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In this research, I focused on the 3 year(1995-1997) -analysis of productivity trend about Korean 5 main export industries- motors, steels, ship building, electronics & semiconductor, and textile industries, which have been much influenced by IMF. Comparing with other competing countries, Korea`s productivity level and international competitive power were low, and the productivity of the 5 main industries in this study was lower than that of the manufacturing industries average. First, at the of 1997, motors industry`s praductivity level is lower than manufacturing industries` average productivity in the increasing ratio of value added per employee, the increasing ratio of net sales per employee, the increasing ratio of salaries and wages per employee, tangible fixed assets per employee, liabilities and net worth per employee. So, this industry`s value added is decreasing, for the operating profit is going to `minus`. Second, at the end of 1997, steels industry`s productivity level is get so behind in the increasing ratio of the value added per employee and the increasing ratio of salaries and wages per employee, the ratio of value added to tangible fixed assets. This industry`s operating profit is `minus` too in the form of the value added. Third, at the end of 1997, ship building industry`s productivity level is low in the part of increasing ratio of salaries and wages per employee and the ratio of value added to tangible fixed assets. But, the operating profit was fine. Fourth, at the end of 1997, electronics & semiconductor industry`s productivity level was in the problems of the value added per employee and the increasing, ratio of net sales per employee. The operating profit was `minus` for the increase of increasing salaries and wages per employee. Firth, at the end of 1997, textile industry`s productivity level showed a favorable trend in the ratio of value added per employee and the selling quantity per employee, however, the operating profit of value added was `minus`, and the increase of salaries and wages per employee is problem now. As above, Korean main industries productivity level under the IMF was so low and fell behind. It is important, I believe, that capital, labor and government`s agreement through the reform of the productivity improvement would be the mental productivity campaign and the nation wide campaign of mental reformation.

The contemporary business environment facing Industrial firms changes rapidly, accompanying pressing competition among one another, in what is so called the period of uncertainty. Once again, the whole-scale competition calls for the Law of Survival of the Fittest. At this point, Korean companies cannot find any other choice but to seek for realistic formula to survive in such an urgently changing business environment. A adopting the theory of W. Baumol`s Neo-Wagner theory, which proclaimed low productivity of public sector compared to that of private sector, and applying it to manufacturing and services, we can test a hypothesis that the figure of productivity appears to be lower in service sector than in manufacturing. That seems to be caused by the lower proportion shared by physical capital compared to human resource in service sector compared to the manufacturing. This study was conducted based upon the above theory which finds no exception in logistics companies which is part of service sector. This study analyzes and evaluates productivity of the logistics companies in Korea. By clarifying causes which hinder effective production in logistics companies, this study suggests desirable policy implication for development of business strategy for them. The result of this study shows that productivity of logistics company is lower than that of manufacturing, thereby suggest that it is necessary to establish management strategies to improve productivity in the industry and counterplan for urgently changing business environment.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of institutional isomorphism on organizational performance among non-profit organizations. Institutional theorists argue that institutionalized practices and procedures come to take on a rule-like status and function as powerful myths. Organizations are driven to incorporate the institutionalized practice and procedures and become isomorphic to their institutional environment. Organizations that become isomorphic to their institutional environment increase their legitimacy that makes acquisition of indispensable resources easier. Since organizational performance cannot be improved without the acquisition of resources, it is hypothesized that institutional isomorphism is positively related to organizational performance. The data are gathered from kindergartens in the City of Seoul and analyzed using regression analyses. The results partially support the positive effects of institutional isomorphism on organizational performance. The implications of the results an the limitations of the study are discussed.

A mathematical model using integer programming is introduced in this paper. The model is desinged to provide solutions for menu planning in a feeding unit. A cafeteria in a university is selected for the analysis. In the model formulation, 9 essential nutrients and 221 different food items are considered. The model successfully provides a set of menus satisfying the recommended dietary allowances with minimum costs. The menus provided by the model are compared with those by conventional method. The model is found to contribute in increasing the productivity of a service unit, a cafeteria in this research, in the following three ways. First, the costs for the menus by the model are approximately 10% lower than those by the conventional method. Second, nutritional contents of the menus by the model are closer to the recommended dietary allowances with smaller deviations. Third, the model provides us with better menu plans in a more handy and faster way.

In the process of industrialization, Korean econmy has been dependent upon the intermediate goods, capital goods, and many kinds of parts/materials which have been imported from Japan. And also there are the structural change in the imports from Japan. This study focuses on the analysis on the total factor productivity of the intermediate goods, imported from Japan. For this we can use the international input-output table and accomplish the factor decomposition analysis on the total factor productivity. As a result of the analysis the intermediate imports from Japan has only an insignificant effect on the increase of productivity in Korean industries.

The learning curve model is widely used in production planning and cost forecasting, as well as strategic decision making. A company or industry of a country with a steep down-ward learning curve(with high progress rate) for an item is considered to be more competitive than others while other things being equal. The following issues are main focus in this paper. First, to estimate the learning rates of Korea and Japan industry, also to compare the characteristics of learning curves by industries. Second, to review the existence of kinked points on the learning curves by industry, if there are kinked points, how much time span are there between Korea and Japan industries? Third, in general learning effects are composed two factors, the one is pure learning rates, that is, learning by doing, the other one is economies of scale, this paper is to analysis the impact of two factors by industries of Korea and Japan.

Under the GATT system, there was no definite regulation on domestic subsidy which had no direct relation with export, though it limited direct supports that might affect export, The reason of regulation is that it may result in unfairness for competing nations because the subsidy can change artificially the comparative advantage structure and may allow some products without comparative advantage to be exported. According to the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of the UR, the definition and countervailing measures on subsidy was modified for clarification. Under the WTO system, subsidies were classified based on their impact on trade and their specificity as banned, countervailable, and permitted subsidies. While the Organization does not allow the first two subsidies the last one allows subsidies on research and development, local development and environmental protection. As a result, export relative price and world income showed expected responses and the coefficients were generally significant. In case of the amount of R&D subsidy, however, there was no statistical significance. The empirical evidences imply that the R&D subsidy was not managed effectively. Therefore, it is needed to reform the subsidy system to improve its effectiveness in terms of resource allocation. And in the long run, subsidy needs to be limited within certain amount to collect for the market failure.

As the economic volume of international trade increase, Korean firms face the new challenge of globalization in the international management and, especially in the strategies of international negotiations. However, the optimal strategies in the international negotiations should come from $quot;cultural awareness$quot; from the comparative basis of the cultural differences. Recently, many Korean firms have experienced the complicated difficulties coming from the cultural differences. Some of these difficulties resulted in the failure of the international business even under the successful operation of the business itself. That is the objective of this study and we may conclude the best model for the $quot;cultural awareness$quot; depends on the comparative approach of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis implies that the cultural differences could be overcome if we compare our cultural strength and weakness (SW analysis) with the partner`s opportunity and threat (OT analysis). As the culture itself has been changing, our SWOT analysis should be more flexible to reflect the current situations. However, the basis of SWOT analysis, which is the $quot;You-Attitude$quot; to understand the partner`s cultural differences, should be always kept in mind.

Not until the late 1980s`, governments began to formulate evaluation scheme of national R&D programs. In this study, the comparative analysis of four nations` evaluation scheme for government-supported R&D programs was carried out in order to practically applicate to real R&D programs. This study aims at the procedure and assessment of the mode of project selection and its R&D agency. This study deals with national R&D programs such as G7 project (Korean), ATP & SBIR (American), Large scale project (Japanese), and ANVAR (French). Summing up, this paper suggested that mixing approach between Top-down and Button-up is adequate to select and develop future oriented R&D project, that the capability of R&D agency is more important than R&D project itself, and that practical utility is more required as an evaluation philosophy of the national R&D program.

Each company is now more interested in the productivity to achieve cost reduction and profit maximization through productivity improvement. With this trend, we show how to measure productivity of service industry using TPM(Total Productivity Model) method which considers all the input factors of the company instead of considering labor and/or capital factor separately. We also examine the relationship of productivity versus output, profit versus output and profit versus productivity of the case company (D transportation service company) and suggest the optimal level of profit and output for this company.

This article examines the effects of electronic interconnections between manufacturer-supplier in the korean automobile industry. Major automobile manufacturers in Korea established informational networks with their suppliers to streamline their parts supplies and these networks will be integrated on the industry level in the near future. By reviewing many theoretical perspectives and examining major factors concerning manufacturer-supplier relationships in the Korea`s automobile industry we concluded that electronic interconnections between manufacturer(s) and suppliers will result in more solid integration, which is called electronic hierarchy. We proposed theoretical framework to explain how electronic interconnections influence suppliers` productivity in the electronically hierarchical context mediated by the quality of shared information.

Perhaps the issue of making stable forex liquidity position and getting enough funds for economy rehabilitation is more important than any other subjects. So the government makes all the efforts to enlarge foreigner`s investments(FI) to Korea. But this kind of unsystemized efforts neglect the negative effect to economy. This study tries to present broader viewpoint and more efficient way of inducing the FI. If we obliged to enlarging the quantity of FI it self, it will result in great damage to our economy. So we need more harmonious approach to FI inducement. In this respect, we need to think the FI from the perspectives of Productivity. Productivity minds are based on the out/input ratio. If we can make positive managing of this paradigm, induced FI can be celebration to Korean economy. To enlarge the quantity of FI, it is needed to customize investor`s needs, to match to the global standards, to change the attitude to the FI. And, to make FI more effective, give incentives to long-term, direct investment, put weight to strategic alliance, management innovation efforts are needed.

In the midst of the financial crisis erupted in 1997, small firms in Korea have suffered from unprecedented high rate of defaults. The causes of the small firm default are to be analyzed from the sort-term and long-term perspective. The sort term causes are extremely high rate of interest rate, reduced domestic market demand, liquidity trap following the restructuring of banking industry, and rising costs due to the abnormally weakened Korean won. On the other hand, the long-term and structural causes of small firm defaults are attributable to the high debt/equity ratio, heavy dependence on collateral financing, lack of efficient market system for small firm IPOs, and hierarchical relationship with large firms. To resolve these problems, long-term strategies, along with short-term measures, should be employed. First, accounting system should be streamlined to reveal the fair value of a firm more clearly, and bank loan should be made on credit base rather than on collateral base. Second, equity market should be leveled up enough to accomodate high tech IPOs, thus making it more probable for venture capitalists to crop their early investment to the small but promising venture firms. Third, the relationship between small firms and large firms should be based upon the bilateral partnership rather than hierarchical relationship.

According to Korean investment to mainland China, FDI (foreign direct investment) gradually increased since 1990 started to be decreased dramatically. It shows -28.7% growth rate compared with the previous fiscal year. This is expected more decreasing rate in the year of 1998. Main cause of this figure is from critical management environment of mother companies under IMF aid in Korea. Up to the present, Korean companies more concentrated on the scale of FDI than quality. Summary for the result of this research are following; In brief of one-way ANOVA, it was proposed that investment with independent type, petrochemical sector, $0.5 to 1 million in urban area in south/middle area in China are expected the most effective investment by this researcher. However, this recommendation can be changed according to the market environment.

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze which conflict handling styles are preferred between upper and lower middle managers and how the cultural difference between two countries, Korea and Thailand, has influence on the difference of referent roles and the styles of handling interpersonal conflicts. This study utilizes the discriminant analysis and T-test in order to identify the difference of interpersonal predispositions and the conflict handling styles. Data were collected by the survey method from middle mangers of financial institutions of the two counties. The study results show that Korean upper middle managers prefer integrating, compromising, obliging, dominating, and avoiding respectively in order, while Thailand upper middle managers prefer compromising, integrating, obliging, dominating, and avoiding respectively in order as conflict handling styles. In addition, Korean lower middle managers prefer in the order of integrating, compromising, obliging, dominating, and avoiding, while Thailand lower middle managers prefer compromising, integrating, obliging, avoiding, dominating respectively in order as conflict handling styles. Although this study provides several managerial implications, this study has some limitations. Specifically, data were collected from only the middle managers of financial institutions in Seoul and Bangkok. In spite of the limitations, the study results could be used valuably in case that the personnel managers of Korean companies which operate in South-East Asian countries negotiate with the employees of domestic countries in labor dispute.