Earticle

This study investigates the process of relationship among past employee voluntary turnover rates, future employee voluntary turnover rates, and firm performance. In addition, we considered the remaining employees' organizational commitment as contextual factors (boundary condition) between past (t-1) and present (t) employee voluntary turnover rates. Although the roles and relationships of diverse factors regarding employee turnover at organizational level have been identified in the literature, few attempts have been made to address the relationship of turnover at two different points (e.g. past and present) in time. By noting on the social dynamics and turnover contagion model, we attempted to fill the research gap and shed light on the understanding of the socially dynamic nature of employee turnover. For empirical analysis, we utilized the Human Capital Enterprise Panel Survey and chose 1,239 observations and 469 companies from 2007 to 2017. By doing so, we conducted panel analysis using random-effects modeling based on year-lagged design. The results show that, first, there is a positive causal relationship between past turnover rate (t-1) and present turnover rate (t), supporting the contagion effect. Second, the present turnover rate (t) mediates the relationship between past turnover rate (t-1) and future firm performance (t+1). Third, organization-level organizational commitment, derived by summing up responses from multiple employees, moderates the relationship between past turnover rate (t-1) and present turnover rate (t) such that the positive relationship (contagion effect) is stronger when organizational commitment is low rather than high. Based on the results, we provided theoretical and practical implications which could help organizations enhance their productivity and effectiveness.

Product certification has been important especially in developing countries to protect their consumers by providing quality and safe products and protecting the country from an import surge of products that may cause serious injury to local producers. This research analyzes the effects of product certification to electrical and electronics products and importers of group E (HS codes 84 and 85), using three trading across borders importation variables of the Ease of Doing Business Index of World Bank. About 44,081 data entries of the import commodity clearance (ICC) applications of 497 group E firms applying for ICC in the Philippines have been evaluated and analyzed using mixed approach. The study showed that time and cost during importation of electrical and electronics products have an effect on importations and number of firms or importers. However, the number of documents for import compliance does not show a significant correlation to the importations nor firms. This shows that a flexible technical regulation for importers could be beneficial because of the varied effects to products being imported and the importers due to the dynamic characteristics of different industries, complexity of the certification system.

In recent years, Electronic Shelf Labels (ESL) is attracting attention as an innovative price information system for offline retail stores. Paper price labels, which have been used in retail stores for a long time, are an inefficient system in delivering price and product promotion information to shoppers. The paper price label system, which is produced solely by the hand of the employees, does not provide a satisfactory experience to shoppers by frequently creating situations where inaccurate prices are displayed or prices are not announced in a timely manner. Moreover, as a large part of the work time is spent on replacing the paper price label, the productivity of the employees is lowered and the job satisfaction level is also lowered. This study aims to present indicators and models for measuring the performance of ESL system, which has recently begun to be introduced as an infrastructure for operation innovation of price information in offline retail stores. To this end, Product Quality and Service Quality factors based on ESL attributes were derived through previous studies and used as independent variables, and items related to Economic Value, one of the PSS value factors, were used as dependent variables as performance indicators. And, as mediators, the elements of Experience Value were defined from the perspective of ESL users. As a research method, a structural equation model was used to analyze the data collected from the employees of medium-sized stores of the large-scale brands that introduced ESL in Korea. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that Experience Value was completely mediated in the relationship between Product Quality and Economic Value. On the other hand, Experience Value was partially mediated in the relationship between Service Quality and Economic Value. According to the results of these, it was found that the product quality attributes of ESL have low influences on directly solving the problems of the existing price information operation, but it can affect performance through the user’s individual use experience. In contrast, Service Quality has the direct effects on performance by including the operating factors of ESL. This study developed the measurement indicators through previous researches on ‘Product Quality’, ‘Service Quality’, ‘PSS’, and ‘Experience Value’ in grasping the introduction performance of ESL. Survey data was collected from retailers who introduced ESL in Korea. This study suggests the significant academic implications in that the results of research reflecting the PSS attributes of ESL were derived through the analysis of the collected data. In addition, the results present as the practical implications that ESL suppliers and retailers must make strategies and efforts to improve the experience value and service quality of products in order to enhance the performance of ESL introduction. In particular, in the context of intensifying competition with online/mobile shopping malls today, this study has implications in that it deals with the introduction results of ESL, an automated system for delivering price information, from the viewpoint of enhancing the productivity of offline retail stores. This study has significance as an early empirical study on ESL. It is expected that there will be follow-up studies targeting stores in various sizes, types, and regions in the future.

Recent high level of competition among firms coerces firms to pursue innovations and perfect outcomes, which seems contradictive to each other, at same time for survival and continuous growth. So, there is enough reason why we investigate the relationship between them. However, because the two are organizational-level concepts and difficult to operationalize for measurement, we investigated the relationship at individual level. Namely, we investigated the effects of perfectionism on innovative behavior. Perfectionism as individual trait is expected to have negative effects on innovation in that the person with high perfectionism have a tendency of avoiding new challenge to prevent failure. At the same time, perfectionism is also expected to have positive effects in that person with high perfectionism will try new challenge to develop the quality of outcomes. Through our intensive literature review on perfectionism, we defined perfectionism as multi-dimensional construct that consist of two dimensions, that is, personal standards perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism. Furthermore, we also expected that job engagement will mediate the relationship. After collecting data with questionnaires, we analyzed the relationship with structural equation model. The results supported our expectation on the whole. First, job engagement show statistically significant positive effect on innovation behavior. Second, personal standards perfectionism showed statistically significant positive direct effect and indirect effect on innovative behavior. Third, evaluative concerns perfectionism showed statistically significant negative indirect effect. On these results, we discussed theoretical and practical implications.

In 4th Industrial Revolution, the types of data collected are diverse and the scale is growing large. With the popularization of smart devices and the spread of social network services(SNS), lots of information such as items purchased by people, video contents viewed, shopping list, location that we visited and keywords that we searched have been collecting and overflowing countless times. In the industry, all this information is converted to data. Also, various types of information from customers are collected and many companies build and research numerous business models. These days, researches on personalized recommendation services are also being actively conducted, and the form of data collected accordingly is also very extensive. The purpose of this study is to analyze and utilize items of categorical variables to create similar clusters, and to apply association analysis within each cluster to provide meaningful information to people. In this study, after dividing the attribute data sets of Vogue fashion show image without class into top, bottom and whole, and was applied for Spherical K-means clustering and association rules. As a result of the simulation, it was confirmed that a relatively large number of various combinations appeared on the whole, the combination of colors and other properties mainly appeared in the bottom, and we found that the association density was lower than that of the whole and top. In the future, it is necessary to consider additional analysis and in-depth interpretation of what the results of this study mean in the industry and how the information can be used.

This paper analyzes the effects of population aging on the medical consumption expenditure based on auto-regressive distributed lag(ADL) model. By estimating medical consumption expenditure function, elasticities of age-specific income, price, and interest rate were derived and the impacts of population aging on medical consumption expenditure were investigated using quarterly data from 1990 to 2016. Essential estimation statistics of our model showed well as 0.85 ∼ 0.98 in  , no serial correlation, and satisfying 1% significance level in t-values. As main empirical results, first, Income elasticities were shown to be the biggest value 0.60 in the lower thirties and the smallest one of 0.29 in the upper sixties. These results means accelerating population aging will functions as a declining factor in medical industry. Second, price elasticities were found to be –1.04 in the household average and the most responsive value of -2.06 in the forties and the least responsive one of -0.52 in the upper sixties. As households older, their medical expenditure responded less to the relative price change of medical commodities which means these are near to necessities to them. If price of medical commodities will change in the declining direction, this will be a positive factor in growing of medical industry. Regardless of age groups, interest rate showed negative relation to the medical consumption expenditure. Interest rate elasticities were estimated to be –0.177 in the household average, the most responsive value –2.60 in the upper sixties, and the least responsive one –0.11 in the lower thirties. Due to recent Corona-19 disaster and low interest rat policy of U.S.A., on-going very low level of interest rate will contribute to growing demand in medical industry.