Earticle

This paper presents an evaluation of the tensile strength of an expansion anchor whose anchorage design can cause a fracture on concrete. Tests of heavy-duty anchors and wedge anchors, domestically manufactured and installed in a plain concrete member, were conducted to test the effects of embedment depth and edge distance. A design of post-installed steel anchors termed as the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) approach, is presented. This approach is compared to the well-known provision, ACI 349-90. The two methods are compared in terms of their effectiveness in predicting the concrete fracture load of an expansion anchor in plain concrete under static loading for important applications. In this study, the concrete tension capacity of fastenings with heavy-duty anchors and wedge anchors in plain concrete predicted by ACI 349-90 and the CCD method were compared with the results of the tests. Based on the results of the experiments, for the CCD method, a normalization coefficient of 10.5 is appropriate for the nominal concrete breakout strength of an anchor or group of anchors in tension.

This study concerns the prediction of shear capacity, as governed by concrete breakout failure, concrete pryout failure, and steel failure, and of single anchors located close to free edge and located far from a free edge and installed in untracked, unreinforced concrete. For this purpose, the methods to evaluate the shear capacity of the single anchors in concrete are summarized, and the experimental data are compared with shear strengths using the two current methods: the ACI 349-90 and concrete capacity design methods. Based on the results of the experiments, the constant 0.568 in the steel strength equation of a wedge anchor was determined from test data at 5% fractile probability. In terms of the CCD method, a normalization coefficient of 0.659 is appropriate for single near-edge anchors loaded in shear.

One of the key projects of the Busan-style Urban Regeneration Project, the Making Happy Village Project, is the Happiness Center created as core facility for each village, which are having difficulties to operate after the end of the projects. By surveying the Happiness Center, the participating community and programs provided, this study have found the background conditions and reasons for the operational difficulties as followings. First, Busan's urban regeneration projects which started in 2010 before the implementation of the Urban Regeneration Law in 2013 was an opportunity to present a new model of urban regeneration like Making Happy Village project and Sanbokdoro Renaissance project. Second, as the core facility of Making Happy Village project, Happiness Centers had been constructed and operated before or after the empowerment of local residents with the paradigmatic shift of urban regeneration policy of Busan City. Third, to find out the difficulties concerned with the operation of Happiness Centers, this study surveyed the programs provided by them and found four types of community, profit, hobby·education, and sharing·volunteer. Fourth, different type of program is found to attract different age group of local people, like the profit-oriented programs for age group of 40s, hobby·education-oriented programs for all age groups and sharing·volunteer-oriented programs for the age groups 50s and 60s. Fifth, the emphasis on the self-supporting operation of Happiness Center by local people had been followed by over-emphasis on the profit-oriented program and small number of active participating locals which have prevented wide variety of participation and program.

This study can identify and analyze the causes of project delays and stranded for various reasons from the perspective of experts in stages, even though the project procedure has been simplified and reduced compared to large-scale urban regeneration projects. In order to carry out the research purpose, the cause of the delay was analyzed by conducting regional status, regional member surveys, and interviews with managers by project entity in the Street Housing Redevelopment Project District of Busan Metropolitan City. As a result of the study, the reasons for the delay in implementing the street housing renewal project were lack of business knowledge, conflict, lack of renewal project experts, lack of capacity, passive work progress, various institutional easing, and lack of participation in construction companies despite incentives. As a way to improve the delay in the project, local governments and public institutions such as LH actively participated in training experts and developing expert matching programs through regular education. Through the results of the study, the project was carried out quickly and smoothly so that it could be carried out appropriately for the purpose of this project in the future, providing data that could help resettle residents in old residential areas, and this is the meaning of the study.

This study was conducted to analyze the residential environment of the returnees and seek ways to improve them. The research site was selected in Hadong-gun, where the proportion of returnees is high, and after comparing the perceptions of natives and returnees about the residential environment, the characteristics of the internal and external spaces were analyzed in depth in the returnees' houses (20). The main results of this study are summarized as follows. First, compared to natives, the returnees were more satisfied with their living environment and neighborhood relations, but were dissatisfied with convenience facilities and crime prevention facilities. Second, the large difference in satisfaction between natives and returnees in the residential environment was the ‘fence, space composition, crime prevention facility’ in the external space, and the ‘space composition, kitchen, utility room, and porch’ in the internal space. Third, the low level of satisfaction and need to be improved in the houses of returnees were the ‘fence, space composition, crime prevention facility, bedroom, utility room, storage space, and porch.’ Specifically, at the boundary of the site, it is necessary to improve the form and material of the fence to strengthen territoriality and install CCTV to prevent crime, and it is necessary to classify the area of the yard according to the purpose of parking, storage of goods, and life. In the internal space of the house, the number of bedrooms needs to be increased in consideration of the number of families and visits by acquaintances, and the utility room needs to be increased in area for storage and convenience of goods. In conclusion, to improve the habitability of the returnees, it is important to maintain facilities in consideration of function and purpose in the exterior space, and to expand the number and area of major rooms in consideration of family's living pattern in the internal space.

The purpose of this study was to examine the satisfaction of environmental sculptures, consideration degree of formative design and environmental sculpture formative design elements that enhance user's satisfaction from user's perspective. To this end, the user satisfaction of the environmental sculptures on the central road and Dongseong-ro in Daegu city's central business and commercial districts completed through the basic design of Daegu Grand Design and environmental sculptures located in major streets in Seoul, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, etc. is Compared and analyzed. As a result of this study, it was understood that one of the factors influencing the difference in satisfaction with environmental sculptures was the formative design elements appeared in environmental sculptures. Accordingly, when planning environmental sculptures to create urban spaces with harmony and aesthetics with the surrounding environment, it is considered that discussion on the formative design direction considering user satisfaction is required.

This study examines small residential zone types for the Jeju 15-Minute City Policy, aiming to identify the characteristics of residential zones in Jeju through cluster analysis. The object of this study is daycare centers, home long care institutions, and medical clinics shown in 2022 small residential zone population data, which was statistically analyzed by small residential zone types. The conclusions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, population based on Jeju-si and Seogwipo-si original downtown is continuously decreasing, while the concentration of population is shown in regions where new housing sites were supplied, Nohyung-dong, Ido 2-dong, Yeondong, Aradong residential zone, and commercial concentrated areas in Seopwipo, Seoheungdong and Dongheungdong residential zone, Secondly, an analysis of essential living facilities indicates that while daycare centers are generally well-distributed across many residential zones, distribution of home long-term care institutions and especially medical clinics is uneven, which is required to be improved. Fourth, when analyzing a type-based analysis, Type 1 has an adequate supply of daycare centers and home long-term care institutions, as well as a sufficient number of clinics. Type 2 has sufficient daycare centers and home long-term care institutions, but there is an oversupply of clinics. Type 3 has a good supply of daycare centers and home long-term care institutions, but there is a need for more clinics. Type 4 has an adequate supply of daycare centers but is severely lacking in home long-term care institutions and clinics. Type 5 has sufficient daycare centers and home long-term care institutions but lacks clinics, indicating a need for additional clinic facilities.

This study analyzes the key planning elements used in the determination protocol of district-unit plans in Seoul, and through this, determines whether these key planning elements differ by type of district unit plans in Seoul and determines the role of the key planning elements in achieving the district's management objectives. The main results derived from the study are as follows. In the planning management-type district unit plan, the maximum development scale was limited to avoid excessive development scale in consideration of the status of existing urban parcels to be planned, and joint development designation was made in thin and small parcels. In addition, the recommended use plan for the use requiring specialization within the zone, incentive plan of the floor area ratio, the designation of a special planning area, and the establishment of a zone where vehicles are not allowed to enter were presented as key plan items. Since the preservation and regeneration type aims to preserve the characteristics of the district, the permissible use plan is often used, and there are few cases where plans for density management such as building-to-land ratio and floor area ratio are established. In addition, due to the regional characteristics of a hilly area or conservation area, it is required to restrict the direction of buildings to maintain the unity and continuity of the streetscape, to minimize damage to existing urban structures or topography. Lastly, in the case of the development and maintenance type, since district unit plans are established when private and public development projects are implemented, there are many adjustments to the special purpose area for the implementation of the development project. In addition, considering the establishment of a detailed development plan in the future, it is characteristic that it does not include details such as specific lot planning, building planning, and infrastructure planning.

The purpose of this study is to review process and to analyze effectiveness of the project through changes in educational space and user evaluation in Gyeongbuk Technical High School, which promoted the "Project for Establishing Future Educational Space" project promoted by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education in 2018. The space for renovation is four of the six classrooms located on the third floor, which is the "－" part of the "L-shaped" school building. The subjected space is a total of 360㎡, including corridors and balconies. As a result of collecting opinions on space changes, there is a need for a space where closed and uniform classroom spaces to be changed into a space where students can perform various activities. Accordingly, the square classroom was demolished and sculpture of tree image was installed in the middle of the four classrooms to increase the area of corridor space and introduce a method of an "open square". After the renovation, activities such as student meetings, exchanges, studies and conversations diversified and the frequency of school being used as symbolic spaces increased.

Evaluating fire hazards of buildings and establishing fire safety management measures are essential because fires can cause casualties and extensive property damage. In view of these factors, traditional markets have a high risk of fire hazards, as has been proven in many fire accidents. To address this issue, this study provides basic data for establishing fire safety management measures through clustering of markets by considering the building and human characteristics of markets. To that end, we conduct a cluster analysis with the building and human characteristics of markets as variables. We examine the fire hazards of each cluster derived as a result of the analysis and present a simple discussion about the establishment of fire safety management measures. Commercial building-type markets were classified into four clusters, and fire hazards and the directions for establishing fire safety management measures were proposed considering the characteristics of each cluster. This is the first study that clustered the markets in South Korea, and it is significant in that the results of this study can be used as basic data for establishing fire safety management measures for markets in the future.

This study attempted to investigate planning data when relocating schools in the future by measuring and comparing students’ preferences for the composition of the educational environment, focusing on Specialized High Schools. To this end, students’ preferences for the educational environment were measured through surveys, and students’ preferences for individual attributes were analyzed. Factors influencing students’ preferences were identified in the order of convenience factor (f1), indoor environment amenity (f2), size and quantity factor of required space (f3), and educational support space factor (f4). As a result of the analysis, it showed significant differences in convenience factor (f1) by major and indoor environment component (f2) by grade, and it was found that the preference for educational environment components may vary depending on the conditions of each major, gender, grade and degree of experience in mobile classes. Especially, the need for space use-related factors such as convenience and indoor environment composition is more strongly expressed. In particular, the fs1 factor showed differentiated results compared to other factors. The results obtained here can be used as basic data when planning the composition of an educational environment for the use of Specialized High School space, and are expected to help prepare a manual that can be used to respond to various needs of students.

A lot of construction works are done by manually and often involves heavy materials handling, which increases the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. However, monitoring physical load levels applied to workers during construction work is difficult due to the large size of the site and a huge number of workforce. Under this circumstance, this study developed an approach to evaluate the lifting workload of construction workers using a smart insole sensor for the purpose of preventing musculoskeletal disorders. In the experiment, different level of risks were set by changing the lifting load according to the NIOSH Lifting Index. Participants wore a smart insole and performed repetitive lifting tasks. A analysis was conducted by applying the Bi-LSTM model, a deep learning algorithm based on a recurrent neural network. As a result of the analysis, an accuracy of up to 84.1% was confirmed when using data collected from the nearest foot to the lifting object. The approach introduced in this study utilizes foot-pressure data which is easier to acquire than other biometric data and would have a higher field applicability. The approach would help to manage the level of physical load during a heavy material handling tasks at construction sites and prevent musculoskeletal disorders of construction workers.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the roof design of the planned station in consideration of the urban environment and climatic characteristics of Hong Kong's West Kowloon Station, Taiyuan Station, and Huhe Haot transfer centers. First, a roof design was implemented as an ecologically integrated system that considers climate characteristics. Second, traditional architecture of China, geographical environment of Hong Kong, and climatic characteristics of Huhehot were reflected in roof openings and eaves details. Third, it is form of a structural roof to facilitate discharge of air entering in summer and winter. A combination of sustainable design strategies was being introduced to meet needs of climate change and urban development, and complex transit centers served as an important link between urban centers in various ways. We hope to use this paper as an important guide to sustainable design to realize harmonization in urban development and environmental protection.

School facilities require structural and functional performance improvement as the life of the building elapses. This study analyzes the construction target and change trends of school architectures according to architectural construction works in Jeju from 2011 to 2022. To this end, the list of contracts on architectural construction works conducted at educational facilities is received from the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Office of Education. The conclusion to this is as follows. First, the architectural construction of educational facilities has been increasing since 2018, and has increased rapidly since 2020. Second, regular safety inspections have been conducted steadily since 2016, and have been conducted the most in elementary schools. Third, expansion, improvement, demolition, replacement, reinforcement, and repair work are underway in school building construction, and aging of buildings is affecting it. Fourth, the spaces where a lot of construction is carried out are in the order of classroom, multi-functional auditorium, restroom, and school cafeteria. Finally, according to the type of construction, the construction were carried out in order of electricity, mechanical equipment, fire fighting, communication, and air-conditioning & heating replacement work.