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This study explores the application of Two-stage data envelopment analysis(DEA)approach for the evaluation of R&D process which is composed of two stages such as (i)R&D stage and (ii)technology transfer stage. An usual attempt to deal with two-stage process is to apply the standard DEA model to each stage. However, such an approach may conclude that two inefficient stages lead to an overall efficient decision making unit(DMU)with the input of the first stage and outputs of the second stage. Consequently, improvement of one stage affects the efficiency status of the other, because of the presence of intermediate measures. In this study, we applied the Chen and Zhu(2004)'s model to the two-stage R&D process in order to guarantee an overall efficient two-stage process when each process is efficient, and provide a DEA projection with a set of optimal intermediate measures for inefficient DMUs.

The purpose of this study was to examine how distributive justice and procedural justice affected trust and job satisfaction and how trust and job satisfaction influenced organizational commitment. As a result of checking the causal relationship among the selected potential variables,the following findings were given: First, distributive justice as an precedent variable had a statistically significantly positive impact on trust and job satisfaction. That didn't affect organizational commitment, a dependent variable. Procedural justice exercised a statistically significantly positive influence on trust and organizational commitment, but that didn't affect job satisfaction. Second, trust that was an independent variable exerted a statistically significantly positive influence on organizational commitment, a dependent variable, whereas it didn't affect job satisfaction. Third, job satisfaction that was an independent variable had a statistically significantly positive impact on organizational commitment. Fourth, there appeared a statistically significantly positive relationship between procedural justice and organizational commitment as the former had any direct effect on the latter or this had a indirect effect on organizational commitment through the medium of trust and job satisfaction. As for the total effect of procedural justice, that exerted a statistically significantly positive overall influence on organizational commitment as well, and it's consequently concluded that better procedural justice led to stronger organizational commitment. Fifth, distributive justice didn't have any significant effect on organizational commitment. Trust and job satisfaction had a statistically significantly direct, indirect and total effect on organizational commitment. So it's concluded that stronger trust and greater job satisfaction were concurrent with better organizational commitment. The empirical findings of the study coincided with the generalized results of earlier studies that distributive justice affected positively significantly individual job satisfaction and procedural justice, trust and job satisfaction had a positive effect on organizational commitment.

When two or more people get together, political relations and hierarchies are formed. Despite this, people are still hesitant to discuss about "politics." Perhaps that is why researches on political actions of individuals have been largely ignored even by recent studies on entrepreneurship as well as business management in general in Korea. Indeed, it is also the case that political actions of entrepreneurs have hardly drawn academic attention. In fact, many entrepreneurs try to avoid any discussions on politics even though they are very political themselves. Indeed, moderating opinions, convincing others and becoming an influential individual are all clearly "political."Unlike Korea, political actions and skills have been studied rigorously in most advanced countries, for they acknowledge how influential such researches can be. Therefore, this study will attempt to benchmark the previous studies on political skills and then provide a theoretical model and analytical tools. Hopefully, this research will not only let the topic of political skills become accessible to the public but also deepen the understanding of the field. This paper also focuses on the concept of social network - which is largely influenced by political skills - which is a popular topic in managements studies today. Social network is a crucial element for organizational performance, and numerous studies have proven this point. Indeed, there are many evidences for such networking activities contributing to organizational productivity by letting individuals and organizations draw resources and capitals that are lacking within themselves. However, studies on social networks have only addressed the fact that such networks can be a contributing factor. That is, details on the process of social networks being such contributing factors have not been addressed. Venture businesses, which are more vulnerable to unstable economy, learn how to solve problems, get information and resources through social networks; they prepare themselves for unpredictable circumstances by such means. That is why entrepreneurs spend so much time and effort on forming and maintaining social networks, and they also rely upon such networks for decision making. Still, researches on the process of forming such social networks are not available for them. Therefore, this research will take social network as the primary variable and try to connect it to political skills which is a part of the process of forming such networks. Based upon such research structure, this study will take political skills as the independent variable and social network as the dependent variable and attempt to analyze the relationship between the two. The variables of political skills and social network are organized as a second order. This will provide a foundation for further research on the relation between subordinate variables. This research will also attempt to develop and analyze a cause-and-effect-model of political skills and social networks. A survey has been designed and conducted among entrepreneurs who are members of the Korean Venture Business Association. Out of the one thousand survey sheets distributed, only 234 have been collected, and because of some of the unthoughtful responses to the survey, only 211 were used for the analysis. After thoroughly assessing reliability and validity, the hypothesis has been verified by using the structural equation modeling analysis. Both reliability and validity have been verified, and subordinate variables have successfully accounted for political skills and social networks. Besides, the analysis model has satisfied the standard appropriateness by showing that χ²=199.643, df=128, p=.000, GFI=.906, AGFI=.874, RMR=.063, NFI=.906 TLI=.957, CFI=.964, RMSEA=.052. Thus, the assessment tool for this research was shown to meet the standard of accuracy for proving the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis has resulted in political skills strongly influencing social networks by .498(C.R.=4.599, P=.000). This indicates that political skills of entrepreneurs are indeed useful for securing social networks that are helpful for organizational productivity. This is also notable because it can change the prejudice on political topics and encourage further studies on political skills. Also, the result which indicates that political skills are helpful for securing social networks tells us that, unlike the bias against the subject, it is necessary to train entrepreneurs in political skills. The idea that such training will prove to be more helpful to management will now be more convincing. Finally, the result of this research is unique in that it has used a second order of political skills and social network as variables for analysis. This means that the result has considered all of the errors of observed variables, which means that it has gone through a very strict process. Thus, further research on subordinate variables of political skills and social network are now possible, and this certainly has academic and practical implications.

The distribution structure has gone through rapid changes since the distribution market came to be fully liberalized in 1996 and new businesses including large-scale marts and on-line shopping malls, etc. have been grown. It is said that the large-scale retailers, generally called discount stores, have contributed to increase employment as a result of the growth of large-scale mart. However, there is an opposite opinion. Because the growth of large-scale mart have contributed to decline the numbers of small and medium scale mart, generally called mom-and-pop-store or supermarket, overall employment has been reduced. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to positively prove the hypothesis that a new change in distribution structure represented by large-scale marts has influenced on employment in Korea's economy. The hypotheses in this study are as following: the growth of department store, large-scale mart(discount store), supermarket, and specialty store has influenced on the rate of employment, the number of regular workers, and irregular workers, respectively. As a result of analysis, discount stores have not influenced on the increment of rate of employment, and the number of regular workers and irregular workers, but on the one hand supermarkets have influence on the increment of rate of employment, and the number of regular workers and irregular workers. From these results, we can find a policy implications. Most of supermarket are managed by a small-scale businessman. They have done their business in the difficult circumstance such as competition with large-scale mart. Since supermarkets have a positive influence on employment, government should make a market circumstance to be fair competition between large-scale mart and small & medium scale mart. Also, large-scale marts need to build a position to make mutual cooperation with small & medium scale mart.

In recent years, there have been a lot of empirical studies on the announcement effects of CB(convertible bond) and/or BW(bonds with warrant) issuing. To our knowledge, however,there is no literature on the announcement effects CB/BW conversion requests. In this paper,therefore, we tried to investigate the announcement effects of Korean firms' CB/BW conversion requests(hereafter, CB/BW conversion). The empirical findings are as follows. First, announcement of CB/BW conversion has a significant positive effect before announcement day plus a following significant negative effect after announcement day. Second, a significant positive effect before announcement day can be explained by timing strategy of bondholders. In other words, investors exercise conversion rights when stock prices are high enough to make money. Third, CBs and BWs issued overseas have a stronger negative announcement effect than domestic ones in issuing announcement while there are little differences in conversion announcement. In sum, announcement of Korean firm's CB/BW conversion have a significant negative effect after announcement day. These results imply that investors regard announcement of CB/BW conversion into stocks as a bad news even though market has already incorporated all the informations on CB/BW issuing.

Korea's new governmental regime has been aiming to reform many governmental institutions into efficient corporate organizations. To accomplish the goal, government should provide those with corporate-like organizational system and productive compensation system. However, it has appeared that these tries of reform meet many fierce objections and counter-attacks. A reform of the wage and compensation system of KORAIL(Korea Railroad) is providing a significant instance to those organizations pursuing to become more efficient and productive. Founded as a governmental subdivision in 1899, KORAIL has begun a novel step as a public railroad company in 2005. However, the transformation of governmental organization to corporate structure has been an outcome of painstaking works between the organization and its harsh labor union. The key argument focused on new organization’s compensation system. From years 2002 through 2004 December, the company had tried to understand confrontational wage system and yield some benefits of high officials to lower staffs. This bequeathing consideration finally resulted in the settlement between the company and labor union, which piloted the company to successfully switch into an efficient and productive corporation.

최근 들어 우리 사회가 국제화 혹은 글로벌화의 결과로써 외국인 노동력의 수적 증가,저출산·고령화로 인한 구성원의 고령화, 그리고 여성 및 장애인의 노동시장 진입의 확대등으로 인해 노동력 구성이 다양화되는 추세에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양성관리에 관한 인식 정립의 필요성을 기업의 인적자원관리차원에서 논의하고 우리나라 기업의 다양성관리의 실태와 다양성관리가 조직성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 303개의 기업의 인사담당자를 대상으로 서베이를 실시하였다. 우선, 다양성관리를 다양성친화형 인사관리, 가족친화제도, 그리고 다양성수용 조직문화를 구분하여 그 실태를 파악한 결과, 우리나라 기업들이 다양성수용 조직문화는 높은 반면에 다양성친화형 인사관리와 가족친화제도의 도입은 저조한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 다양성관리가 조직성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 다양성관리가 전반적으로 근로자의 태도인 직장만족, 조직몰입과 기업의 주관적 성과인 혁신성, 기업이미지에도 긍정적 영향을미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 이제는 우리 기업도 다양한 인적자원을 통해 조직성과를 창출하기 위해서는 다양성관리에 대한 전략적 접근이 필요하며 전략적 인적자원관리측면에서적극적으로 다양성관리가 설계되고 운영될 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

Recently, the Korean labor force is becoming increasingly diverse. This trend can be attributed to several factors including the growing number of foreign workers due to globalization, an aging workforce as a result of low birthrate and population aging, and the increasing number of women and disabled persons entering into the labor market. This study, therefore, discusses the need for businesses to have a proper diversity management perception at the HR management level, and analyzes the current status of Korean corporations' diversity management and the effect of diversity management on organizational performance. The study population comprised foreign companies operating in Korea, top 500 Korean companies in terms of sales, and companies with more than 1000 employees, and a survey was conducted with 303 HR managers. In order to adequately determine the current status, diversity management was classified into three categories, which are diversity-friendly HR management, family-friendly management, and workplace climate for diversity. The research results show that many Korean companies have the workplace climate for diversity, while diversity-friendly HR management, and family-friendly management fell short of being satisfactory. In addition, diversity management was analyzed to have an overall positive effect on both employee's attitude such as job satisfaction and organization commitment, and on organizational subject performance such as innovation and company image. The research results clearly indicate that it is time for Korean companies to adopt a strategic approach towards diversity management in order to generate sound organizational outcomes, and diversity management practices should be actively designed and carried out from a strategic HR management point of view.

Recently, The China has earned the high growth rate of over 10% annually. This article measures the present the best structure of China investment of the Korea company. The subject is an analysis on competitive determinants of direct investment in China market entry of the Korean company. This study developed a research model to determinant factor in the China market entry and collected 104 survey responses from the Korean company. In the article analysis, Multiple regression results show that Competitiveness review are positively affected by "China market environment", "Goods character" and "Company character" factors in all a hypothesis. Also continuity growth possibility are positively affected by "China market environment", "Goods character" factors. However the result of this analysis showed that the "company character" as independence is not statistically significant. This article suggests that the competitiveness of China direct investment should take earned of the Korea company in China market. Therefore, A China market entry brought most positive evaluation form the Korean manufacture firms.

This study examined the effect of performance evaluation and communication which integrate between marketing and operations department on employee satisfaction and service innovation. A structural equation model, using a sample of 553 service firms based in Korea. As a results, performance evaluation and communication showed a positive significant influence on the integration of marketing and operations function and the integration of two functions had a positive impact on employee satisfaction and service innovation as well. Also, employee satisfaction affected service innovation. Findings suggest that effective interface of two functions through performance evaluation and communication increase employee satisfaction that also affects service innovation more effectively.

The economic estimation of indirect effects of natural disaster has been attempted in order to gauge individual and community vulnerability, to evaluate the worthiness of mitigation, to determine the appropriate level of disaster assistance, to improve recovery decisions, and to inform policy-makers of national insurance system. This study provides a model of estimating indirect effects of natural disaster by typhoon case. The study shows simulation results of national economic indirect damages by typhoon in Korea using event matrix. The result implies that natural disaster of Rusa typhoon case has an impact of reducing 1.18%of GDP in Korea.

In this paper, we conduct a comparative study for the effect of R&D investment on total factor productivity(TFP) in order to compare the efficiency of R&D spending among different OECD countries. For the analysis, we first pool the data from 22 OECD member countries during 1981-2004, and estimate TFP elasticity of R&D investment of that group. Then we evaluate TFP elasticity of R&D investment of five major advanced countries such as USA, Japan, Canada, Italy and Korea from 1970 to 2004. Finally, we investigate whether the efficiency of R&D investment of Korea has improved over the period by dividing the period into two parts, before and after 1990. From the empirical analysis, we find that the estimated R&D efficiency of Korea has been similar to that of a group of 22 OECD countries. The estimated R&D efficiency of Korea has been higher than those of Canada and Italy, but lower than those of USA and Japan. In sum, the R&D efficiency of Korea has reached the average level of OECD member countries. In addition, we find that the R&D efficiency of Korea after 1990 has been much higher than the efficiency before 1990. Thus, we can say that the R&D efficiency of Korea has substantially improved over the course of a period. We surmise that increased R&D spending done by major conglomerates and technological innovation have contributed the improvement of R&D efficiency since the year of 1990.