Earticle

South Korea is one of countries with the most developed and efficient subway systems in the world. By applying Universal Design principles, the subway stations South Korea can be more functional and more user-friendly for everyone in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate subway stations facilities in South Korea by Universal Design principles to suggest subway stations design directions in Vietnam. Literature review, case study, and site-visits were used as study methods. The results showed that four subway lines in South Korea appeared high mobility, easy utilization and information. The best elements are found out through the evaluation of installation status of convenient facilities and application of Universal Design principles in subway stations. The best elements on six areas are as follows: Universal movement lines, Universal facilities, Universal walkways, Audio and visual information system, Universal signage, and identifiable stations. The conclusions are that the Universal Design applications of South Korea’s subway station designs are very well, South Korea cases for the experiences of Universal Design can be adaptable in Vietnam’s Subway station design. Therefore, Vietnam government policy for subway stations needs to reflect the Universal Design, and Universal Design principles should be considered in the beginning stage of the planning of the subway stations, and the communications for architects and managers are essential.

The interlayer noise in apartment buildings is becoming a social problem, and the number of disputes related to it are increasing every year. Measuring and locating the noise sources using sound level meters is critical for the resolution of this problem. However, sound level meters are expensive, delicate, bulky, making them difficult to use. Smartphones are powerful minicomputers equipped with various sensors like microphones, accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS, etc. They are a universal device used by the majority of the population. Many studies have proven the accuracy of smartphone noise measurement applications and their potential as environmental monitoring tools. But studies on the potential for the use of smartphones to resolve the issue of interlayer noise in apartment buildings are lacking. Therefore, this study proposes a system to monitor the interlayer noise that will measure the sound and estimate the location of the noise using the sensors and applications in smartphones. To evaluate how this system can be used effectively within an apartment building, a case study has been performed to verify its validity. The result shows that the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between the actual noise generating position and the estimated noise source location was measured at 1.7 m, with a minimum error of 0.4 m and a maximum error of 3.2 m. This means that smartphones, in the future, can be used as low-cost monitoring and evaluation devices to measure the interlayer noise in apartment buildings

The apartment-type factories have become integrated as the industrial structure has advanced and reorganized with the convergence of high-tech knowledge, manufacturing and service industries. Construction defects that may occur in apartment-type factories need to be watched closely because they can have the combined characteristics of all the types of defects that may occur in apartments, efficency apartments, shopping malls, office buildings and factory facilities. Through this study, we analyzed four rulings on defect lawsuit cases related to the Apartment-type factories. According to the analysis, the amount of compensation determined for defects prior to approval of use accounted for 77.5% of the total compensation. This is 3.4 times more than the amount of compensation determined for defects that occurred after approval of use. We analyzed the defects that occurred prior to the approval of use and classified them into eight categories. In addition, the survey related to each defect was conducted to suggest the flow of quality improvement activities and major actions in stages. In addition, we also suggest quality improvement measures to prevent construction defects that occur before approval of use by referring to opinions of experts in related fields.

The purpose of this study is to revitalize urban regeneration of Gupo-dong for the population inflow of diverse classes prepared for the reduction, finally make suggestions for revitalizing Gupo Station Plaza, the central space of Gupo Station. The research method is as follows based on the development plan applied to the basic ideas analyzed through the literature review, The theme and detailed elements of the square space is derived from the analysis the physical environment and space characteristics of the urban renewal New Deal project-focused urban counter-tax square space. The spatial scope of this study is 1060-470 members (244,000㎡) of Gupo-dong, Buk-gu, Busan, and time-based scope is the current status are research conducted in the second half of 2019 during the project implementation period from 2018 to 2022. The results of the study are as follows The improvement points of the square into three alternatives are summed up, and review the urban square function and the reverse square function through the green space, experience space and service space. First, it was analyzed that residential conditions for local residents were poor. Second, with the rapid aging rate (10.74 percent) since 2027, the influx of the population in Gupo Station was analyzed to be a very important factor by revitalizing the plaza. Third, the physical characteristics of Gupo Station Square itself are media facades, among the functions of the Reverse Square, the functions of the light and green are needed, and the consciousness(event) which is the functions of the urban plaza, was derived as a very important element.

University education needs to change for keeping up with the times. Domestic universities have been trying to adopt innovative teaching methods such as team-based learning. However, educational innovation has not yet been promoted in the field of architectural engineering. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze learners’ demands, and thus make contributions to educational innovation. Major findings of the study are as follows. The main differences between innovative lectures adopting team-based learning and general lectures are ‘pre-learning’ and ‘participation learning’. ‘Pre-learning’ is the preparation of one’s lessons before lectures. ‘Participation learning’ is the participation in lectures. As a result of survey on learner’s demands, learners responded that they need ‘E-books’ and ‘video lectures’ for pre-learning. Smartphones were preferred as learning tools, and tablet PCs were less preferred than smartphones and PCs. For ‘participation learning’, they wanted to be given opportunities for questions and answers in a variety of ways. It was also found that problem-based learning, which is an instructional method that can solve practical problems during lectures, could be helpful in ‘participation learning’.

As the social interest in seismic design of telecommunication facilities increased in the early 2000s, studies on the development of seismic electrical cabinet in ordinary buildings began to be conducted. In Korea, various methods have been suggested to improve the seismic performance of electrical cabinet for ordinary building, but only a few of them are actually used. In this study, seismic isolation device was developed, based on the results of the nonlinear time history analysis, to increase the seismic performance of the electrical cabinet, and the seismic performance was verified by shaking table tests. The results of the analysis and tests are as follows; (1) Proposed simplified model showed the possibility of being usefully used to grasp the dynamic characteristics of the electrical cabinet. (2) As a result of shaking table tests, the maximum bottom shear force was reduced by 55% and operated normally to satisfy the demanded performance of the electrical cabinet. (3) A series of processes performed in this study, seismic isolator can be useful in the development of seismic isolators for electrical cabinet in the future.

By studying the locality of Jeju architecture from domestic and foreign architects to contemporary architecture, conceptual vocabularies about several localities were extracted. Also the concept of locality converged to two aspects by exploring Jeju architecture in the 1980s and 1990s; phenomenological locality and hermeneutical locality. Since the 1980s, these two concepts have been intended to be realized through the works of Jeju architects. And it is significant in that it is still operating effectively. From the 1980s to the present, phenomenological locality will be referred to the locality that enables the phenomenological experience through the construction of Jeju traditional houses, Jeju's unique materials, and Jeju's nature and landscapes. Hermeneutical locality will be said to be a locality that interprets Jeju's character in architecture by embedding layout, spatial composition, and Jeju's unique history, culture, and identity into architecture. These two concepts which are organized through a series of studies, will be an effective tool in analyzing the locality of Jeju architecture.

As the structural design method has been changed from the elastic strength design method to the ultimate strength design method, the number of shear reinforcing bars increased greatly. In this paper, we propose a method of arranging a large number of legs into two. With this method, we analyze the Workability & Economic Efficiency, economic feasibility, and inner force of the main bars and concluded as follows. First, 3 ~ 6 legs of shear reinforcement may show no problem in the drawing, but when the upper bar concentrated at the end of the beam is complex, the 90° & 135° hook must anchor the upper and lower reinforcement bars. This method needs to be improved because various expedient have occurred due to poor constructability and poor workability for hanging a 90 ° hook on the upper bar by hooking the lower bar upward. Second, by reorganizing the existing number of shear reinforcing bars into two and arranging them, and therefore by drastically reducing the total installation work, the amount of rebar can be reduced by up to 26%. Third, by developing a simplified detail and using D10 / 2 section on the lower bar, an increase in the bending strength of the girder was found to occur 10~24%.

Some ceiling systems were damaged by Pohang earthquake so concerns on the seismic performance of them has raised. In this study the shake table test of the ceiling system was conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior and those failure type under earthquake condition. The test specimen was a gypsum panel ceiling system with M-bar type which was used in school building. As the result of the test, minor damage such as falling of single panel around the perimeter and separation from molding was found under domestic design earthquake level. The acceleration response of the ceiling system was amplified over the input acceleration but below 2.5 times. Therefore, it seemed that it was reasonable to use a response amplification factor of 2.5 as the seismic design parameter. Its displacement response was increased as the boundary condition of perimeter was changed by increasing input acceleration. Additionally, the simple spring-mass model of the ceiling system using the lumped mass of the system supported by a hanger and flexure stiffness of the hanger was suggested, and the boundary condition between the panels and the molding part of the ceiling system was assumed as the axial springs. The seismic response analysis was performed to verify the model and to evaluate the seismic demand by the three types of the hanger length. The analysis model could predict properly the displacement response of the specimen when the stiffness of the axial spring was applied to be low. Moreover, analysis results showed that the seismic force and displacement demands affected by the length of the hanger and boundary rigidity, so it needed to be considered for the seismic design of the ceiling system.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the vulnerability of vertical evacuation and propose improvement. The study process included the review of evacuation regulations required for the construction of medical facilities and physical information on users with assistive devices and assistants. Evacuation simulations were performed under two major scenarios: the first scenario was that users with assist devices evacuated with using elevators, and the second one was that they evacuated only by stairs with using evacuation devices. It was assumed that assistants intervened in the evacuation process for both scenarios. With a comparison of simulation results, the evacuation time with using elevators was less than the one only using stairs. Also, the increase of users using assistive devices decreased the time difference of two evacuation scenarios. The situation using stairs had also users’ evacuation without any type of assonance delayed. As a result, this study proposed architectural planning directions for improving the analyzed vulnerability to the vertical evacuation methods.

Four reinforced concrete infilled shear wall using retrofitting system were tested under both vertical and cyclic loadings, Experimental programs were carried out to evaluate and improve the seismic performance of such test specimens, such as the hysteretic behavior, the maximum horizontal strength, energy dissipation capacity, crack propagation, and ductility etc. under load reversals. All the specimens were modeled in one-third scale size. Based on the test results reported in this study, the following conclusions can be made. The specimens(RWHC, RWAHC, RWXHC) designed by the high ductile fiber composite mortar, anchoring system, and diagonal reinforcement for standard specimen(SRF) were increased 1.1~1.2 times in comparison with the standard specimen(SRF). Energy dissipation capacity of specimens designed by the improving of seismic performance were increased 1.7~2.2 times in comparison with the standard specimen(SRF).

This study is a follow-up study conducted in 2016 to analyze the status of building height and to prepare a height management systems after the abolition of the Setback regulation from road width. The purpose of this study is to continuously analyze the problems of architectural and urban that appear after the first study, and to suggest standards and systems for building height management. To this end, the process of negative urban spatial structure changes due to the abolition of the Setback regulation from road width is organized by research period. And, we tried to improve the problems by applying the building height standards, which are individually introduced by the local governments, to actual cases. As a result, negative changes in the architectural and urban environment due to the abolition of the Setback regulation from road width are evolving into various forms. Therefore, what is important for building height management is the need to develop management standards and systems to cope with various situations by continuously analyzing architectural and urban problems.

In this research, with the aim of providing the various applications of the bubble sheets, the insulting performance, and economic advantage of a residential house of roof-insulating with double-layered bubble sheets was assessed by comparing and analyzing the temperature history during both summer and winter periods and energy simulation analysis. Generally, the bubble sheet is the curing material for concrete slab and it is provided sufficient performance of securing the temperature of the concrete during cold weather period. By installing the bubble sheet under the roofing tiles, during the winter period, the temperature of the concrete under the roof was increased average 2.5℃ with high insulating performance of the bubble sheets. Additionally, during the summer period, the temperature under the roof was decreased approximately 5 %. Hence, by applying the bubble sheet under the roof tile, it can be expected the effect of preventing condensation and decreasing indoor temperature for winter and summer periods, respectively. Furthermore, from the analyzing results of cooling and heating energy consumption by EnergyPlus 8.8.0 software for standard typed building’s roof structure, the energy consumption was decreased about 1.16 Wh/m2 and 0.13 kWh/m2 for winter and summer periods, respectively. Therefore, the energy was reduced average 14.55 % for entire year and specifically, the energy reducing effect was higher during winter than summer.

The scale of the budget required for the establishment of new schools by city and provincial offices of education is determined by the grant paid by the Department of Local Education Finance in the Ministry of Education that is evenly applied by each school level’s size. The grants are in accordance with area-based granting standards. These current granting standards have been gradually enhanced by various factors, such as changes in curriculum and education policies, and inflation. However, there have been some opinions that they do not fully reflect real demand. And the grants are paid equally according to school class sizes. However, there is a difference in the area (facilities) criteria for each new school for each city and provincial office of education and due to the characteristics of each region or school project size, there is a difference in the execution budgeting method. This study aims to comprehensively compare and analyze the area criteria of elementary schools that are applied as a criteria for the establishment of new schools by city and provincial offices of education, and to examine their characteristics to find realistic and objective improvements. The purpose of this is to provide basic data to the Ministry of Education when establishing policies in the future to provide a basis for proper area granting standards for new schools.