Earticle

This paper is to study not only the understanding to urban planning around road system in the Renaissance, but also the road plan and elements related to road system of the time, through the renewal project of Rome by Pope Sixtus Ⅴ in the Renaissance. The results of study are as follows: First, The basic concept for the renewal project of Rome by Pope Sixtus Ⅴ was the road plan as public space for such urban regeneration and urban regeneration of Rome. This road plan was to transform the centripetal urban into centrifugal urban, through recognition which the city is of an organic complex. Second, Rome was the static and closed urban planning until Medieval period after Rome period, but the project of Pope Sixtus Ⅴ was composed of the opened form expanding beyond the borders of city, dynamic and diffused from central zone of city. Third, The axis in road plan of project of Pope Sixtus Ⅴ shows the direction for movement between space and space, such the axis is used to transform into city as dynamic system, connecting each other buildings and squares of knot parts of city.

Owing to climate change and global warming, the level of sea continuously rises with frequent and severe flooding. People prefer to live and enjoy leisure activities on the water according to the increased income level. So proper countermeasures such as floating technology are required. This paper aims to investigate the trends of floating technology application through the survey of floating structures in Europe and to suggest some reference ideas for the new structure planning on the water. The conclusions can be summarized as follows; gradual expansion of floating structures from low-income house to every kinds of structures, reinforcements of environment-friendly approaches through renewable energy usage and application of echo-friendly construction/material, catalyst usage of urban regeneration by providing the public space of recreation/social activities and recognition of landmark by sculpture-like shape. By applying the floating technology, large scale of floating city needs to be studied for preventing the disaster due to sea level rise and the expansion of human residential area.

This study aim for extracting floor plan characteristics focused on 1970s private apartments. For this purpose, we analysis collected floor plan advertisements for sale in rarely remained news paper materials. moreover, also revealed and visualized the local private apartments material data as figure and tables. According to the analysis, This study extracted 1970s erected apartments characteristics generally. Definite results show distribution, gross floor area, approach method, front compartment number, time based and floor plan characteristics on relative to size scale. The meaning of this study can be found in the result that characteristics of local private apartments are revealed and the value for local residential research is enhanced.

This study examines the architectural status and the characteristics of spatial compositions of the eight senior welfare centers among the leisure welfare facilities for the elderly located in six Districts in Gyeongsangnam-do. In addition, statistics on the increase and decrease of the elderly population in rural region was investigated. In order to investigate the needs for leisure activities in the centers, a survey was conducted on the elderly population who are using senior welfare centers in the rural region. Also, the results of the preceding research were analyzed. The results of the survey, the preceding research and the architectural status of the senior welfare centers were compared to investigate the correspondence with the need for leisure activities of the rural elderly population. Contrary to the preceding research, the investigation results of the needs of elderly population in rural region of Gyeongsangnam-do shows that the desire for leisure activities is the first and the desire for health is the second. Moreover, rural elderlies have very high level of interest on theaters for cultural performances. In the future, the architectural plans of the senior welfare centers should be focused on the combination with the local facilities so that the centers can act as regional cultural complex facilities.

This study is to analyze related laws and guidances of elderly housing environments, to develop appropriate group homes checklist. and to evaluate 6 group homes of Gyeongsang-do area for the examination of appropriateness and supplementation of the checklist. The analysis of literature study after 2008 has been done for the development of the checklist, and reinterpretations of laws and regulations of 49 literature studies for the criteria of each specific factor are finished. Literature study and site visit are used as methods of this study. The study result is that, first, the literature studies for group homes of architectural environments are based on ‘the standards of installation of the convenient facilities, the size of space, physical environments’ and ‘the convenient facilities for the disabled people, elderly, pregnant woman,’ but they have some limitations such as each factor is not detailed, rather comprehensive, not including behavioral features of the elderly. Second, dwelling satisfaction of the elderly revealed that there are more influences of qualitative factors than quantitative factors, and the qualitative factors of the checklist in the literature studies are abstractive expressions, lacking objectivity in the literature studies. Third, effective area, remove of obstructive factors such as steps, installation of convenient environments, and factors for plan have an effect on safety and convenience of elderly dwelling, size and shape, and use of vegetable garden affects enhancing factors of psychological satisfaction. This study focused on developing checklist of elderly group homes, and evaluating the elderly group homes environments, therefore, and it is expected that group homes for the elderly are values for alternative housing as an extended dwelling.

Market is a place not only people trade their goods but also offers a community facility where local people meet and do social activity each other. Likewise, traditional market has the urban characteristic to offer urban placeness for customers such as 'Golmock' to socialize, while modern commercial facilities like big departments don't have. It has been a while traditional market was a subject to be demolished and reconstructed due to stagnated old fashioned environment, but it is reconsidered important place to revalue and preserve. This study shows status of government supports of the traditional market to modernize its system and facilities, and its progress which we can see the government policies of traditional market support in a wide context. This helps to establish the policy formulation and lead the direction of traditional market plan by analyzing traditional market support plan. The study ranges chronically from 2005 to 2016 and among 7 metropolitan cities in Korea. This has two contents that one is application number about this support plan and the other is what type of support the project has in this study. Regarding this application number for the market support, this study analyzes the status of the government support in every each metropolitan cities and the market trend of the first entry market by each year, In the contents of the support projects, we analyze the progress of the facility support projects in the traditional market and see the problems related to the classification of the facilities.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the main factors of the Privately Own Public Space(Pops) of the external space of the building to promote urban publicness. At present, the regulations of Pops are not fully defined in detail and depend on architectural design. Therefore, in order to investigate the factors for the additional regulations, we analyzed the Pops in Jung-gu and Jongno-gu covered by the existing regulations using the Public coefficients(Pc). By the analysis, the purpose of creating Pops is classified into three categories and they are Walking type, Rest type and Complex type. And the factors to be considered differ according to the purpose. The classified Popses are analyzed the degree of activation through Pc and public elements of Popses are derived. They will be used as a basic data on the detailed guidelines of the Pops in the future.

The purpose of this study is to identify the structure of residents' consciousness and their preference in the remodeling project for aged apartment house and to utilize it as effective data for the improvement in the residence satisfaction of aged apartment house. We performed this study targeting D and K apartments in Seoul, H and N apartments in Bundang which are the remodeling project complexes currently in promotion. As a result of surveying the purpose of remodeling, different results were deduced for Seoul with business profitability and for Bundang with the improvement in living environment. Also as a result of the opinion survey on the general sales after their expansion and annexation, it was found that some residents wanted a specialized design that prioritized profitability, but also most of them generally wanted to avoid designs that create discomfort within the complex. As explained above, the purpose of the remodeling project is different from the residents' consciousness according to the characteristics of the area and the complex. However, there is a limitation in the result as it was based on a small number of apartment complexes, so that in order to derive a general tendency, it is necessary for the continuous study and review on the structure of residents' consciousness by each region and each apartment complex in the future.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the IADL, social support, and life satisfaction of the elderly living alone and the elderly couple in urban areas. Data from the survey of Ministry of Health and Welfare conducted in 2014 were used for the analysis. The subjects of the study included a sample of 4,685 respondents who represent aged 65 and older in Korea. The result of analysis was as follows; First, in general characteristics, the elderly couple had more males than females, while elderly living alone had more females. The elderly living alone showed higher age and lower educational level than the elderly couple, and they were living in a vulnerable environment due to the rent cost of housing, poor health and economic conditions. Second, there was no significant difference in the IADL between the elderly living alone and the elderly couple. Emotional support was higher in the elderly couple than elderly living alone, but there was no difference between the two groups in instrumental support. The life satisfaction of the elderly couple was higher than that of the elderly living alone. Third, the elderly living alone had the higher the IADL as they were younger, higher education level, owners of housing. The elderly couple had the higher the IADL when they were younger, higher education level, shorter the residence period. Fourth, the elderly living alone and the elderly couple showed higher social support when they were the higher the number of children, the shorter the period of living, females than males. Finally, the elderly living alone showed higher life satisfaction with higher education and owners of housing. The elderly couple showed higher life satisfaction when they were younger, higher education level, males than females, and owners of housing.

Gimhae Andong Industrial Complex started its history in 1967 when it was located on the Han-il Synthetic Fiber. Since then, it has become the backbone of Gimhae industrialization and became the driving force of local economy. Over the past 50 years, however, Han-il Synthetic Fiber has shut down its plants and the industrial complex has become aging and has become an obstacle to the balanced development of East and West in Gimhae and to polluting the environment. This study estimates the economic value of negative externalities caused by Andong Industrial Complex by using CVM. One scenario is assumed for this purpose. It is possible to greatly reduce the damage caused by environmental pollution by managing unplanned individual complexes, which are currently subject to major conflicts, to the industrial complexes. However, in order to migrate and manage the unplanned individual complexes, a considerable cost is required, and it is assumed that they will be raised through ‘special tax for industrial complexes’. If the respondent does not intend to pay, he will fail to finance the industrial complex migration business, and thus the current situation will not improve. In particular, to verify the spatial distribution of externality, Gimhae City was divided into three regions. As a result of the estimation, the average amount for the entire payment is 44,806 won per household, 54,9394 won for Area 1, 47,815 won for Area 2 and 35,119 won for Area 3, respectively. The residents who are spatially distant from Andong unplanned industrial complex was estimated to be low. Although this does not mean distance decay, it can be inferred that the psychological cost decreases as the distance from negative externalities increases. These results are also in line with expectations, considering the location of individual factories and the distribution of environmental pollution complaints. However, it is interesting to note that in the towns and villages 10 to 15km away from the Andong unplanned industrial complex, they expressed willingness to pay for the relocation.

There are 7 traditional folk villages that are designated as a cultural asset in Korea. There are many houses whose roof are covered with the rice straws. They have problems to manage their roofs of the houses, especially the supply of their materials. Because they are disposable and their height are mainly changed to short nowadays than before. So this study is carried out to find the way of supply their materials to manage their roofs and find what the proper breed of rice is. The subject of this study are the seven designated folk villages. The method of this study is investigated theoretically, surveyed in the field and interviewed to the related scholars, local residents, folk communities and local government officials. And they are analyzed and synthesized. The conclusion of this study are as followings: 1. The house covered with rice straw roof in the designated folk villages are nearly half. The materials of the roof – rice straw are supplied by the resident’s cultivation or contact cultivation now. But there are problems in supplying those materials owing to the improving of rice breed, mechanization in agriculture. 2. It is concluded that the proper length of the rice straw will be over 84cm. These kinds of the rice breed are investigated as Chujeong, Jungan, Samkwang, Samkwang 2, Dacheong, Joil and Hanareum 3. And Mokwoo, Cheongwoo and Mokyang are usable. 3. The supply of these rice straw will be offered by the cultivation of the residents in the village, the way of contact cultivation, that of government- furnishing and that of market economy principles. The cultivation site will be used to unused land and those of national owned lands. They will cultivated for the landscape scenery and will be cultivated as the production of tourism. And the study of the method of their storage, that of life extension and that of tourism production will be carried more.

The economic value and socio-cultural value of specialized buildings have a great impact. The value of aesthetic architectural design led to the creation of added value such as an increase in the value of assets and an increase in the number of foreign tourists and visitors. Therefore, many countries and cities have made great efforts to make urban image making through specialized buildings. But exceptional architecture starts with designers with creative and technically superior competencies. If the designer's competence and the legal system and regulations to support it do not have the triple digits, excellent architecture will not be able to see the light of the world. If you do not have all the details such as purpose of construction design, specialization plan, space plan, and related regulations and technical review to be presented to the participants for the design competition, you should not select ‘work’, select ‘person’. The purpose of this study is to find out the problems and find alternatives through the case of Nakdong River Eco Center. In the case of the Nakdong River Eco Center, the design process based on the elected design was not able to be constructed according to the design of the wooden material according to the law. The problems at the Nakdong River Eco Center International Design Competition can be summarized as follows. First of all, it is a problem in the operation process such as making design guidelines by non-experts. If the relevant laws and regulations were thoroughly reviewed and the design guidelines for the public offering were made and presented after the technical review was completed, the design using wood would not have been submitted in the first place. Next is the unilateral process of design change. If design changes were inevitable due to the restriction of related laws, designers need to be actively involved in the design change so as not to undermine the design philosophy and concept of the designer. If public buildings built with enormous cost can not match the original philosophy and function, it can also be a social loss. In this study, the following three alternatives were proposed for a more efficient and high-level operation plan of the international architectural design contest. First, it is necessary to secure the public power by including the regulations on the drafting of the guidelines for the international architectural design competition, which is based on actual construction, in the ‘Building Service Industry Promotion Act’. Second, the level of awareness of stakeholders is enhanced through education. Third, it is necessary to build an integrated database for the international architectural design competition and to build a system that manages already completed projects, present and planned projects as a whole. In accordance with the WTO opening principle of architectural design market, the domestic architectural design market is also in need of in-depth discussion and research on the planning and operation of architectural competition in accordance with global standards and guidelines.

This study describes the performance characteristics and boundary conditions of the foundation structure of the Single-span greenhouse as part of the development of the greenhouse structural analysis program. For this purpose, this study has carried out experiments on the uplift capacity and the lateral capacity of the foundation structure considering the field compaction in the Single-span greenhouse, which occupies the largest portion of the domestic greenhouse, and propose boundary conditions in the analysis. Experiments were carried out by using steel binders as a bonding material which was not performed in the previous study and steel pipes according to the horticultural facility notification. Experimental parameters are the compaction degree of the ground and four compaction ratio are created by different compaction method and layers. The experiment is repeated 3 times according to each variable to confirm the tendency. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that as the degree of compaction increases, the pullout resistance and horizontal resistance of the foundation increase, and the deviation occurs depending on the construction method. Since the performance of the foundation structure varies greatly depending on the construction method such as the compaction layer, it is necessary to establish the minimum requirements.

The study examines a method of sensitivity analysis employing statistical concepts, The characteristics and behavior of the braced-tube structural system are investigated. It presents a module consisting of braced tubes. The study identifies the suitability and optimal position and optimal shape of the module, As well as the structural behavior according to the quantity increase and decrease of the module element. In addition, It evaluates the structural behavior on the module's span installation based on the braced installation width of structural systems. Among analytical models, We select the structural system with the least width of the lateral displacement in the sensitivity preliminary analysis, We consider changes in shear lag phenomenon and lateral behavior resulting from changes in quantity between member elements. Also, This study presents the basic data on the design of future high-rise hybrid braced structural system using the results.

This study aims to evaluate the ultimate shear strength of the connections of composite steel beam(CSB) composed of reinforced concrete (RC) column and steel beam. Total number of specimens of CSB were 66 carried out by researchers in domestic and foreign countries. The specimens were considered with various types of shear reinforcement such as shear reinforcement of vertical and end concentration, band plate and stud bolt and welding of main bar, etc. Ultimate shear strength of the connections with various reinforcement types was evaluated through experiments and code equations. In this study, experimental result were compared with code formula(KBC-RC, JIS-RC, JIS-SRC) and Zsutty`s Equation. The average test-to-code ratio of ultimate shear strength for all specimens was 1.05(KBC-RC), 1.59(JIS-RC), 1.16(JIS-SRC), and 0.96(Zsutty). Categorized by shear reinforcement type of specimen, ultimate shear strength by code formula and Zsutty’s equation deviated from 6% to 41% from experimental results and the average of deviated percentage was 25%(KBC-RC), 29%(JIS-RC), 29%(JIS-SRC), and 21%(Zsutty). Specimen reinforced at end with fixed plate showed the best correlation with code formula and Zsutty’s equation.

Recently, the abnormal weather due to global warming has led to increased frequency of typhoon and gale. Protruding Signboard is the most common type of outdoor advertisement in Korea which often causes falling accident due to strong wind, and led to serious damages on pedestrians or parked cars. However, there is no installation and structure standard for the sign board. Thus, this study conducted a wind tunnel experiment to analyze the influence of wind pressure coefficient distribution in accordance with the changes in experiment angles and separation distance of the protruding Signboard to wind pressure coefficient. There was difference in coefficient in accordance with the size of protruding Signboard, but there was no difference in coefficient in accordance with the separation distance between the sign board and building. The size of protruding Signboard was confirmed to be more influential to wind pressure coefficient than the separation distance.

The steel pipe scaffolding, which is one of the most commonly used construction structures in construction sites, should be installed with a wale spacing of 1.5 m or less in accordance with the regulations on occupational safety and health standards, and the first wale should be installed 2.0 m or less from the ground. However, when considering the average height of adult men and women, if the vertical wale spacing is 1.5m and the work-plate is installed, the work height is limited to within 1.5m, which is very inefficient for work. If the vertical wale spacing is 3.0m and work-plate is installed, it exceeds the work height and range of the worker. Therefore, the ladder scaffold etc. must be installed on the work-plate, which leads to an increase in inefficient work and accident risk. In addition, most of the foreign country wale spacings are defined to be less than 2.0 m, and it is necessary to review the wale spacing considering the work environment of the worker in Korea. Therefore, in this study, the structure analysis according to the wale spacing was performed and structural safety was checked for proper wale spacing when considering the elongation of korean adult workers.

Regulations on thermal performance of domestic buildings tend to be segmentalized and strengthened like standards of industrialized countries according to the needs of the times. The foundation building satisfies the thermal performance standard at the completion of the construction, and it carries out the current investigation for remodeling, and determines the range of the retrofit. In many cases, it is not possible to confirm the current state to the lack of information with the members of the management drawing due to site investigation of the basic shaft building. In this research, we convert thermal performance standards of buildings to values of heat transmission rate according to era-specific heat performance regulations, derive the characteristics of the change and appearance characteristics of the building, and calculate the thermal performance for retrofitting of old buildings I will try to provide basic reference materials. When compared with the 2016 standard, the value of the heat transmission rate will not be significantly increased as in the previous revision under the revised energy-saving design standard in the future. However, it must go up step by step based on insufficient part by part and fairness of region classification.

The element core which is really conduct heat exchange is a important component of the heat recovery ventilation system. When it is polluted and destroyed by condensation, polluted air is flowing into indoor and heat exchange rate is decrease. But the element core was not included in condensation detected range. This study was conducted to examine the applicability of condensation prevention according to the supply & exhaust air flow ratio control without additory equipment configuration. Experiments was conducted to the supply & exhaust air flow ratio 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:2.5 in winter outside temperature(-6.0℃ to -15.0℃) and condensation of the element core was judged with the hydrochromic detection sheet. The hydrochromic detection sheet was made by the hydrochromic ink which is changed the color when it contact water, the hydrochromic detection sheet could detect condensation in the element core which could be not detect by naked eyes. As a result, as the supply & exhaust air flow ratio increased, the condensation decreased. The lower outside temperature, the larger the supply & exhaust air flow ratio which was required to prevent condensation. In order to raise applicability of the supply & exhaust air flow ratio control, the study configured exhaust air temperature(the minimum exhaust air temperature 2.5℃ when condensation was not occured) as control criterion and established a control algorithm. Because heat exchange rate and condensation occur condition are changed according to the material and form of element core, In order to generalization of this algorithm, It is necessary to classify element core by property and conduct various experiments.

Current Energy Efficiency Rating System focused on thermal performance and air tightness rather considering complex performance such as optical properties or the ventilation frequency. Insufficient evaluation values are limited to evaluate window performance precisely so that additional values should be considered to enhance window performance and reduce building energy consumption as a consequence. In this study, SHGC and mid-term ventilation frequency have been selected for the additional values and then proposed window’s optimized performance index by optimization procedure. In optimization, the direct search method Hooke&Jeeves algorithm which efficient for searching extremum has been used. As a result, the optimized model have shown energy saving 11% in central area and 15% in southern area.

The noise problem of apartment houses has been increased continuously. As a result of complaints about on noise, the leading complaints is heavy weight floor impact noise, followed by balcony drainage noise and elevator noise. It is investigated how residents in the apartment hear, recognize and response on elevator noise. a survey on elevator noise to residents of apartment. The survey was carried out by dividing into several items in order to obtain information on the noise reduction and the vibration reduction method of the building elevator. It is found that most importantly, more than half of the residents responding to the questionnaire recognize the necessity to establish standards for noise. Based on the results of this study, the statistical meaningful analysis should be made by adding actual data. The results of this study are expected to be a good indicator for future architectural reduction of elevator noise.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the replacement of electric oxidizing arc slag fine aggregates(EFA) on the autogenous shrinkage of high strength mortar with 80 MPa subjected to various curing temperatures and to estimate the autogenous shrinkage development by applying maturity method. EFA is replaced by limestone fine aggregates from 25%, 50% and 100%. Curing temperatures are fixed at 5℃, 20℃ and 35℃, respectively. Equivalent age is calculated based on ASTM C 1074 to estimate autogenous shrinkage development. Test results indicate that replacement of EFA resulted in an increase of compressive strength at 35 ℃, while it decreased compressive strength at 5℃. Autogenous shrinkage was reduced with increase of EFA replacement and this tendency is more clear when the specimens were cured at 35℃. This may be due to the presence of free-CaO in EFA. Non linear regression model based on Exponential growth curve was applied to estimate autogenous shrinkage with equivalent age. Predicted values had relatively good agreement with measured ones.

In recent years, there have been various types of cases in which laborers are injured or killed by suffocation due to oxygen deficiency or carbon monoxide the confined underground space, and similar accidents occur repeatedly. From this point of view, the objective of this study is to propose the methodology of suffocation prevention to improve the safety of laborers targeting suffocation 71 cases at the confined space of 23 facilities from 2006 to 2017. In order to achieve this goal, we analyzed the actual condition of noxious environment for each facilities and disaster place, and figure out originalcause material and disaster number for each work. Based on this, we considered the relationship of disaster factors related to suffocation after deducting originalcause material types and suffocation risk factors for each the many facilities. Based on the contents of the case study, we systematized the connection types of disaster factors for each majority occur facilities and presented the checklist and business procedure diagram for preventing suffocation.

We investigated the hazard building facilities in Sokcho, Goseong, Yangyang and the suspended constructional structures, and also investigate the quality of management status and the perception of nearby residents to identify the risk and find out how to eliminate the risk factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of the facilities applied to the municipal law centered on the Gangwon province and to show the maintenance and management of facilities and what do their residents think about the maintenance and the existence of structures by analysing the system. It's purpose is to improve the system so that it can be maintained efficiently and suggest the direction of development.

The preference factor of consumers should be considered to develop a country housing complex efficiently and successfully and make it a preferred housing format. In other words, a customer- and community-oriented complex should be planned with reflecting site characteristic factors, housing characteristic factors, and complex characteristic factors. Site characteristic factors include pleasant natural environment, accessibility to a central city, and facilities desired to be built near a county housing complex. Housing characteristic factors include the differentiated building type and building area and lot size meeting the needs of consumers. Appropriate complex characteristic factors include external space and public facilities supporting a community life. Moreover, it is required to consider the inclination of consumers in the area and social factors with reflecting the marketability of the local real estate. Furthermore, development should diversify and characterize the housing complex for different demands by analyzing the marketability and demand characteristics in advance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the perception, preference, needs, and socioeconomic characteristics of consumers, who were potential consumers of the Gwangju Metropolitan Area country housing, analyze the housing preference factors, draw effective and rational country housing development direction, and provide useful baseline data for establishing a country housing development plan. It is expected that the results of this study can be used to develop a country housing complex with a precedent urban planning or being accompanied with an urban planning not to develop the country thoughtlessly by developing an individual country housing complex without an appropriate plan and not to create problems in land development and management in the future.