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neuroscience. Synchronicity acceptance by fast visual information is the method that can recognize visual sensation at the time instantly through transparency space of architecture. It has a phase such as mean that accommodated synchronicity by technical conversation that cubism disjoints cube and reconstructs with transparency. Transparency of modern architecture was the beginning of the application of synchronicity theory. Ideological value of modern architects through this space wish to including vague that past isolation and cutting of space destroy. However, in the modern architecture the synchronicity could be realized by using glass, in which way, the space-depth could be recognized visually. The properties of physical synchronicity by visual information is the instants synchronicity. When analyzed architecture form by instants synchronicity, it is obvious that modern architecture was expressed sensuously for using various surface architectural materials as outer skin. The perceptional content was influenced by properties of surface materials and instants synchronicity. Through various factors, such as the projectivity of architectural construction, convertibility of transparent, identity of information, consider the relationship between outside and inside, surface layer and surrouding.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of formation of modern cathedral architecture in Busan diocese. The modern cathedral architecture of Busan diocese shows the propensity in which the architectural style is generally decided by social and economic situation. Especially, the cathedral architecture imitating Gothic was adopted in 1920s’ owing to propagation of brick which was produced in large quantity. However, the cathedral architecture changed to Japanese wooden structure at the end of colonial period when the colonial economy changed to wartime system. Thus, the modern cathedral architecture of Busan diocese was selected by social-economic situation rather than by religious aspect.

This study intends to probe the sublime beauty, which has been in the center of attention as an alternative classification of the 'beauty' the contents and characteristics of the sublime beauty. Then, the expressive method of the picturesque garden and Land Art, which are created by the experience of the nature, will be studied. The expression of the sublime can be summarized as the contrast of the grandiose, definiteness, amorphous/strangeness, absolute power and largeness. In the picturesque garden and Land Art, these expression methods are made visible through the medium of the vastness of the nature. Meanwhile, the sublime beauty in the architecture can be explained in terms of the monumental architectures' proportion, geometrical proportion, repetition, and simplicity, which are the architectural manifestations of the heretic beauty. It is the potential for the various expressive methods in the areas of modern arts and architecture that intensify the interests over the sublime beauty as an alternative for the traditional concept of the beauty. Therefore, the sublime beauty can be said that it was a very significant meaning as a new classification of the art in the modern art, which is full of paradox, negativity and wonder, in the context of ex panding the realm of the beauty and creating a new art.

The concept of architectural field(建築場) is adapted for the method of understanding architecture. It is necessary to study of the concept of part and whole for the application of the field concept to the architecture concretely. Because the similarity is found in these two concepts based on the modern physics. The object of this study is to show the inter-relationship of the concept of architectural field and the concept of part and whole by compare two concepts. And to define the architectural concept corresponding with the concept of part and whole. The followings could be included as a conclusion; ① The method of connecting a building and a space for the one is shown of the progressive evolution at the interaction between the integration and the differentiation. ② The interrelation among the elements as the factor of architectural field is considered as the net system on the condition considered. And then this net system compose the suitable structure of the whole. Therefore the relation as part has influence on the whole circumstance, and on the contrary the whole has influence on the part. ③ By the process of the interaction of integration and differentiation, the system of the part is organized to the most suitable structure following to the whole. And this process explain the area, one of the characteristics of architectural field, concretely. Then the architectural field has the relation on the concept of the part and the whole, and the Architectural field of a building is explained by the contents in the part and the whole. This research expected to suggest the clue that allow understanding Korean architecture over Western architectural viewpoint and design of the building with style of Korea.

The purpose of this study was to analyze emerging new architectural trends of contemporary private house by examining 'The Un-Private House' exhibition, MoMA, 1999. According to the exhibition, structural elements of private house, such as changes in family structure, shifting concepts of privacy and domesticity, and the home as workplace have created totally new architectural trends and the new relationships between privacy and publicity, un-private. In this context, this paper suggests interconnection between structural elements and new architectural features of contemporary private house which based on the idea of un-private, and analyzes new architectural trend focused on several points of changes; spatial, planar and material effect changes. In spatial trend, there reveals loft-like space, in the aspect of floor plan, boundless spaces represent the characteristic of ambiguity, and with regard to material, there reveals unboundedness by using glass and carbonate glass in several examples. These several characteristics of architectural trends remark changing and emerging of a new architectural trend of contemporary private house.

This study aims to analyze and find the actual state of using ubiquitous in the contents of the written apartment housing advertisement in daily newspapers. To carry out this study it is analyzed the contents of the written apartment housing advertisement about those of ubiquitous to the three major daily newspapers from in 2003 to 2007. A number of those objects in this study are 303. As a result of this study are as followings; First, the contents which related with the use of ubiquitous in the written apartment housing advertisement in Korea came into in 2004 and the number of those are increasing continuously. In the contents, it is regarded more important in the apartment housings of the Metropolitan area than those of the provinces. And it is more important in the apartment housings that is constructed by the large-sized construction company than those by the small-sized construction company. Second, in the contents of big titles of the ubiquitous in the written apartment housing advertisement, they expressed them for the purpose of their value of real property not their use. And the contents of small articles in written apartment housing advertisement, they are mainly expressed the ubiquitous system, equipment and their related authentication system. Third, in the contents of advertisement of ubiquitous, the image of them are expressed as the equipment of high technology(70%), that of safety, that of daily life convenience facility and that of property value.

The research inquires about the spacial elements for the representation of territoriality for solving such a problem, design factors for manifestation of a boundary by a case study and looks into the correlation with representation of a boundary by surveying an usage behavior and frequency in use. Besides, this study aims for the finding of inhabitants satisfaction, territoriality, degree of action, boundary of territory, the analysis of un-used spaces and the investigation of improvements by interviewing the residents. So this research is that symbolic territoriality representation method which argued in preceding study investigates how to represent in a case apartment housings. A case study is new apartment housings in Daejeon Noeun 2 district. A dwelling period after they move in is more than 6 months and less than 2 years. This study selected a privately-built apartment building A1,A2,A5,A6,A7,A8 block which are done territoriality representation of the outdoor space. Also High-rise apartment housings case analysis 2 of chapters 4 in depth analyzes A1 and A8 by usage behavior and frequency in use, questionnaire survey method.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the elements for differentiation of high-rise apartment, particularly to top floors. Top floors of apartment housing have been changing elements for differentiation what is adopted to meet the various demands of residents on the apartment. But residents on the apartment have not been satisfied with the alternative unit design of high-rise apartment because the design for differentiation don`t reflect impacts on resident`s satisfaction, preference, needs, and life-style. Although suppliers realize that high quality and differentiation of the products are the basic sales strategy, it seems that they have no completely understood the housing demands of consumers. Consumers have various demands, but they just focused on the convenient life-style model. Finally, suppliers have to proceed market survey for reflecting the various demands of consumers.

The population in Korea should continuously decreased since the rate of population increasing has decreased in a few decades. However, in fact, the social, economic, and cultural development has changed many Korean's mind. So the composition of each household also changed a lot. It is clear that this present trend will strongly influence the demand of residence. Thus, through this study we will grasp the present situation then predict the new way of residence by researching the present condition of Korean residence supported by statistics of future population and future residence. The result of this study we can see that the number of small-households and single individual-households will increase, especially the number of elder aged-households will increase a lot. So we need much more type of reside nce for single-individual households and elder aged households as well as various type of residence.

This study treats the way for activation of inhabitants' participation in the housing redevelopment and puts an emphasis in the improvement with relation between housing redevelopment and inhabitants. The inhabitants' participation in the process to devise a basic housing redevelopment plan is hardly accomplished, and it is almost done for the mayor of a relevant region to make and notify publicly a housing redevelopment plan. The public hearing and the process to designate a housing redevelopment region through a formally public submittance and notice may be nothing but a nominal procedure. To summarize the problems on the executive process of housing redevelopment, it is the lack of inhabitants' participant means, the formal inhabitants' participation to be made by an administrative control and the lack of a systematically participant device. To activate inhabitants' participation and give their opinion in the housing redevelopment from planning to management, execution, political decision and evaluation to build it must be better improved than that it has ever done. To do so, it is necessary for to make the window for an exchange of various inhabitants' opinions to be based on information network system.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the current utilization and problems of public spaces in the residential areas of the mixed-use residential buildings less than 300 households in the Busan City, and to provide fundamental database that can be used in the planning of public spaces. Nine mixed-use residential buildings constructed after 2000 were selected and investigated through personal interviews, and the result was analyzed using the SPSS (ver. 12.0) program. Result shows that complementary measures in the regal and institutional level, and establishment and operation planning of resident-oriented public spaces are required differently in the cases of the general apartment complexes.

With the shifting trend of central government's dominant role in national administration into local governments, many of them seem to compete with each other in building their brand new city halls. It is however difficult to hear how city dwellers regard their local governments' plan to build a new city hall as well as how they really evaluate them. It is also asked whether the increase of city halls in total volume of building and their employees is likely to lead to that of the city's competitiveness. This research investigates the different perspectives in three groups of people, the visitors, the public officials and the architectural experts, in regard to their view on the increased volume of Gwangju city hall. Index of city's competitiveness which was suggested by Samsung Economic Research Institute is introduced for the analysis of six metropolitan cities, such as Seoul, Busan, Taegu, Daejon, Inchon including Gwangju. The investigation results show that the employees are believed in nothing wrong with the increased volume of city hall but the visitors and architectural experts show their criticism on that. For the question of whether the increased volume of city hall can lead to the city's increased competitiveness, the former strongly believes it but the latters do not. However, the mean of three cities' competitiveness with new city halls has very little difference with that of other contrasting three cities. This is very likely to suggest that the increased volume of city halls does not necessarily lead to the increase of the competitiveness.

South Korea's technological level of designing airport facilities has improved considerably with experiences of constructing Incheon International Airport and other new private airports, but design standards which properly reflect the size and characteristics of South Korean aviation industry as well as natural and geographical environments have yet to be established. Hence, when standardized airport design criteria is established, positive economic effects of airport development can be expected. From design standards for airport facilities suitable for the given conditions and characteristics of South Korean air transport industry, this study aims to apply the basic data related to calculating the Level of Service (LOS) & Size-computation at passenger airports by airport size. The scope of research includes design standards for airport facilities, especially for passenger terminal, the most significant core facility of domestic airport facilities, and, among items in design standards, the study focuses on the estimation of the Level of Service & Size-computation across airport size and suggests a proposal on its standardization.

The goal of this study is to analyze transformations of space composition logic in the case of super-high-rise mixed residence buildings' luxurious apartments in Busan after the policy of price deregulation. Nowadays so-called Jusanboghab apartment is becoming one of the principal residences for high class. So, It is possible to discover the model for the ideal housing which Koreans cherish and the grammar of space composition analysing space compositions realized in Jusanboghab Apartments. The results are as follow: Regardless of the diversity of unit plan types which is seen in our samples, the rules of space structuration are generally observed as in earlier times and in other types of apartment today etc..

Modern Korean architecture has been remarkably transformed and especially westernized since 1980's in case of Gwangju city. It seems, however, that the classical languages of western architecture have not been properly understood nor adapted into the modern Korean architecture. It is the commercial buildings, such as wedding halls, motels and shopping malls, that the western classical languages have been widely incorporated into. The adaptation of the western classical languages into modern commercial buildings in Gwangju city is mostly likely limited into their facade. This research thus investigates how three groups' of people, such as the users, the building managers and the architects, decode the western classical languages adapted into commercial buildings in the city. The research results show that all of the three groups fully aware of the presence of the western classical languages in commercial buildings, but their view on the adaptation shows a little bit different perspective. It is the architects' group that shows the very negative view on the adaptation of the western classical languages into commercial buildings, while the other groups are in favour of it. This different view on the adaptation can be very likely interpreted into that the former group's view seems to derive from their expertise but the latter groups give a significance merely on the appearance of building's facade which attracts passers-by.

The purpose of this study is to make the data for restoration of Donghun district and analyze building history, zoning and form of structure at Dongrae-Bu. We tried to analyze the government organization since Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the building history of Dongrae-bu government office and the plan of Donghun district in Joseon dynasty on the basis of the documents ; Dongrae-bu-ji(東萊府誌, The chronicle of Dongrae-bu province), Dongrae-bu-jido(東萊府地圖, the map of Dongrae-bu province), Jijuk-Wondo(地籍原圖, The land regstration map). In addition, this study investigated the style of architecture in those days using in the 6 existence buildings at Dongrae-bu district and we could find out the changes through comparison between the past picture and the present situation.

on Architectural characteristic and building of sixteen important traditional houses in Chungbuk province. Sam-yo(三要) meaning "the three element of the houses" elaborates on the oriental interrelations among the three parts; the Gate(門), the Principal Room(主) and the Kitchen(灶). According to analysis of Sam-yo, the number of Dong-satak(東四宅) is six, the number of Seo-satak(西四宅) is two around Han-kang. Around Geum-kang, the number of Dong-satak and of Seo-satak is four. In case of Dong-satak, the gate opens toward the south. Our ancestors preferred build principal room in the east. The kitchen is arranged in the functional place according to location of An-bang. In case of Seo-satak, the gate didn't have specific direction. The principal room and kitchen were opened toward northwest. As a result, Sam-yo has an application to the Yang-tak theory of functional relationships. And that is a great influence on the occupant and must be considered significant to the housing environments.

The objective of this study is to clarify the typological characteristics of the Nagaya-type house type at the civic center of Ganggyeong. Through the research, it is found out that the Nagaya-style house was built at Ganggyeong's civic center in 1920s ∼1930s, and it has unique characteristics as follows; The Nagaya-type house mainly consists of 2 or 3 house units, and some Nagaya-type houses are transformed into the detached house with single house unit. The mode of lot area of the Nagaya-type house is 90.0㎡, which is smaller than those of other house types. The mode of lot's front-side ratio is 0.5, which is similar with those of other house types. The lots are generally accessed by the front street, without regard to the orientation of building. The space layouts are classified into 3 patterns, which in common show the division of commercial and dwelling territories. Especially unlike Japan's Nagaya, the Nagaya-type house is characterized by the development of the private rear yard.

City arrangement centering on parks pursues pleasant residential environment, good landscape, city environment harmonized with nature, active city image and development of regional tourist attractions. The maintenance planning of neighborhood parks organization include safe and secured city construction, construction of welfare society, preservation of city environment, improvement of the city and being friendly to the nature, extensive recreational activities and construction of characteristics and dynamic city. Also it should relieve conflicts through the following considerations : organized financial support, expansion of park area for green city parks and return of developmental profit to the community people who are suffering from expansion of park area. Park facilities should be organized and scale should be expanded. And regular events such as environment lessons, children park class, Sunday sports class, wild birds observation and flower exhibition should be presented to increase use of public parks and to make people enjoy a park nearby. And theme parks in which regional characteristics are revitalized and focus on neighborhood parks should be organized. Therefore, this study suggests that Gwangju park and Sajik park by Gwangju city should use a theme such as culture and art for park organization project.

This paper is to identify the characteristics of sustainable waterfront residential quarters based on the cases in Germany. The study places the focus on conditions of location, arrangement of buildings, land use, specific plan for each phase, partition of residential districts, and types of residences in accordance with their relations to water. Results of the analysis pointed out that there are the principles which should be complied to construct waterfront residential quarters. First, it is necessary to redefine waterfront from the viewpoint of city and culture. Second, the project should be approached with a long-term vision and detailed plans. Third, cooperation between residents, government, and construction companies is required. Forth, heritage and identity for sustainability should be maintained. Fifth, it should be open to the public. The findings of this study suggest that sustainable waterfront residential quarters is desirable for occupants’ comfort and health as well as for conservation of nature, improved views of cities and vitalization of communities.

This paper is an analytical description of Company Housing Complexes(CHC) in Yeosu city. In this study, I divided housing panning characteristics into relations of the outside, the site planning, architectural planning and incidental facilities. I analyzed the site planning, dwelling units, incidental facilities, slopping grounds of them. I obtained data for analytic of them from literature studies and field researches. The results of this study are as follows: First, Block plans of CHC were changed from scattered plans to simply row houses. So CHC built during from 1988 to 1991 have simply and dry exterior spaces. Second, dwelling unit plans of CHC were became to simply and none individuality plan as time go by. Third, the orient of block plans of CHC was changed from a view to simply face the south. Forth, Site plans of CHC had consideration of sloping ground such as dwelling unit’s combination and functional zoning to get a view and the privacy.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the Exterior Design Composition of Building on City blocks Corners in Gwangju. When two streets meet vertically, the facades of the adjoining buildings form an important component of the street. Because buildings attributing a street provide more than the basic functions for both pedestrians and inner users, the architectural design of this space requires additional factors in the design of the buildings facade. The exterior elements of the buildings are grouped into various types according to thier mutual relationship. For this process a window is used to classify the pattern of facades. These patterns can be classified into six main typologies. The first five are that of grid, vertical orientation, horizontal orientation, curtain wall and a confused type, which combin es one or more elements of the first four. The sixth typology is an allowance for forms of variation, which at this point are unknown. Such shapes of the buildings on corner site recognizes variously according to the context of a street and pedestrian's perception. So, We need to consider them when we plan a building. Because The architectural feature of corner influence street.

This research examines to multi-used apartments and super-high rise apartments way of dwelling for outside space environment if summarize result that do comparative analysis as following be. First, because Busan formed along coastline, available site of downtown is very lacking. Development of super high-rise dwelling architecture is gone vigorously on downtown's neighborhood and change area by solution in reply. Second, result that resident satisfaction about dwelling environment does comparative analysis, housing complex apartment form appeared occupancy and health environment, life and learning environment that look high satisfaction generally than multi-used apartments. Third, we can know that item of dwelling by environment of multi-used apartments is inferior. Specially there is much difficulties in resident's use about dwelling-health environment like spacing of building, air cleanliness, road cleanliness and convenience facilities like community facilities, old man welfare facilities, green area/mini-park. So it was construed that was very inferior in habitability and living environment side.

SC(steel plate-concrete) structure is recently used in nuclear power structure because of its efficiency of construction. In this study, behavior and strength of wall-slab connection of SC structure were investigated. 4 types of wall-slab connection were tested to compare the basic difference in transfer mechanism of shear force. To examine the distribution of shear force in the shear plate and the surface of wall, stains at the surface of the shear plate were measured, and as a result, the shear force was calculated from the moment gradient of the shear plate. Strength formula was proposed for the shear plate and the friction of wall. Especially, slippage of the top rebar was surveyed to evaluate the fixity of the wall-slab joint.

Composite girders can increase the stiffness and strength under the positive bending. It also tends to fracture at the bottom flange, which was observed in 1995 Kobe earthquake. The following problems are enumerated in using such composite girders. 1) Elastic and plastic flexural rigidity of the composite girders differ under the positive and negative bending, which increases the complexity of the frame analysis. 2) The strength estimate of the composite girders under the positive bending is dependent on the effective compressive strength of the concrete slab, so the resistance factor for composite girder is smaller than that for pure structural steel beam. 3) The bottom flange of the composite girder subjects to large strain reversal due to the movement of the neutral axis near to the upper flange under the positive bending, which is thought to be the reason of the bottom flange fracture observed. This paper showed the elasto-plastic behavior of composite girder. The tests object performed in our country was set as the comparison target of analysis. This analytical method showed comparatively simple agreement with the results of tests on composite girder.

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the tendon damage possibilities for the prestressed concrete slabs using experimental program with various resources of the possible damages on tendons exposed to the field area of prestressed concrete slab construction. For this purpose, experimental program with various variables such as, types of tendons, drilling durations, types of fasteners, shapes of fasteners, shooting pressures of fasteners, and cover thicknesses of tendons, was designed and conducted. From the investigation of experimental results, following conclusions can be made: Little possibilities of tendon damage, if any, would be expected, regardless of the resources of damages.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of facilities about children's hospital school and to serve the data of it for establishment of legal regulations. The objects of this research are 3 children's hospital schools in Busan city. According to the results, all of the management system of them has a principal, vice-principal and special teachers. There are only pre-elementary and elementary educational systems in it. The level of facilities of the school are different according to the hospitals but it seems to satisfy the legal facility level of general classroom. The size of classroom are from 23.91㎡ to 44.10㎡. Thus the results of this research, first of all, the optimum size of the classroom of the children's hospital school will be prepared and fixed as soon as possible. And, I hope that this study will serve as a turning point for the recognition of the children's hospital school and the chronic illness children. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Korea imports 97% of energy from foreign countries and energy consumption in buildings accounts for about 25% in total energy consumption. In the resident types, apartment house accounts for about 60%. Therefore, energy saving in the apartment house is essential. It was investigated that the amount of gas used in the fist story was over 29% than those of middle stories; it presents that the quantity of gas consumed in heating energy has much difference even in the same apartment. Hence, we investigated about what the cause brought through thermography camera and provided for basic material for the efficient energy management and insulation design plan from that investigation. In the result, the temperature of heating floor in the first story was higher than those of middle stories and the surface temperature in walls was lower than those of middle stories; it indicates that insulation means about heating floor and walls in the first story should be provided.

Unlike the western music nor the other Korean traditional music, Pansori has its own distinctive performing features. This means that there is a need for an exclusive Pansori theatre. In this basis, an optimal acoustical design process and its final design are presented in the paper. Acoustical target in this study was proposed in a previous research, which was described in terms of three acoustic parameters, reverberation time, clarity and the distribution of sound pressure level. According to the result of acoustic simulation, despite a dry condition, reverberation time of 0.7 to 0.8 seconds, the final design has quite an adaptable distribution of sound pressure levels all around the audience seats. This is accomplished by the deliberately arranged reflectors installed above the stage and in front of Gosu(the drummer). General acoustic designing scheme is absorptive ceiling, rear wall and rear side lateral wall and reflective/diffusive front lateral walls for some lateral early reflections.

CM(Construction Management) depends on various factors such as support system organized, advanced technology, management and human resource experienced. The results of performance are influenced by those factors. Among those factors, human resource application does a leading role in CM. Therefore, the technological level, the input schedule and the number of people input should be applied by features of project and ability of companies. In case regarding CM as the supervision like the present, it is difficult to attain the purpose of CM. This study is to analyze the problems in the field of domestic supervision work and CM work by considering the present condition of human resource application. With these processes, this study has an intention of providing basic materials for setting up plans in order to apply and manage the professional human resources of CM so that CM work can be conducted efficiently under the existing law(rules) and system in the construction industry. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………