Earticle

원효의 『무애춤(無碍禪舞)』은 그에게 교외별전(敎外別傳)의 법을 전하였던 혜공대사와 대안대사의 자재한 춤을 연구하여, 깨침의 사회화를 주창하고자 창안한 종합예술적인 춤이다. 그리고 그 춤은 성(聖)과 속(俗)을 일심으로 아우르고, 걸림 없는 그의 무애사상을 담고 있다. 그런 까닭에 『무애춤』은 가장 원형적인 표현으로 자유로운 삶의 모습을 보여주었다. 그러면 이 시점에서『무애춤』을 새롭게 연구하는 또 다른 이유는 무엇인가? 그것은 삼국의 환란 속에서 자존적인 삶을 살았던 원효가 자비보살의 방편의 하나인『무애춤』을 시작으로 민중과 고락을 함께 하면서 그들의 아픔을 치유하였기 때문이다. 이런 점에서 종합예술적인 면과 동작명상치료의 역할을 겸한 『무애춤』은 오늘날 표현예술치료의 효시로써 연구검토 할 가치가 있다.

Wonhyo`s “he Nature Zen Dance(Mooechum)”which was influenced by Saint-Hyegong and Saint-Dean and it was a form of dance which is composite art designed to advocate socialization of awareness. And the dance contains his thought which puts together Saint and Man into one mind. That is why Wonhyo presented more dynamic and free life in the dance. We can understand that it is an expression of simple original form of mercy. In this point of view, “he Nature Zen Dance(Mooechum)”has the value to study as the first expressive arts therapy in terms of a form of composite art and a type of meditation psychotherapy. And one thing we found is that Wonhyo tried to visit noted mountains to practice Zen, and danced deliberately in order for people who got hurted to soothe and lead into the world of attaining Budddahood setting and psychotherapy, and the zen dance he danced was not vulgar and not against the commandments but to enlighten the public. And through the period of United Silla Kingdom and Koryo Dynasty, with keeping time difference of each about 100 years, two monks and Leeinro who observed “he Nature Zen Dance(Mooechum)”wrote the contents directly by poetry and eulogy. The poetry and eulogy have done an important role to maintain “he Nature Zen Dance(Mooechum)”until the present times, without them would have been a crisis that was nearly expired at the slightest slip. And one more thing I would like to say up to this point is that I gave a related data which we can study about maintaining historic significances to my thesis. In the result of Choseon Dynasty’ policy of the ban on Buddism, the dance was not practiced to all the temples. But I was able to hand down the pulse of “he Nature Zen Dance(Mooechum)”by special connection. And, thanks to your efforts and zeal, we are able to put this dance into practice once every year starting from 2004.

본 연구는 예술심리치료를 병행한 집단프로그램이 장애유아의 사회성 발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해서 실시되었다. 연구 프로그램은 놀이활동과 언어 및 인지활동 그리고 예술심리치료 활동으로 구성되었으며 이를 통하여 사회성 기술을 습득하고 자율성을 증진시킴으로써 사회성을 향상시키고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구 대상아동은 장애로 인해 집단에 적응이 되지 않는 남아 2명이며, 주 3회씩 실시하여 총 37회가 진행되었다. 연구결과 대상아동 2명은 대인관계, 놀이, 집단에의 적응 면에서 사회성이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 예술심리치료를 병행한 집단프로그램은 장애유아의 사회성 발달을 향상시키는데 효과적임을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of group program along with arts psychotherapy that effect the social development of disabled preschoolers. The goal of this study was composed of three section included play, cognition-language and arts psychotherapy. Two disabled preschoolers participated in this case study. this group program was carried out their 2 hour 45 minites per time, third a week. This program comprised of 37 sessions group program along with arts psychotherapy was administered to group for 3 month, beginning of January, 2006. The instruments of measurement were the E-CLAC and rating of children's therapist, supporter, observers. The results of this study were as follow: First, the subjects were improned with the social development included relationship with the person, section of play and adaptation of a group. Second, the subjects were improned with the social development in group program similarity. Consequently, it was found that group program along with arts psychotherapy is effective in the relationship with the person, section of play and adaptation of a group of disabled preschoolers.

본 연구는 미술치료를 통하여 ADHD아동의 공격성 및 주의집중에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 목적으로 방과 후 아동교실 대상자인 초등학교 1학년 아동을 대상으로 2004년 10월부터 2005년 5월까지 주1회 40～60분씩 총18회 실시하였다. 미술치료 프로그램을 크게 3단계로 나누어 구조화, 비구조화를 상황에 맞추어 구성하였고, 표현방법은 자유화로 진행되었으며, 재료는 아동이 좋아하는 점토를 사용하여 마음껏 치고 두들기고 주무르는 과정에서 공격적 에너지가 분출되고, 주무를 때 손 끝에 느껴지는 쾌감과 친근감은 억압된 감정과 갈등을 해소시켜 긍정적인 정서적 변화를 돕도록 하였다. 측정도구는 K-CBCL검사를 사용하여 사전사후를 비교하였다. 본 연구결과 미술치료 중 소조활동은 성취감 및 자존감을 향상시켜 부정적 정서를 완화시키고 심리적 안정과 정서적 변화에 효과적으로 작용하여 ADHD아동의 공격적 행동 및 주의집중에도 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 미술치료가 ADHD아동의 공격성 및 주의집중 변화에 미치는 효과가 있었음을 본 연구를 통해 결론 내릴 수 있다.

A purpose of this study is to certify that Art therapy can alleviate ADHD(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) children's aggression and help them concentrate their attention. For this, we chose subjects that were freshmen in the elementary school, who had taken after-school classes. This study was conducted 18 times overall. Each research took forty or sixty minutes once a week and lasted from October, 2004 to May, 2005. Art therapy program consists of three steps and it was organized structured or unstructured depending on each situation. Its expression method is a free drawing and the material is clay that children are fond of. That's because ADHD children can erupt their aggressive energy by slapping and fumbling clay. We expected them to dissolve their oppressed emotion and conflict and then, to undergo a positive emotional change through their pleasure and familiarity which they can feel on the edge of their fingers with clay. We evaluated subjects before and after the therapy and compared with each other by using K-CBCL(Korean Child Behavior Checklist) test. As a result, the modeling activity, one of the art therapies helped ADHD children elevate their accomplishment and self-esteem and also stabilize their mental state. Thus this fact could affect ADHD children's aggression and concentration positively. On the basis of this results, we can conclude that Art therapy have an positive effect on the alleviation of ADHD children's aggression and on the change of their concentration.

본 연구는 초등학교 학습장애 아동들에게 음악치료 프로그램을 적용하여 자기표현 및 사회성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보고자 하는 목적으로 초등학교 특수 학급 2, 3학년에 재학중인 2명의 학습장애아동을 대상으로 주2회 40분씩 총12회 세션을 실시하였다. 치료과정은 비디오로 녹화하여 관찰 분석하였고, 음악치료 세션 안에서 이루어지는 여러 가지 음악치료 기법을 통한 자기표현과 사회성 향상을 중심으로 질적연구 방법을 채택하였다. 음악치료 결과 학습장애 아동들이 참여 이전보다 언어적, 비언어적 자기표현력 향상과 상대방에 대한 배려, 협조, 감정통제 등의 행동이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 음악치료가 정서 및 사회성 발달 측면에서 안정과 자율성 그리고 사회성에 긍정적 영향을 미치기 때문이며, 음악치료가 학습장애아동들의 자기표현 및 사회성에 의미 있는 효과가 되었음을 의미하는 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to find out how musical therapeutic programs can influence on children’ self-expression and social skills. 12 sessions were conducted from September to October, 2007 to 2 children who are 2nd and 3rd graders studying at special education classes in K elementary school located in Chung Cheong Province. Both of them were classified into students with learning disability in the school so they were receiving general education in a regular class and at the same time separate education in a special class. Therapeutic process was observed and analyzed by video-recording, and for objectivity an advisor and a student majoring in music therapy participated in the analysis together. This study was conducted, focusing on improvement of self-expression and social skills through various methods of musical therapy held in musical therapeutic sessions. In sum, the results of this study are as follows; First, as musical therapy progresses, their verbal and non-verbal skills in expressing themselves were improved. For example, passive and quiet voice became more specific and longer, adding adjectives and describing their emotion in details. Secondly, as musical therapy progresses, they were inattentive, shouted, did some aggressive behaviors at first but they started to apologize their faults and forgive from the middle of session. In the latter of the session, they stared at each other’ eyes, actively played together, tuning in and showed some changes such as giving in and complimenting each other. As above, musical therapeutic programs have made behaviors such as care about others, cooperation, emotion control increase in children with learning disabilities than before participation in the music therapy programs. This result has come out because musical therapy has a positive effect on stability, self-control and relationship improvement in a perspective of emotional and social development, and represents that musical therapy has a meaningful effect on the self-expression and social skills of children with learning disabilities.

본 연구는 중학생을 대상으로 분노조절 훈련프로그램의 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험 처치에 해당하는 분노조절 프로그램은 인지적 변화에 초점을 두고 활동 중심의 내용으로 구성하였다. 연구의 대상은 중학교 2학년 남학생 12명 여학생 9명 총 21명이며, 매주 90분씩 8회기에 걸쳐 프로그램을 진행하였다. 연구대상에게 자기통제력, 공격성, 분노수준 검사를 사전-사후에 실시하였으며 그 결과를 분석하여 프로그램의 효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 분노 조절 프로그램은 중학생의 자기통제력을 향상시키는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 언어적 공격성의 감소에는 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 본 연구의 분노 조절 프로그램은 분노수준의 감소에는 유의미한 결과를 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구는 몇가지 연구의 제한점에도 불구하고, 일반 중학생을 대상으로 분노조절 프로그램을 실시함으로써 자신의 분노를 인지하고 자기조절 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 교육 프로그램으로서의 효과를 검증한데 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of the anger-control program for middle-school students. Twenty one middle-school students(12 male and 9 female) located in Chungnam were selected and received anger control program for this study. This program was progressed with totally 8 semesters by 90 minutes once a week. The subjects surveyed for quantative analysis of the questionaries and qualitative study through the analysis of the obervation materials. The data was anaysied by t-test and ANCOVA. The processing of materials researched was used SPSS/PC(ver. 11.0) program. The results of this study are as follows. First, the anger control program was indicated to have an effect on enhancing self-control in middle-school students. Second, it was indicated to have an effect on the reduction in verbal-aggression Third, the effects of the anger control program were not shown the significant difference on the reduction in anger level. With this result, this study is expected to be conducive to developing a program that improves self-control and prevents the adolescent problems of causing anger and aggression in home-reared middle-school students, other than juvenile delinquents or institutionalized adolescents.

본 연구는 정신지체인들을 대상으로 집단미술치료를 실시하여 집단소조활동이 정신지체인의 대인관계 상호작용과 자기표현력 향상에 긍정적 효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 대상은 B시에 거주하는 정신지체 2급, 성인 7명을 대상으로 구성하였다. 프로그램은 주1회로 60~90분으로 실시하였고, 총 17회기로 구성하였다. 연구의 측정도구는 정서관찰척도(OEIR)과 그림 투사검사로 인물화(DAP), 행동관찰법을 사용하였으며, 프로그램 실시 전 후에 검사를 실시하여 그 변화를 제시하였다. 본 연구에 의한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미술치료가 정신지체인의 대인관계 증진에 효과가 있었다. 정서관찰척도((OEIR)에서 하위척도별로 살펴보면 사회성, 현실검증력, 대인관계 상호 작용이 향상되고, 우울, 불안, 공격성, 충동성이 감소를 보였다. 따라서 대인관계 증진에 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 인물화 진단에 의한 자기표현 변화를 분석한 결과 10가지 문제 지표에서 나타나는 점수변화를 통해 자기표현의 긍정적인 변화를 파악할 수 있었다. 전반적으로 S요인이 증가되고,M, C, F, Sch, Ps요인이 감소되었다. 셋째, 행동관찰을 통해 초기와 후기의 차이점을 비교하면 집단원간의 대인관계 상호작용이 증가되어 인간관계 기술이 현저하게 증가하고 있음을 보여준다.

The purpose of this study is to check if group art therapy of molding activity can help mentally retarded people in expressing themselves and making better relationship with others. O-E-I-R(Observation-Emotional-Inventory-Revised) is used to improve human relationship of the mentally disabled; and t-test is performed on questionable conduct before and after the program, five days a week, each time for two hours. The Draw- A -Person test is used to compare with post-program data by the criteria of the person's composition, shape, location, and size; also compared as a method of observing conducts is comparison of the early sessions with the late sessions in changes of action, relationship with others, and peculiar conducts. Based on the study, the following is concluded. First, there are significant difference in all seven areas of emotion observation scale. That is, the tendency of dejection, anxiety, aggression, and impulse are considerably reduced, while positive changes arise in abilities of reality check, social and personal contact. Second, analyzing the degree of self expression from portrait diagnosis it become known that the mentally retarded people indeed have inner desires, conflicts, and interests which they couldn't express in words, and that they gradually improve themselves in self expression through changes in 10 different index making. Third, according to relationship observation, the subjects participate the program much more actively and increase mutual interaction more frequently in late sessions than earlier session. They make closer relationship with group members through discussion or presentation during the group work, which gives the mentally disabled positive effect on their self expression and personal relations.

본 연구의 목적은 유아교육기관 교사의 교수효능감과 포괄적 음악교육에 대한 인식의 차이를 알아보고, 유아교육기관의 교사들이 교수 효능감과 포괄적 음악교육에 대한 인식에 어떠한 차이가 있는지 밝히고자하는데 있다. 서울과 광주광역시 소재의 유아교육기관에 근무하는 유아교사 182명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 수집된 자료는 공변량분석과, 중다회귀 분석을 하였다. 연구결과 유아교육기관 교사의 교수효능감은 유치원과 어린이집, 문화센타에 근무하는 교사 간에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 포괄적 음악교육에 대한 인식은 집단간의 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 또한 교수효능감이 포괄적 음악교육에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 결과는 유치원과 문화센타 교사는 의미 있게 설명되었지만, 어린이집교사의 교수 효능감은 포괄적 음악교육에 대한 인식을 의미 있게 나타내지 못하였다.

This research is to examine the efficacy in teaching and the perception of comprehensive music education of the early-childhood education teachers working for kindergartens, nursery schools, and cultural centers. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference, if there is any, between the educational institutions, and to figure out whether the perception of comprehensive music education is influenced by efficacy in teaching. A questionnaire survey has been done for the research., and 182 teachers working for early-childhood educational institutions located in Seoul and Gwang-ju participated in. ANCOVA and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the statistical data. As a result, there was difference in the efficacy in teaching between the teachers of kindergartens, nursery schools, and cultural centers, while significant difference was found in the perception of comprehensive music education between the teachers of kindergartens, nursery schools, and cultural centers. Besides, with regard to the effect of efficacy in teaching on comprehensive music education, the result of the analysis indicates that the efficacy affects on the perception in the cases of kindergartens and cultural centers, but not in the case of nursery schools. The limitation of this study and the suggestion for further research is as followed. First, the result of this study cannot be generalized in that this research has been performed under the limited condition -the data was obtained from the early-childhood educational institutions located only in Seoul and Gwangju. Therefore, the regional limitation should be ameliorated and more teachers of educational institutions should be considerated as well in the following study. Second, even though the teacher himself/herself already perceived the importance of comprehensive music education, the teaching activity performed in the field could be very poor due to many factors. Thus, political consideration like, for instance, compilation of an educational budget, should be followed to actualize the compre- hensive music education. Further study focused on the importance of early-childhood music education will be needed to call more attention.

이 연구는 비장애 학생의 바른 인성함양을 위한 교육방송 「희망풍경」프로그램 활용 효과를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 강원도 T 시에 있는 특수학교 중등부에 재학중인 36명의 장애아동들이다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ｢”희망 풍경｣”프로그램 활용은 남을 배려하는 너그러운 마음과 이타적인 자세를 고양시켜 더불어 살아야 하는 마음을 갖도록 하는 인성함양에 많은 도움이 되었다. 둘째, 교육방송 <희망풍경> 프로그램 시청에 대한 관심과 흥미를 제고시킬 수 있었을 뿐 아니라 장애인에 대한 인식을 새롭게 하여 함께 ‘”더불어 사는 삶’을 생활화하도록 학생들에게 자심감과 보람을 갖게 하여 긍정적인 자아존중감을 형성시킬 수 있었다. 셋째, 교육방송 <희망풍경> 프로그램 활용으로 장애인을 대하는 행동에 있어서 수용적하는 긍정적인 태도 변화를 보였다.

The purpose of this research was investigated the effects on cultivate the right character of students without disabilities on EBS「Heemangpoongkyung」program. The subjects of this research were 36 second graders in middle school students without disabilities selected in the city of T, Gangwon province. The main conclusions from the research wear as follows : First, the EBS Heemangpoongkyung program was effected on cultivating the right character of students without disabilities. Second, it statistically helped the self-concept of students without disabilities to change positively. Third, the effect of the program in this study showed us to increase receptiveness on the attitude of normal children about disabled children.

본 연구는 음악치료가 정신분열증환자들의 정서의 향상은 물론, 대인관계의 향상에 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 충북 옥천에 소재한 사회복지법인시설 B에 입소한 환자들로 DSM-IV에 근거하여 정신과 전문의가 정신분열병으로 진단을 내린 환자들을 대상으로 하였으며. 연구대상은 23세∼71세까지의 정신분열병 환자로 모두 20명(남10, 여10명)으로, 10주동안 주 2회 50분 세션으로 남녀를 혼합하여 두 팀으로 나누어 각 10명씩 1시간 간격으로 같은 날 실시하였으며, 각각 20회를 실시하였다. 객관적 측정을 위해 담당간호사와 생활지도사가 음악치료전과 후에 제3자측정 정서척도와 대인관계 척도지로 측정하였다. 연구결과 음악치료 프로그램 실시 후의 정서를 살펴본 결과, 감정의 조절면에서는 유의미한 변화가 있었으나 표현에 있어서는 유의미한 변화가 없게 되었다. 그에 따라 전체적 정서의 변화는 유의미하지 않은 결과를 나타내었으나. 대인관계에서는 통계적으로 도 매우 뚜렷한 유의미한 결과를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 음악치료가 정신분열증환자들의 정서의 조절과 대인관계의 향상에 효과가 있음을 보여주어 정신분열증 환자의 재활 치료에 좋은 지침을 제공하였다는 점에서 본 연구는 그 의의를 둘 수 있겠다.

This study is to find out whether musical therapy has an effect on improving relationships with others as well as emotion. To verify the purpose of this study, research items as follows were set; 1. How does musical therapy influence patients with schizophrenia on his/her emotion change? 2. How does musical therapy influence patients with schizophrenia on his/her relationship with others? 3. What kind of quality changes in his/her emotion and relationship with others happened to the patients with schizophrenia during musical therapy? The research targets were patients hospitalized in social welfare facility ‘’located in Ok-cheon, Chungbuk Province, who were diagnosed as schizophrenia based on DSM-IV. They were schizophrenia patients ranging from age 23 to 71 and in total 20 people(men 10, women 10). The research period was 10 weeks from August 2007 to October 2007, and twice a week 50 minute session was conducted. They were divided into two groups mixed with men and women and each of 10 people in a group participated at one hour interval on the same day so a total of 20 sessions were conducted. Musical programs provided to the targets were singing a song, writing lyrics, impromptu performance, analyzing lyrics, playing musical instruments, and physical activities. In order to find out the musical therapy’ effects on schizophrenia patients’motion and relationship with others, nurses and life guides in charge measured their level of emotion and relationship with others before and after the test. This study was conducted to identify therapeutic effects on his/her ability of controlling emotion and relationship with others after applying systematic musical therapy to those schizophrenia patients, providing an clinical basis. Observing their emotion after the musical therapy, there were meaningful change in their emotion control but no meaningful change in expression. Thus the change of emotion showed not so meaningful result as a whole but in their relationship with others they showed very significant result. In conclusion, this study is important to find out that musical therapy is considered to have a good effect on emotion control and relationship with others of patients with schizophrenia, providing good guide in rehabilitation therapy for schizophrenia patients.

본 연구는 집단미술치료가 만성정신분열증 환자의 자아존중감을 향상시키고 사회적 회피 및 불안을 감소시키는 데 효과가 있는지를 파악하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상자는 30-40대의 여자환자들로 초기 8명으로 프로그램을 시작하였으나 퇴원과 증상의 악화로 3명이 불참하게 되어 총 5명을 분석 대상으로 하였다. 프로그램은 2006년 2월부터 8월까지 주 1회 60분을 기준으로 20회기를 실시하였으며, 연구의 효과성을 알아보기 위해 자아존중감검사와 사회적 회피 및 불안검사를 사전과 사후에 실시하여 이를 비교분석하였으며, 아울러 집단미술치료 과정에 대해서는 질적 분석을 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 첫째, 집단미술치료가 만성정신분열증 환자의 자아존중감 향상에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 집단미술치료가 만성정신분열증 환자의 사회적 회피 및 불안 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study is to check if group art therapy is effective in enhancing self-esteem and reducing social avoidance and anxiety of the patients with chronic schizophrenia. The study subjects are five women in their thirties and forties with schizophrenia, though initially eight such women were in the program but three of them dropped out of the program because their illness deepened. The art therapy program consists of a total of 20 sessions from February to August of 2007, one session a week and each session lasting 60 minutes. Research tools used for the study are both Pre-test and Post-test for Self-esteem, Social avoidance and Anxiety in comparative measurement, and in addition a qualitative analysis for the process of group art therapy itself. To summarize the results of the study, first, the group art therapy becomes effective on improving self-esteem of the chronic schizophrenia patients; second, displays effectiveness on the patients' social avoidance and anxiety.