Earticle

The relationship between characteristics of entrepreneurs and managerial performance in information technology based start up companies is explored in this study. Nine independent variables reflecting the characteristics of entrepreneurs such as progressive spirit, innovativeness, risk taking, social adaptability, managerial capability, technological capability, work experience, and educational experience were selected to analyze their impact on managerial performance. In addition, the company size was adopted as a moderating variable in the relationship between nine independent variables and managerial performance. Surveys for data collection were conducted on entrepreneurs in information technology industry and 91 data were analysed through the method of hierarchical regression analysis.

As a way to overcome the limitation of insufficient resources, entrepreneurs join associations of hybrid small business exchange equipped with a system for network implementation and cooperation among small businesses. This study questingly examined the impact networking activities performed by entrepreneurs and the social support to them have on the enterprise performance. In particular, the analysis was carried out targeting 172 entrepreneurs obtained through efficient access to and utilization of external resources. As a result of regression analysis, it was found that entrepreneurial networking activities exerted direct impact on the enterprise performance when social support was not taken into consideration and did not so when social support was taken into consideration. The previous studies on networking reported that securing of a network exerted an impact on the creation of enterprise performances. However, according to the findings of this study, it was found that social support, a positive psychological effect that can be obtained from networking, played a role of complete mediation to enterprise performances. As such, the results of this study indicated that social support, which connects between entrepreneurial networking activities and enterprise performances, played the role of complete mediation. In summary, this study substantially verified that entrepreneurs are receiving both psychological and physical help or acknowledgment, encouragement and supply of knowledge and information from the associations of hybrid small business exchange in overcoming a wide range of difficulties experienced during management activities.

After the introduction of electric vouchers for social services in 2007, the number of service providers has increased. Though the impact of government policy on the provider-establishment activation have been expected, the rigorous empirical studies on that impact are few because of the lack of data. This paper empirically analyzes the determinants of the Herfindahl monopolization index for the service markets of the Assistant Service for Persons with Severe Disabilities (ASPSD) in the framework of industrial organization. We find that providers’ number and population have a negative effect, but that fiscal independence index and service users’ number have a positive effect. Specifically, we examine the effect of the real-time approval for electric vouchers on the provider-establishment activation in the service markets of the ASPSD, and report that the requirement of the real-time approval for electric vouchers may promote provider-establishment activation and decrease the Herfindahl monopolization index.

All over the globe policy makers and academics agree that entrepreneurship plays a critical role for the development and well-being of society. The purpose of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is to build and enhance global understanding about the attitudes, activity, and aspiration of entrepreneurs. GEM was conceived in 1997 by Michael Hay of London Business School (LBS) and Bill Bygrave of Babson College. LBS and Babson funded a prototype study that year. Ten national teams conducted the first GEM Global study in 1999. GEM is a consortium of national academic teams and a central coordination team. Working together, this consortium administers an adult population survey (APS) of at least 2,000 individuals from 18-64 years old in each participating country. In addition, GEM conducts National Expert Surveys (NES) of at least 36 experts, to provide information about particular factors influencing entrepreneurship in each country. The analysis of NES in Korea was based on the answers from 41 experts in the 9 specified fields. This paper was based on the GEM Korea 2011 report. GEM 2011 organized the 55 countries into three groups based on different economic development levels: factor- driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven. Korea is among the 23 higher-income innovation-driven economies. Many of the comparisons made in this report with respect to Korea are within this group of countries. Korea ranked 6th in the TEA level in the group (ranked 7th among 22 countries in the TEA level in GEM 2010). In measuring entrepreneurial activity, GEM includes four phases: potential, nascent, new, and established entrepreneurs. This report focuses primarily on nascent and new entrepreneurs, which make up the Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. This rate in 2011 was 7.8% of the adult population in Korea, which were higher than 6.6% of 2010. One distinct quality of entrepreneurship in Korea is the ratio of male to female participation in entrepreneurship. While this varies among countries across the entire sample, the innovation-driven countries generally have a male-to-female entrepreneurship ratio of two to one, with some (U.S., Australia, etc.) having a much lower ratio. Korea, however, has about a three-to-one ratio. The ratio in TEA (11.7% of men to 3.8% of women). Entrepreneurial profile of Republic of Korea has different outlook with innovation- driven economies and the reference group especially in terms of perceived opportunities, perceived capabilities and necessity-driven TEA rate. Perceived opportunities and perceived capabilities are much lower than the comparative groups, and necessity-driven TEA is much higher than the groups. It is noteworthy that TEA rate is a little higher than the comparative groups despite the low entrepreneurial attitudes. And entrepreneurial Employee Activity Rate (EEA) of the adult population in Korea was 2,4%, which were much lowe ratio than 4.6% average of innovation driven countries. Looking into the TEA sector structure of Republic of Korea, consumer oriented services comprise the most part, and transforming sector and business oriented services follow. Extractive sector comprises the least. You can observe the similar pattern with established business sector structure. In established business activity, transforming sector is much bigger than the TEA and consumer oriented services are smaller than the TEA. National Expert Survey (NES) reveal that Korea has an outstanding physical infrastructure and internal market dynamics in the entrepreneurial environment. In contrast, the professional & commercial sector has been weak in the past few years.

Due to a radical change on the world commerce environment in recent years, the importance of the international management activities in the enterprises is being emerged more sharply than ever. Our SME's(Small and Medium Sized Enterprise) are also in the face of direct and indirect influences on the environmental change such as this new paradigm, insecurity for supply and demand caused by rising wages and rising in prices of raw materials, rapid development of our neighbor Asian countries as China, India, etc. Under this environment, Vietnam has, in our view, characteristics of the Korean wave market, the trade surplus market and the toll processing market, and becomes our important location to advance abroad due to shrinking domestic consumption in our SME's. Furthermore, Vietnamese market has been the focus from investors of each country as well as our enterprises as Vietnam is playing the role of locomotive to lead economic growth in the Asian region. Therefore, this study analyzes about the recent business environment and investment environment in Vietnam where the importance is becoming more among the emerging markets. Also this study has the purpose of finding out the difficulty factors through the business environment change of Korea SME's in Vietnam according to comparing our survey with formal research. Finally, this study wants to suggest information for making efficient entry and Business strategies into Vietnam of our SME's.

This paper addresses the concept of new self-supporting strategies at social welfare agency, defined as search leading to unintended discovery. It conceptually delineates new self-supporting strategies, showing how those are related to the social enterprise on prior knowledge search. The study also discusses how new self-supporting strategies of the social enterprise relate to some aspects of ownership structure, decision-making structure, social capital, and entrepreneurship. For this study, we conducted in-depth interviews at ‘A human’ and ‘B housing’ coming from self-help community in Jinju city. The finding is as follows. Firstly, social enterprise tends to have a positive effect on the self-sufficiency for low income class and the local economic vitalization. Secondly, it is found that ownership structure, decision-making structure, social capital, and entrepreneurship show meaningful relations with the continuous competitive advantage of the social enterprise differing from profit organization. Thirdly, we found that the social enterprise needs the social welfare agency to achieve self- sufficiency and the continues competitive advantage for a log time. Finally, we found that there is the contradiction between the undemocratic social context and the social enterprise’ aspiration to become a truly democratic organization.