities, mainly used by seniors who have no surviving relatives and in the lower brackets of income, or who live alone in rural areas. In order to research spatial composition and use environment of senior residential welfare facilities, interviews and field studies have been done by visiting present low-cost elderly care facility in Jeonnam Region. Also, the relativity of room to room was investigated through plot planning, facility size, area component ratio, and space composition in blueprint. As for the evaluation of use environment, evaluation criteria was made from documentary records on interior or exterior environmental evaluation, and existing senior facilities evaluation. For evaluation classified by environmental field, each space has been observed, pictures have been taken, and space using status has been investigated.

The purpose of this study examines the correlation between the elements of the housing complex plan and the types of shop among the adjunct commercial facilities; then estimates the optimal business items and their volumes so as to offer a standard that could be applicable in the future housing planning. An example of Apartment Housing development in Chung-ju area is examined in details as a case study. The scope is limited to examine the correlation and produce the direction for planning the commercial facilities with focus on the case study. Based on the preliminary research, site visits, and the analysis of the condominium complex ledgers, the correlation between the housing development conditions and the adjunct business facilities were concretely analyzed, the demand and the manageable business items were estimated, which eventually leads to offering a guideline for planning specific items and their volumes for adjunct commercial facilities.

There have been a long processional space where it is located from IlJuMun(一柱門), which is the entrance of the edge of a Temple to DaeUngJeon(大雄殿), the main space in Korean Buddhist Temple. Typical outer space have organized in main space. But, in the Processional Space, we could interpret the process of entrance of Buddhist world as symbolical meaning, by using some natural and artificial elements. There are some Gates which convert a characteristics of space, in the pathway of processional space. There Gates has symbolical meaning that filtering forward paradise orderly rather than the function of clothing. And these Gates link a space to other space and set a hierarchy toward important space. The Gates of Buddhist Temple guides finality and direction obviously and gives expectation to a visitor by excellent effects.

This study evaluates the landscape effect of the development of upper-layers apartment complex which makes green background using 4-dimensional computer simulation techniques. And it presents the application method of 4-dimensional computer simulation techniques and the regulation standard of rational landscape impact assessment. According to the experiment of this study, the scene beauty increases, so that visual cover of the green by the apartment complex decreases. However, when green could be seen more than the fixed ratio, harmony of the green and the apartment complex decreased successively and it turns out that scene beauty decreases. The result of this study is utilizable as main indices at the time of performing urban design, since it can set up a suitable physical scale by predicting the landscape effect in main view points.

as intermediate mediation means to connect a city and a building is more important thing in Chungcheong Province than other areas. The present time that tries to set-up administration complex town, West Coastal belt and possibility of movement of the provincial office building is in a sudden turn now deciding the future of Chungcheong Province. Any development based on the existing planning of Planned Unit District does not make ends meet with reasonable density, finally a city loses vigor by land use availability. Therefore, this study prepares for the new design and criteria for the lot. Through these planning tools, healthy characteristics and at the same time molding of a beautiful city, can be get in result.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the life cycle cost analysis of primary cooling system in service life. During the life cycle cost analysis of primary cooling system, the project phases divided into planning/design, equipment construction, maintenance/management, and demolition/sell phases. and established cost items of each phases. The main results are as follows; (1) The result of capacity base LCC10～LCC20 of primary cooling system indicates that the absorption chiller-heater system for urban gas is better for less than 600USRT, and ice storage method is better for more than 600USRT. (2) In the LCC10～LCC20 of primary cooling system, the order of the average rates in each phases indicates maintenance /management, equipment construction, planning/design, and demolition/sell phases. (3) In the LCC10～LCC20 of primary cooling system, of the influence factor of service life indicates energy cost, water service and drainage cost, operation labor cost, maintenance cost, tax, fire insurance cost, initial interest cost, demolition labor cost, construction waste cost, sale and remain cost.

cooling and forced convection cooling in apartment, to examine the characteristics of thermal environment in living room that uses this cooling system, and to review the possibility of utilizing midnight electric power based on time-lag cooling effect of thermal storage in the mass of floor slab. And also this research aims to create thermal comfort environment and to establish the basic data for the development and designing of mixed-use cooling system with high efficiency and low cost.

The effectiveness of vibration control using Linear Quadratic Gaussian(LQG) method applied in the base isolated building is investigated. The robust stability of the closed loop system measured by phase and gain margin is also studied to verify its demerit. Since the base isolated building exhibits the largest relative displacements in the base isolator, the control target is to reduce them by aid of the LGQ method. The closed loop control system consists of an actuator located in the base isolated floor and an observer. The observer used to estimate all the states, floor displacements in this case, based on the measured state is found to be the most effective when located in the base isolated floor. The results indicated that the LGQ hybrid control method using only one measured displacement suppressed effectively the relative displacement in the base isolated floor compared to the responses from Linear Quadratic(LQ) control method where all the states should be measured. This LQG control system, however, loses all the system stability margin and robustness due to the Kalman filter adapted in its algorithm.

The purpose of this study is to develop comfortable environment by pre-civil works methods, to reduce construction period by enhancing worker's efficiency, safety and quality, and to reduce building cost. In most construction field, accessory civil works methods begins and then civil work such as backfill is continued after structure construction is completed. Public nuisance of vibration and scattering dust from the construction field causes popular complaint. In case of rain, the problem of drainage also causes some difficulties on thoroughfare of vehicle and workers. Thus, work interruptions caused from those problems severely influence on field management and construction process. In addition, it is true that building cost such as pollution prevention system for air, water and noise, and construction machine for ecological construction is increased. After development of field environment, positive results such as efficient movement of construction machine, fixed material stockpile, efficient cite management, solution of 3D jobs evasion, increase of work performance and quality, safety are expected. Reduction of construction period and decrease of building cost can be other positive effects. Furthermore, through pre-civil work of apartment construction site and pavement and gardening works, temporary work cost can be deducted from the early use of field office by using parking lot and other facilities. Children's play ground, and residence park can be used as material stockpile, thus, low quality from the often material movement and lost material can be prevented. The purpose of this study is to apply pre-acivil works methods to apartment construction field because it has positive effects on comfortable work environment, worker's performance, building quality, construction period and building cost.

This study aims to find out problems through pilot survey of Safety Diagnosis in small and medium scale remodeling construction. And then this study derives priority indexes of problems through questionnaire survey and suggests betterments in the Safety Diagnosis and checks of remodeling construction. The process of study is as follows. Firstly, Through synthetic analysis of theoretical study, case study, and problems which are suggested in the pilot survey, 28 problems were derived (14 problems of constructor, 14 problems of agency of safety diagnosis). Secondly, Through questionnaire survey of 28 problems which were derived before, priority indexes of problems were decided. And after descriptive analysis was executed. Thirdly, 5 betterments were suggested through 14 betterments of high indexes which were derived from the descriptive analysis.

Usually, processing whole project or a part of frame work delays due to acceleration, changing orders, management, characters of projects, overtime, worker crowding, early occupation in the field of construction. Through a whole project, these factors cause decreasing construction labor-productivity which is the most dependent in business of construction. These kind of decreasing of construction labor-productivity cause many negative effects, just as extension of time, increasing cost in project of construction. Regardless of characters of construction or decreasing labor-productivity, extension of time is a incident which needs acceleration, also it cause a high possibility of claim and dispute. The productivity has just a broad meaning in business of construction. That's why it's difficult to apply in the field of construction. Especially, factors increasing or decreasing labor-productivity is defined by analysis of working as qualitative and outlined evaluation. However, study of the each factor decreasing construction labor-productivity analysis has not researched, because of difficulty of systematic measurement and management. The existed studies about management of productivity are just focused on estimation of productivity, not on evaluation of productivity. It was true that I couldn't examine clearly about the analysis of how much important per each the factor which have influence on labor-productivity because of the characteristic as qualitative that the labor productivity have. On this study, I tried to get the factors decreasing of labor-productivity with gathering opinions of panels of expert's studies about the factors decreasing of labor-productivity on project of construction through Delphi method and I evaluated the result factors as quantitatively and subjectively about importance of factors decreasing construction labor-productivity analysis, using AHP Method by Saaty. Also, using Delphi and AHP method, I suggest substantiated method qualitative factors are measured by quantitative criteria.