Earticle

The purpose of this study is to consider in what kind of method the substantive image of architecture is being reacquired in the modern architecture. The image was lost due to the transparency caused with the material attributes of glass. Accordingly this study attempts to understand the visual properties of glass through the attempts on the architectural possibility of glass having appeared on the stage as a material representing modern architecture and to consider the material processing and deformation process of glass formed contrarily in the modern architecture for the visual recognition, from the viewpoint of visually substantive loss of architecture resulting from the transparency. This attempts to consider the substantive restoration of the visual image of architecture having been lost in the expression of infinite space, spatial property of modern architecture which the transparency of glass has. For this, this study will consider the attempts to get over the visual limit of glass through the methods of the visual feel of a material and surface twisting with the center of works by Herzog & de Meuron having shown their visual substance.

This research understands architectural form in terms of the result of the architect's mind and the design process. Accordingly, we analyzed the design process of the Villa Savoye for the revealing formal principle of the Villa Savoye. And, we presented formal principles of Villa Savoye based on design process and method. The analysis of the design process is the comparison of the state of architectural conditions including client's demands with Le Corbusier's drawings and sketches which arranged design process. Focusing the Le Corbusier's drawings and sketches is due to the architect's drawings and sketches involving his architectural mind and concept. The Villa Savoye is the fourth composition of Le Corbusier's ‘Four Compositions’ of 1929년 The Four Compositions are Le Corbusier's major houses of the 1930s which are Villa La Roche Jeanneret(1923), Villa Garches(1927), Villa Carthage(1929), Villa Savoye(1931). Fromthe above analysis we found that the Villa Savoye has a important position of the Four Compositions and houses after the 1930s because the Villa Savoye integrate the other houses and the system of Domino and Citrohan. And also, the design process of the Villa Savoye has a dialectical method to integrate the Four Compositions and Five Points. And we have realized that forms and formal principles of the Villa Savoye are constantly changed by client's demands, technical conditions, social environments, design conditions on the design process.

To search for architectural essence or the law of origins which Kahn asserted appears to recover the eternities in architecture. By the way, in the relationship between human and Nature, Kahn stated that Nature brings a means enabling life as a giver for existence and human needs Nature. In this point of view, Kahn's theoretical conclusion can be analyzed as a general unchanged treasure house of the origins, Nature. To recover the eternities is to return to Nature from the perspective of Taoism. Kahn maintaining the viewpoint of pantheism can be understood from the point that he weights the reflection toward the Creature or Nature after awakening himself, like Lao-tzu, toward the origins and the eternities which can be disregarded with excessive arrogance caused by science and material. Searching for the eternities enables communication to the past. The relationship between ‘silence’ and ‘light and darkness’ is to enable the communication between the real world and the mental world. Therefore, Kahn's idea searching ‘the origins’ and ‘silence and light’ can be understood identically as Lao-tzu's ideas, ‘the origins’ and ‘to respect the origins by nothingness’.

We, humans, are living in a so called information-oriented society. Not only few professionals but all members of the society collect, arrange, and use the information to perform their work. As we are living in this society which requires information, we quickly and accurately need to choose and use the right information. Elementary education, the very grounding level of school, is a primary educational process to learn minimum qualities needed for people's basic life. As Elementary school takes the biggest part in basis education, it especially requires to teach information literacy and self-leading learning ability to adjust to information-oriented society. Thus, changes in recognition that school library can perform a pivotal role on information education in elementary school, and extension of facilities and studies on facilities are required. Elementary school in information-oriented society should operate as a center of a grounding to educate students to perform as a member of the society. Thus, it is necessary to expand the school library facilities to meet facility standard that has been suggested and the study on rational facility standard should go on.

Currently, the three-generation family type apartment is insufficient in Korea. Purpose of this research is graping in three-generation family life has no plans to seek the inconvenience, to using take advantage of the wide range of changes to the general plan commons apartment. The scope of this study, three-generation apartment of living-together type of 35pyeong and commons apartment's plan since 1980 years. First, living-together type apartment units to analyze the relationship of space and size of space, and to determine the advantage and disadvantage. Second, commons apartment units to analyze same way. Finally, it is possible paln to take advantage from common apartment to three-generation apartment as change to using refer to the analysis of the contents of two. The result is as follows. 1. Three-generation famlys type apartment's plan is consider of old-couple and middle-couple but, it is not sufficient to care about grandchildren-generation. 2. From middle of 1980s, the common apartment plan is almost fixed. But since of 2000s, the big size plan is begun to decline small size plan. 3. The inner space distinguish between public zone and individual zone. And, to suggest a diagram is plan to public space of small size in each zone.

Church Architecture is the building built with a special purpose for Christian community unlike common Architecture. Also this place is where a human can build up spiritual relationship with the God through worship. Therefore, Church Architecture demands deep understanding about church as well as the essence of Architecture. That is, it should express the essence of Christian and believer's piety through form and, also, express spiritual meaning and symbol through space. A human makes transformed symbols of actual existence giving their own important meaning to it through symbolic behaviors. These symbols are expressed by language, art, religion and myth. For this reason, complicated organization related to each other in them makes the symbolic world of human concretely. Therefore, a human is living in the life meeting the symbolic world consciously or unconsciously which is formed through symbolic behaviors. In these days, with newly growing understanding of missionary roles of symbols in Korean Protestantism, more and more architects consider using symbols to express the essence of church and special characteristics. It is also because not only architects but also religious workers get interested in expressive characters of symbols when they have a plan building Church Architecture. This paper gets a purpose of giving the basic information of expressive characters of Aesthetical Number Symbols to plan of modern church architecture and the research was done especially in religious workers.

This paper is intended to suggest some reference materials for future development of floating architecture in Korea, by reviewing the planning and utilization of representative European companies. Reseacrh method includes the navigation of related websites and the search of reference documents. The conclusions can be summarized as followings: There are various kinds of floating architectures like residential buildings, commercial buildings and others. Since specialized companies in floating architecture field mostly employ prefabricated & modular system, the parts are produced in controlled condition, transported, assembled& installed at site. Environmentally friendly factors in floating architectures are being applied through the introduction of renewable energy technologies. In order to cover the dullness of prefabrication modular system, the company such as AquaDomi™ cooperates with outstanding architects in the process.

The purpose of this study is to figure out the organization and genealogy of Japanese architectural engineers in the early 20th century of Korea. The organization of them is largely divided by three classes, government officials of Chosun Chongdokbu, the teaching staffs, and companies. The genealogy of governmental officials was previously linked with Iwai-Shasa-Hagiwara from graduates of Tokyo empire university, and they had consequently with chairman of Chosun Institute of Architecture. The teaching staffs of Kyungsung Institute of Engineering, the higher education institute occasionally hold an additional staffs of Chosun Governor-General. The genealogy of them was previously linked with Huzisima-Nomura from graduates of Tokyo empire university, and they had lectured on architectural history. The commercial enterprises are composed with companies, contractors and private sectors. The genealogy of these commercial enterprises was represented with rather craftmanship than a graduate.

This study examines the linear causality among preference, atmosphere of requirement and image by route analysis through correlations and multiple regression analysis based on the questionnaire designed to provide basic materials of establishing the direction of color management with color satisfaction, atmosphere of requuirement and color image of apartment house colors in coastal areas of Mokpo and Yeosu. Consequently, the atmosphere of requirement was highest in harmony with surrounding environment, followed by visual comfort, affinity as living space, stability of life, and luxurious image. Cognitive structures of color image were composed of total eight factors including personality, being natural, softness, feeling of change, splendidness, scale, stability, and harmony. As a result of route analysis, it was found that color image had not influence on the feeling of change, the factor of splendidness had not affected the atmosphere of requirement and the six remaining factors had affected the whole color satisfaction. Therefore, similar harmony using like colors associated with the image of the sea with the color considering the coastal area and background colors with lower chroma and higher brightness than the city based on the characteristics of region with the proportion of nature should be used.

This study examines relations between architectural planning factors and satisfaction of residents with residential environment from the viewpoint of architectural planning by scale and supply types reflecting residents' characteristics toward external space of apartment houses in Gwangju and aims to present concrete directions for future external space planing and design from complex planning view. According to types of supply, it was analyzed that apartment houses have affected the satisfaction of residential environment most by walking space (0.736) and rest place (0.504), private rental apartment house by complex landscape (0.568), play space (0.362), walking space (0.318), green space (0.29), apartment houses for sale by residential building plan (0.623), walking space (0.404), attached facilities (0.395), national rental apartment houses by walking space (0.427) and attached facilities (0.383), and it was found that planning factors affecting the satisfaction of residential environment by types of supply varied and improvement of influential factors enhanced the satisfaction of residential environment.

Housing problems in city have being caused social contradiction that contains social discord and conflict between poor and rich. And they have raised one of social problems including a disequilibrium of demand and supply, a housing trouble, and a poor residential environment. The purpose of this study is to suggest to the improvement of social housing that exposes to a poor environment for social integration. For this, this research is to analyze the problems of domestic social housing and environment-friendly planning factors studied for prior literature. Ultimately, this study would be reconsidered the improvement of social housing proposed by the Government for the social outcast. And the environment-friendly access through the sustainablity can solve a conflict of contemporary society. But this study has limits of empirical analysis for application to social housing using environmental-friendly planning factors. Therefore, second study has to research to apply to environmental-friendly planning factors for social housing through empirical analysis.

The purpose of this study is to analyze architectural designers' aesthetic valuation for alternative selection of Sewoon shopping complex at Seoul through binary logistic regression analysis based on aesthetic value and attractiveness value. The results of this study showed that: first, we defined the value of architectural aesthetic as attractiveness value; second, psychological value and political value had an influence on architectural designers' aesthetic valuation. Social value had a relatively less influence on architectural designers' aesthetic valuation but did not meet the significance level; third, variables in Model Ⅱ(M2) had an influence on architectural designers' aesthetic valuation. Each Exp(β) value of them is 1.393(bequest value), 1.332(inherent value), 1.281(option value), and 0.669(quasi-option value) at the significance level of 0.05 (P<0.05); fourth, each Exp(β) value of aesthetic value as a factor of alternative selection is 1.577(bequest value), 1.313(use value-attraction value), and 1.264(use value-shopping) at the significance level of 0.05 (P<0.05).

The purpose of this study is to promote Korean traditional house(Hanok) supply for simplifying design factors and the method of construction in it. Therefore it is investigated the preferences of design factors on the Hanok that using a questionnaire for the residents who live in Gwang-Ju and Jeon-Nam province until recently and the investigate is to set the scene for the trend of Hanok supply and the procedure of administration on the regulation for constructing Hanok. The conclusions obtained through this study is as follows. First, government's assistance has playing an important role in Hanok supply. the regulation of Hanok supply describe mainly wall and roof which have to set up a exposed and wooden pillar also bricks, yellow earth and so on. Various construction method and researching to set up a construction without using water could promote the rate of Hanok supply. Second, the designing elements of Hanok were defined as internal factors and external factors (stylobate, wall, roof) after that the analysis of primary factor was investigated on designing elements of Hanok as a reference factor what figured out internal decorative elements, roof, stylobate and wooden floor. Especially, the top of preferences is internal designing elements and the window. Finally, Living-Hanok should be built with Korean traditional tiled roof and based on stylobate according to the result of preferences also comprised of various elevation as using the wooed floor actively.

This study examines the image regeneration of downtown shopping center at art street where shows the most severe decline of function in Gwangju and the results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. In case of street environment design, it had very negative evaluation in complexity and variety which has the greatest influence on making image and it means that luminarie, illegal parking, disorderly signboard or display of products hinder the definitude of spatial flow as well as giving special spatiality or locality. Therefore, establishing a clear image of street environment improvement is prerequisite. 2. In case of product management, negative evaluation of enjoyment and sale of art which are the factors attracting people was higher and it means that as art street has the layout with art-related businesses, general offices and stores like department stores, it lacks the specialty of enjoyment of art and sale of artworks. Therefore, guideline of kinds of stores should be established for the image regeneration of shopping street.

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the future street design through the actual survey on the streets of downtown commercial area and the results acquired through the study are as follows. Regardless of road types the most affections such as the vehicular traffic method and illegal parking in the walking safety, the road condition and walking frequency in the comfort, and any road facilities like bench and trash can in the convenience were surveyed. However, as the requirement for improvement is different according to the road type the establishment of guideline for the differentiated road design according to the type when establishing the future street plan is urgently required.

This is the article for city image improvement and includes contents on the selection of post-design evaluation elements in city design. Nowadays, cities are becoming a disordered and inconvenient space psychologically as well as visually rather than recognized by citizens as a beautiful and pleasant place on account of urban policies prioritizing development and jumbled commercial facilities in the downtown. Besides, cities do not reflect human needs that are changing rapidly in city design. Therefore, it is necessary to perform researches on methods to reflect or apply such human needs into city design. Thereby, this paper intends to select post-design evaluation elements that let us reflect those human needs in city design, and figure out them as a means to enhance city image.

This study aims to examine the characteristics of image and the extracting improvements on new and old downtown night-scape(a distant view) images in Yeosu where is the venue of the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea and draw its direction. It consists of the following As a result of examining satisfaction and image factors of night-scape of old/new downtown by the analysis of structural equation modeling, it was found that old downtown had the significant relationship to the factor of elegance and new downtown to the factor of harmony. Therefore, installation of neutral lighting at border area, strengthening/decrease of lighting by area, security of continuity of waterside lighting and of total unity by emphasis using landmark factor are needed in old downtown. And the arrangement of night lighting at commercial area, weakening of contrast with neighboring areas, and security of harmony through the formation of continuous linear landscape which is regular and rhythmical using public facilities and infrastructures centering around seashore are required in new downtown.

Since global warming becomes one of the biggest issues, many countries rush to set the policy to control energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in order to comply UNFCC. Korean government has set the Future City Strategies, and low carbon, green growth become important agenda for the strategies. Urban Planning Ordinances and Regulations provide parameter for the energy saving policy to be executed. The research focuses on the analysis of Urban Planning Regulations, Energy-related Laws, and Ubiquitous-related Laws. Through the analysis of energy related items on the laws and regulations, the research tries to reveal the items to lower the efficiency of energy related policies. The analysis shows that some energy-related items in the planning regulations appeared not to be consistent. The current ubiquitous laws and regulations do not efficiently respond with energy issue, and Environmental Review for City Management Planning is another process required to be revised.

Since 2002, the authorities of South Korea precertified over 500 Green Buildings(GB). And now, they are preparing the recertification rule. The rating to performance of energy and air pollutant is important at the precertification phase. But, the reasonable rating for these categories is not easy because the energy estimation has a lot of tolerance, it needs so hard work. Accordingly, the performance of energy category in Green Building Rating System in Korea(GBRS) rates point by using the Energy Performance Index(EPI) and it has not been rating GHG directly. However, there is available way to the reasonable rating for the performance of energy consumption and air pollutant in the recertification phase because we will be able to obtain the actual data of energy consumption and their compositions. This paper aim is to improve the reasonable rating for the categories of energy and air pollutant at recertification phase in GBRS. And it proposes the rating methods; 1) to rate point with actual energy consumption; 2) to rate point with actual GHG emission; 3) to rate point with both energy consumption and GHG emission. And it verified the proposed methods through rating result analysis using by the simulation with change of performances of the energy consumption and the GHG emission according to Energy Census in Korea in 2005 and IPCC' GHG estimation rule. In conclusion, the reasonable method which is consistent GHG emission is the second method. And, in considering both the resources and the emission, reasonable method is the third method.

This study aims to identify the indoor temperature reduction effect through new green roof system using blocks made of bottom ash to meet the low-energy environmentally-friendly building concept. And the results are presented as follows: First, when wild flowers and plants are planted instead of Crassulaceae and Nertera granadensis on the roof, their rootage and growth are completed within a short period, which is 1/3 of the period of rootage of existing plants (more than 6months), and have good propagation power so they are recommended as new plants for the roof. Second, thickness of molding for rootage is within 20cm for low-management and lightweight roof tree-planting system but we made planting blocks with less than 10cm thick to reduce load imposed on the rooftop and its possibility was verified. Its drainage power was outstanding with no chocking of rain water and no case that roots of plants are corroded without a drainage or barrier has not been observed. Third, as there was 2℃ of differences (similar with existing green roof system) in indoor temperatures in comparison with that of the place where the roof planting system was not installed, it is suggested that it is very effective in reducing heating and cooling expenses. Fourth, the total construction cost can be saved through saving feasibilities of the existing roof tree-planting system and green space given in urban areas can preserve our ecological environment and control thermal island effect in terms of thermal efficiency across every season Therefore, this study suggests this effective green roof system that is easily available.

Environmental issues have recently emerged as a key social agenda, both producers and consumers are paying greater attention and have stronger preference for “green” products, this paper selected methods to experiment the mice's materials preference, the weight of internal organ and The rate of deodorization and compared the impacts of commonly using Earth, cement and wood. In this research reached the following conclusions: 1) Preference tests were carried out between earth, cement, glued laminated timber and antiseptic-treated wood houses, in this result, all mice moved to the earth house after 2 hour, 2) The rate of deodorization in earth model house was the highest comparing other model house. The test results indicate that natural earth provides a better indoor environment than other materials such as cement and wood.

In the acoustic construction of the cinema theater that need both of the definition and the clarity, the acoustic engineers require the accurate estimation method of acoustic design for the proper acoustic performance. Nowaday, the some companies developed the computational simulators for the acoustic design that RAY NOISE, ODEON, CATT, EASE. In these simulator, the RAY NOISE R3.1 were useful program because it had 3D function and the interfaces. The aim of this research is the contribution for accuracy estimation work in the acoustic design through it investigate the errors between measured factors and estimations in the case of acoustic design and construction for the projection rooms, it used by RAY NOISE version 3.1. In the result of investigation, the measured factors in the A room(V 1,200㎥) were that Reverberation Time(RT₆₀) is 0.48±0.02sec, Definition(D₅₀) is 82.5%, Clarity(C₈₀) is 8±1dB, but the simulated factors were that RT₆₀ is 0.60±0.05sec, D₅₀ is 77.5±2.5%, C₈₀ is 5±2dB. The measured factors in the B room(V 300㎥) were that RT₆₀ is 0.36±0.01sec, D₅₀ is 94.7%, C₈₀ is 10±1dB, but the simulated factors were that RT₆₀ is 0.48±0.02sec, D₅₀ is 87.5±2.5%, C₈₀ is 6±2dB. The cause of the difference measuring and simulation were that the different between the input parameters and the real acoustic test parameters in the room. In conclusion, the computational simulator as RAY NOISE R3.1 occur the error of factors that RT₆₀ is +0.12sec, D₅₀ is -7.2 ~ -5.0%, C₈₀ is -4 ~ -3dB in the case of this research. Hereafter, the engineering field require the research which the change of in put parameter and the change of out put.

In this study, it is expected that the application of head which is used for mechanical anchor instead of standard hook applied to later tie solves workability matters and the increased effective confinement area by head conclusively confines core concrete effectively, which contributes to the increase in strength and ductility of column. Thus, by the experiment on seven 300x300 mm reinforced concrete columns subjected to uniaxial compression, the effect on the strength and ductility of the columns mediated by head was assessed. In addition, to estimate increased strength increase coefficient, lateral confinement model based on Sheikn and Uzumeri's model was suggested. As a result, ductility of specimen applied head was shown to be higher when the space between lateral ties is wider, and it is considered that the suggested model could be applied for predicting the increased strength enhancement coefficient of column by head.

In general, the shear wall with moment frame system, the shear wall with outrigger system, the tubular system, the mega column system and the cross wall system are adopted as lateral resisting system to high-rise buildings. And a common factor of these systems that resist from lateral loads is the shear wall in the core. Determining the appropriate size of the core is a key factor of designing the lateral resisting system and if the central core is relatively strong to the lateral displacement, restrictions on the grid and facade plan would decrease because requirement of other elements would be reduced. In this paper, the size of cores that a major factor of high-rise building system is analyzed. Changing the slenderness ratio from 2 to 8, structually needed size and areal ratio of the core is estimated from the basic model which has shear wall-moment frame with central core. Additionally relationships with the thickness of walls and differences due to changed rigidity of moment frame around the core are investigated in this study. Also, the difference is analyzed by comparing with the shear wall with outrigger system which is generally adopted as lateral resisting system.

There are two ways of evaluation for fire resistance performance on steel structures. One is prescriptive method and the other is performance based fire engineering design. To practice the fire engineering design in steel structures with easy, the analytic program is very effective and useful in terms of cost for fire test, evaluation period and etc. To make a new analytic program of evaluation for fire resistance, the backbone of building laws and the technical references related to fire engineering design method were surveyed and the mechanical and thermal data were gathered from the previous experimental data. The analytic program was developed by using the excel utilities and designed 3 major parts; input, solving and output. To verify the developed analytic program the comparison was done by using the previous fire test with standard sized-scale column built with a SS 400. The comparison showed that the increasing of temperature and deformation with time were very similar between analytic results and fire test. But the rapid increase of deformation according to expansion and local buckling caused from higher temperature couldn't be calculated. To increase more the reliability of analytic program the calculation of deformation caused by the expansion and the local buckling should be needed.

In spite of the disadvantage of difficulty to control the lateral displacement, the asymmetric plan originated from the quadratic plan is a general tendency due to requirements in the grid planing. Estimating the behavior of tall buildings with the asymmetric plan is more difficult to estimate than the quadratic plan due to the occurrence of torsion. So researches for specific grid plan concerning the high-rise building system are indispensable in a field of structural study. The objective of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effects of factors that resisting from lateral forces in the tall building system with Y-typed plan. This research proceeded to increase the lateral resist rigidity by increasing the core size, the column strength and cross section of column coupled with the outrigger. And the model was also analyzed through methods to add lateral resist factors which is the outrigger and the belt wall. By examining models respectively, comparative research of changes in alternative models was made and effects were analyzed with the priority of displacement and the amount of materials.

The object of this study is theoretically and experimentally investigated to flexural behaviors of form deckplate slabs using wire mesh. The wire mesh instead of deformed bars is used to improve convenience of construction. Simplifying the stage of processing and assembling reinforcing bars, the efficiency in reinforced concrete construction are increased. Total 12 specimens were tested with oil-jack system of 1,000kN capacity. Test variables are concrete slab height(150mm, 175mm), types of main bars(1-D6, 2-D6, 3-D6) in compression and tension regions, and width in bottom face of deckplate(600mm, 690mm). The vertical loading by monotonic is applied to investigate the yielding strength, maximum strength, initial stiffness and failure modes. Test results are as follows ; (1) The concrete slab using wire mesh has excellent constructionability because the interval of the wire mesh will be able to regulate freely with option. (2) Higher stiffness and strength was shown that more the wire mesh was, the thicker the slab was. (3) The maximum strength of slab using wire mesh instead of reinforced bars is 1.05 1.72 times than those of calculated results.

In the recent years, the repair work of architectural cultural properties has become one of important theme in the domestic construction industry. However important repair work process are made by experience of the master builder without the systematic prior consultation for sharing information among the related participants. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest information classification method and the constitution plan of DB for supporting repair work of architectural cultural properties. To achieve this objective, this study performs a case study about the actual condition of fraudulent construction and problems of repair work through analysis of standard specification and repair relation laws. In conclusion, the following factors are systematized : 1)the improvement plan of repair work process, 2)conceptual framework of linkage of BIM system and repair work DB, 3)organization system of main database table for sharing repair information among the cultural properties expert, architect and contractor.